394 results found.
Prague [Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Jews not to benefit from season ticket fares reduction. Jews completely excluded from the use of tramcars in Brünn / Brno.”
“Nazi Restrictions on the Jews of Prague & The Role of the Jewish Community Council,” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, Accessed 8/27/2015
Order for Warsaw Ghetto Imposing the Death Penalty on Jews Leaving the Ghettos and Poles Assisting Them, Issued by Dr. Ludwig Fisher, Governor of the Warsaw District in the General Government [Poland]: “…Death penalty for illegal leaving the Jewish residential district. -Recently, in many documented instances, Jews, who have left the residential districts designated for them, have spread typhus. To safeguard the population against this dangerous threat, …any Jew, who in the future illegally leaves the residential district designated for him, will be punished by death. …Warsaw, 10 November 1941 – Dr. Fisher, Governor”
Archives of Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw; ipn.gov
1) “On 11 November [1941] Gheorghe Alexianu, the Romanian Governor of Transnistria, made public Decree No. 23 concerning the organization of Jewish life; this decree became the ‘constitution’ of the ghettos and camps. According to the decree, Jews were confined to those villages and towns where local Jews or Russians had lived before. The local gendarmerie was authorized to select the places of residence. The decree further limited their movement and stipulated that they had to earn their living by forced labor for the benefit of the authorities (in the Agreement of Tighina, clause 7 referred to Jewish forced labor for the German Army). A fixed wage of one mark per day for simple workers and two marks for professionals and specialists was to be paid by allotment of food, which was to be supplied by the authorities. The decree also dealt with the internal structure of the community (called ‘colonie’ in the text). Every community had to choose a ‘head’ from among the deportees to serve as its spokesman, pending the approval of the pretor of the region (usually a Romanian officer). The ‘head’ was personally responsible for fulfilling all the demands for labor set by the Romanian authorities and for detailing workers for different tasks, some of them very difficult. The workers were divided into groups of twenty, headed by a chief who also had to be approved by the pretor. Decree No. 23 was little more than deception. It gave the impression that there was a clear Romanian Jewish policy for Transnistria, and it referred to what might be considered as the ‘normal life’ of deported people in war conditions. But, although the decree covered elements of regular daily life-dwelling, food supplies, work and self organization- in reality the physical and material condition of the deportees was completely disregarded.”
“The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the Ussr, 1941-1945.” Lucjan Dobroszycki. Page 141. Online book, Accessed on 10/10/2012
2) “The official determination of living conditions for all Jews in Transnistria—deported and local—was set out in decree no. 23 issued by Gheorghe Alexianu, Governor of Transnistria, on 11 November 1941. Here, the term colony (colonie) was introduced to describe those communities of Jews living in towns and villages. Later, in the language of official reports, as we shall see in respect of Golta county, ‘ghetto’ and ‘colony’ were sometimes interchangeable—the ghetto comprising no more than three or four houses—while the distinction between ‘colony’ and ‘labour camp’ (lag-r de munc?) was occasionally blurred, the term ‘labour colony’ (colonie de munc?) being employed.”
“Hitler’s Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania, 1940-1944, Chapter 8, Transnistria: The Fate of the Jews and Romas.” Dennis Deletant, Palgrave-Macmillan. 2006, Pages 198-99. Online, Accessed on 12/31/2013
Decree issued by Vichy government [Vichy France] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “A decree enacted on November 29, 1941, established the Union Generale des Israelites de France (UGIF), whose officially stated purpose was to provide representation for all Jews vis-a-vis the state authorities, especially with regard to relief and social welfare. All existing Jewish organizations, excepting religious associations, were ordered dissolved and their property turned over to UGIF. Its board was to be administered by eighteen French-born Jews, nine in each zone, and to be under the authority of the General Commissariat for Jewish Affairs.”
Dawidowicz, Lucy S.: “The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945.” (1975) p. 438, Online book
2) “In other countries occupied by the Nazis Jewish councils were established in France a central Judenrat, the Union Generale Des Israelites De France (UGIF) was set up on 29 November 1941. It consisted of two branches, one in German –occupied northern France and the other in Vichy France, in the south. All other political and public Jewish organisations were shut down, though most continued to operate as independent bodies under the cover of UGIF departments, which enabled them to combine their legal functions with their clandestine aid and rescue operations. The UGIF was headed by prominent pre-war Jewish leaders who took no part in the arrest, imprisonment, and deportation of Jews, and who tried to ease the overall lot of the French Jews.”
Webb, Chris and Raglund, Robert: “The Judenrat; Councils of Elders.” Online article
“Harvard Law School Library Nuremberg Trials Project, A Digital Document Collection.” Pages 54-57, Accessed online 4/16/2014
Individual Link“Order of December 10, 1941” issued by Vichy Regime [Vichy France]: “Procedures for periodic testing of the Jews. The French and foreign Jews will be subject to regular review. They will be notified through the press or individual convocations. The Jews in the department of the Seine must prove their identity after an issue of ‘November 1940 and bearing very conspicuously the stamp Jew or Jewish.’ The Jews from province shall, within 24 hours of their arrival in the Seine, to appear in person at the police headquarters equipped with their identification. The Jews changing their home within 24 hours will make a declaration to the police station the place of departure and place of arrival. The Jews and Gentiles that will host the Jews, gracefully or not, must be declared within 24 hours of the arrival of the Jew. The property of Jews will [not] be transported out of the department of Seine. Births, Marriages, arrived at the age of 15, etc.., or any changes in family status will be reported to the prefecture. In case of death, the identity card deceased shall be returned to the police station. The Jews who do not comply with these requirements to be displayed may be interned.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 7/26/2012 to change text to English.]
“Lois pour le contrôle des juifs (zone occupée puis France entière). [Laws for the control of the Jews (the occupied zone and all France)].” No author. May 12, 2007, Accessed online 7/13/2011
“Order of December 17, 1941” issued by the German occupation administration [Germany / Occupied France]: “Order of 17 December 1941 On a fine imposed on the Jews: The fine of one billion francs imposed on the Jews of occupied area, notice the ‘Militarbefehishaber in Frankreich’ December 14, 1941, shall be allocated to the Jewish property through the Union General of the Israelites of France.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 7/26/2012 to change text to English.]
“Quelques exemples d’ordonnances, décrets, lois et mesures anti-juives de l’administration allemande d’occupation [Some examples of orders, decrees, laws and anti-Jewish measures of the German administration occupation].” No author, Accessed online 7/26/2011
Decree issued by military commander in Serbia [Germany / Occupied Serbia] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In order to isolate the Jews from every source of help from the local population, severe penalties have been introduced for extending such help to them. In that part of Yugoslavia designated as Serbia, the military commander issued an order dated December 22, 1941, imposing the death penalty on any person who shelters or hides Jews or accepts any object of value from Jews for safekeeping.”
Lemkin, Raphael: “Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress.” p. 72
“Sixth order of February 7, 1942 on measures against the Jews” issued by German occupation administration [Germany]: “Official Journal of the orders of the military Governor for the occupied territories of February 11 1942. Under the full authority granted to me by the Fuhrer und Oberster Befehishaber der Wehrmacht, I order the following: (1) Limitation of hours of output. It is prohibited for the Jews to be out of their homes between 6 and 20 hours. (2) Prohibition of change of residence. It is prohibited to Jews to change their current residence. (3) Penal provisions. Those who violate the provisions of this order shall be punished by imprisonment and fine, or both. In addition, the culprit may be interned in a camp for Jews. (4) Entry into force. This order comes into force upon its publication.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 7/26/2012 to change text to English.]
“Quelques exemples d’ordonnances, décrets, lois et mesures anti-juives de l’administration allemande d’occupation” [Some examples of orders, decrees, laws and anti-Jewish measures of the German administration occupation]. No author, Accessed online 7/26/2011
“Seventh Order of March 24, 1942” issued by German occupation administration [Germany]: “Seventh Order of March 24, 1942 about: 1. Criterion of ‘person’ Jewish. 2. Confiscation of wireless sets [radio], held by the Jews. 3. Ban on certain economic activities and to employ Jews. 4. Non-payment of severance pay to a Jew.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 7/26/2012 to change text to English.]
“Quelques exemples d’ordonnances, décrets, lois et mesures anti-juives de l’administration allemande d’occupation” [Some examples of orders, decrees, laws and anti-Jewish measures of the German administration occupation]. No author, Accessed online 7/26/2011
“Order to wear the Jewish Star” issued by the General-Commissioner for Security Raufer [Germany / Occupied Netherlands]: “In accordance with Paragraph 45 of Order 138/41 of the Reich Commissioner for the Occupied Dutch Territories concerning public security, I order the following: Par 1: 1) A Jew who appears in public is obliged to wear a Jewish star. 2) For the implementation of this order a Jew is everyone who was defined as a Jew according to order no. 189/40 concerning the registration of enterprises. Children under the age of six are not included in this order. 3) The Jewish star is a star with six corners, painted in black on yellow cloth the size of the palm of the hand, inscribed with the word ‘Jew.’ It has to be sewn firmly and visibly at the left side of the clothing at the height of the chest. 4) It is prohibited for Jews to wear official decorations, honorary decoration or other kinds of decorations. […] This police order will be effective from the third day after its publication. The Hague, April 28, 1942 The General-Commissioner for Security and the Higher Commander of the SS and Police Signed: Raufer.”
“Order to wear the Jewish Star, The Netherlands 29 April 1942.” Dan Michman, Yadvashem.org; Accessed online 7/11/2012
Prague [Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Jews are excluded from receiving dried onions.”
“Nazi Restrictions on the Jews of Prague & The Role of the Jewish Community Council,” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, Accessed 8/27/2015
Prague [Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Mixed Marriages. Exact statistics were submitted of all Jews who live in mixed marriages. These were gathered and processed by means of a questionnaire.”
“Nazi Restrictions on the Jews of Prague & The Role of the Jewish Community Council,” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, Accessed 8/27/2015
Individual Link
Prague [Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “At peak periods, when the tramcar carriages are full, or when at tram stops more people queue than can be accommodated, the conductor is to tell the Jewish passengers to leave the carriage. Their tickets will cease to be valid”
“Nazi Restrictions on the Jews of Prague & The Role of the Jewish Community Council,” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, Accessed 8/27/2015
Law 68 – Constitutional Law of 15 May 1942 On the expulsion of Jews (“Deportation Bill” issued by Slovakian Republic) [Slovakia]: The parliament of the Slovak Republic has decreed by this constitutional law that: §1 Jews can be expelled from the territory of the Slovak Republic. …§3 [1] Jews who are expelled or Jews who have left or leave the territory of the state lose their state citizenship in the Slovak Republic. …[2] The property of persons included in § 1 will become the possession of the state. The state will compensate creditors only up to the value of the property taken. …§5 [1] The government will issue the necessary regulations by decree for carrying out the provisions of §§ 1 and 3 for the disposal of the personal and property relations of the Jews expelled, as well as those Jews who left the territory of the Slovak Republic, …§6 Regulations on the legal position of Jews, as far as they limit the personal and property relationships of a non-Jewish husband (or wife), lose effect on the day this law is announced. §7 This constitutional law becomes valid and takes effect on the day of its announcement; all members of the government will carry it out. Dr. Tiso signed, Dr. Sokol signed, Dr. Tuka signed, Mach signed, Sivák signed, Dr. [P.] signed, Dr. Medrický signed and for Minister Stana Dr. Fritz signed, Catloš signed”
Extract from Slovak Legal Code, Part 22, 1942, issued 23 May 1942, Department of digital services, Slovak National Library, Translated by William L. McKone 10/15/2014
“Eight Order of May 29, 1942” issued by German occupation administration [Germany]: “(1) The Jews must report to the police station to receive badges in the shape of star. Every Jew will receive three badges and will have to give in Exchange a point of textile card. (2) It is prohibited the Jews from the age of six years of age to appear in public without wearing Jewish star. (3) The Jewish star is a star with six points having the dimensions of the Palm of a hand and black outlines. It is yellow fabric is in black characters registration ‘JEW’. It must be worn visibly while on the left side of the chest solidly sewn to the garment.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 7/26/2012 to change text to English.]
“Quelques exemples d’ordonnances, décrets, lois et mesures anti-juives de l’administration allemande d’occupation [Some examples of orders, decrees, laws and anti-Jewish measures of the German administration occupation].” No author, Accessed online 7/26/2011
“Jewish Dress Code”[Belgium] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Jewish Belgians forced to wear the yellow badge.”
“Yellow badge,” wikipedia.org
“Decree No. 1301” issued by Chief of State of Vichy France Philippe Petain [Vichy France]: “Decree No. 1301 of June 6, 1942 regulating, in respect of the Jews, the professions of actor, film or opera. We, Marshal of France, head of the French state…The state council…Decree: Art. 1st The Jews cannot hold a job in theater arts, in films or in any shows, or give vocal or instrumental concerts or participate only if they meet any of the provisions laid down in Article 3 of the Act of June 2, 1941 or if they were allowed because of their artistic merit… Art. 2 The Jews affected by the ban as a result of the preceding article shall, within two months from the publication of this order, cease exercising their profession… Art. 4 The Head of Government…is responsible [for] the execution of this decree, to be published in the Official Gazette of the French state. Done at Vichy, June 6, 1942. PH. Petain.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 7/22/2012 to change text to English.]
“Une des lois anti-Semites de Vichy.” No author, Accessed online 7/22/2011
“Concerning the Appearance of Jews in Public” issued by the Commissary General for Public Security [Netherlands]: “Paragraph 1 Jews must be in their homes between the hours of 20:00 to 06:00. Paragraph 2 Jews may not be present in homes, parks, and other private institutions that are used for recreation or entertainment of non-Jews, unless this is essential on the basis of an existing lease or labor contract. Jews married to non-Jews are not included in this regulation. Paragraph 3 1. Jews may enter shops that are not marked as Jewish businesses only between the hours of 15:00-17:00… 2. Jews may not order home delivery. Paragraph 4 Jews may neither enter nor use the services of barbershops or paramedical institutions unless they are marked as Jewish… Paragraph 5 1. Jews may neither enter railroad stations nor use any means of public and private transport…2. Jews who in these cases are allowed to use means of public transport must be seated in the last department (smoker’s class). They may enter and seat themselves only when there is sufficient seating space for non-Jewish passengers. Paragraph 6 Jews may not use public telephones. Paragraph 7 A Jew for the purpose of this regulation is any person who is a Jew or is considered a Jew under Paragraph 4 of Regulation 189/1940 concerning the registration of Jewish enterprises… Paragraph 9 Persons who violate or circumvent the regulations in Paragraphs 1-6 shall be punished with imprisonment of six months at the most a fine of 1,000 guilder at the most, or with one of these two penalties-unless a more severe penalty is stipulated under other provisions. Any person who encourages, abets, or aids circumvention of these regulations will face the same punishment…The Hague, June 30, 1942 Commissar-General for Public Safety, Rauter.”
“Restrictions on the Movements of Dutch Jews, June 30, 1942.” No author, Accessed online article at yadvashem.org 7/29/2011
Order issued by Philippe Hennequin during Jewish roundup [France]: “1. The guards and inspectors, after verifying the identity of the Jews to stop their task, not to discuss the various observations that can be made…by them… 2. They did not discuss either the state of health. Every Jew should be conducted to arrest the primary center. 3. The officers arrested when ensure all occupants of the housing is to bring that gas meters, electricity and water are closed. Animals are entrusted to the concierge… 7…The operations must be done with the maximum of speed, without unnecessary words and without any comment…Paris, July 12, 1942 The Director of the Municipal Police Signed Hennequin.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 8/23/2011 to change text to English.]
“La participation de la police francaise aux arrestations de Juifs [Participation of the French police arrests of Jews.]” No author, Accessed online 8/23/2011
“Jewish Dress Code” [Luxembourg] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “With the German annexation of Luxembourg, the yellow badge was introduced there.”
“Yellow badge;” wikipedia.org
“Jewish Dress Code” [Bulgaria] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Under German pressure, Bulgaria ordered its Jewish citizens to wear small yellow buttons, but contravention was not prosecuted.”
“Yellow badge;” wikipedia.org
Law issued by Bulgarian government [Germany / Occupied Bulgaria] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In August 1942, the Bulgarian government established a Commissariat for Jewish Affairs with the objective of expelling the Jews of Bulgaria and confiscating their property. The ultimate aim of the commissariat, however, was not only for the Jews to finance the cost of implementing the Law for the Protection of the Nation but also to prepare them for shouldering the cost of deportation to the death camps in Poland.”
“Bulgaria and the Holocaust.” holocaust.en-academic.com
2) “August 25, 1942…The establishment of a Commissariat for Jewish Affairs in Belgium along the same lines as in France and Rumania is demanded by the anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi Rexist Party in Brussels, Nazi-controlled Belgian newspapers reaching here today report. ‘Such an apparatus to deal with the Jews in Belgium is needed, because the Jews are endeavoring by all means to evade the existing anti-Jewish regulations and their activities, therefore, must be put under more stringent control,’ one of the Rexist papers writes. Other Belgian papers predict that the Nazi occupational authorities will soon announce measures in Belgium ordering the Jews to “productive work” which is interpreted here to mean that they will be sent to forced labor either in Belgian mines or in eastern territories occupied by the German army.”
“Rexists Demand Establishment of Commissariat for Jewish Affairs in Belgium.” jta.org
Law – October 9, 1942-XX, n. 1420, Capacity Issues of belonging to the Jewish race living in Libya [Italy]: ” … Art. 1 Contents of the Law… This law establishes the capacity constraints of belonging to the Jewish race living in Libya for the part that has not already regulated by the provisions in force there. … Victor Emmanuel Mussolini – Teruzzi – Vidussoni – Large – The Revel …” [Editor’s note: Google translated from Italian on 8/2015.]
“The Anti-Jewish Laws of Fascist Italy,” CDEC, Foundation Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation, Accessed online 8/26/2015
“Jewish Dress Code” [Germany / Occupied France] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “With the occupation of the French Zone libre Jews there were also forced to wear the yellow badge.”
“Yellow badge;” wikipedia.org
“Law of 11 December 1942” issued by Vichy Regime [Vichy France]: “On the display of the word ‘Jew’ on the identity documents issued to French and foreign Jews. Any person of Jewish race is require to report within one month of the Commissioner or the force of his home to put the word ‘Jew’ on his ID card and personal power.” [Editor’s note: Original webpage is in French, Google translation was used on 7/26/2012 to change text to English.]
“Lois pour le contrôle des juifs (zone occupée puis France entière).” [Laws for the control of the Jews (the occupied zone and all France)] No author. May 12, 2007, Accessed online 7/26/2011
Prague [Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “The acceptance of dresses and other objects from Jews for the purpose of dying and chemical cleaning is prohibited.”
“Nazi Restrictions on the Jews of Prague & The Role of the Jewish Community Council,” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, Accessed 8/27/2015
Individual Link
Order by Bulgarian government on deportation of Jews [Bulgaria] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In March 1943, Bulgarian authorities deported all of the Jews from the territories Bulgaria had annexed in Macedonia (formerly part of Yugoslavia) and Thrace (formerly part of Greece). When the Germans pressured Bulgaria to deport its own Jews, the king initially agreed. He canceled the order [of expelling Bulgarian Jews] only after receiving protests from thousands of ordinary citizens as well as leaders in the Bulgarian parliament and the Eastern Orthodox Church.”
Phyllis Goldstein: “A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism.” p. 279
2) “In January 1943 Adolf Beckerle, the German minister to Sofia [Bulgaria], was joined by SS-Obergruppenfuehrer Theodor Dannecker, an associate of [Adolf] Eichmann, who came to Bulgaria in order to arrange for the deportation of Bulgarian Jews to the eastern territories…On Feb. 2, 1943, [Minister of Interior] Gabrovski and Dannecker agreed that all Jews living in Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia and in Thrace, administered by Bulgaria since the spring of 1941, would also be surrendered to the Germans for deportation. On Feb. 22, Belev [Head of Commissariat for Jewish Affairs] and Dannecker signed a formal agreement to deport 20,000 Jews. As the total number of Jews living in Bulgarian-held Thrace and Macedonia was only slightly over 10,000, Dannecker informed Eichmann that Jews from Bulgaria proper, mainly from the capital and other large towns, would also be deported. On March 2 [1943], the government approved the surrender of 20,000 Jews into German hands, but the fiction that only Jews from Macedonia and Thrace were to be deported continued to be maintained. The collection of Macedonian and Thracian Jews into special transit camps began immediately. Preparations were also begun for the concentration of those Jews from Bulgaria proper who were to make up the agreed figure of 20,000.”
“The Virtual Jewish History Tour Bulgaria; The Deportations Program.” jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Order issued by Italian Socialist Republic [Italy] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “At first, the authorities in the Italian Socialist Republic contented themselves with a declaration of principles which defined members of the “Jewish race” as aliens and, for the period of the war, as members of an enemy nation (Nov. 14, 1943).”
“Encyclopaedia Judaica; Jews in Italy 04: Holocaust period 1938-1945.” Online article
Order issued by Minister of Interior [Italy] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “…an order issued by the Ministry of the Interior that all Jews without exception should be interned in special concentration camps and all Jewish property confiscated (Nov. 30, 1943).”
“Encyclopaedia Judaica; Jews in Italy 04: Holocaust period 1938-1945.” Online article
Decree of Duce – January 4, 1944-XXII, n. 2 Dispositions on the assets owned by citizens of the Jewish race [Italy]: ” … Art. 1 The Italian citizens of Jewish race or considered as such in accordance with art. 8 of Decree Law 17 November 1938, n. 1728, even if they have got the measure of discrimination in art. 14 of the decree law, as well as foreigners of Jewish race, although not residing in Italy, can not in the State: a) be the owners, in whole or in part, or managers, in any capacity, in businesses of all nature, neither of these companies have managed nor assume however the office of director or auditor; b) to own land or to buildings and their appurtenances; c) possess titles, values, credits and rights of any partnership species, nor be owners of other movable property of any kind. … This decree will come into force on the day of its publication in the Official Gazette of Italy. From Headquarters, this day January 4, 1944-XXIL. [Mussolini] Fifth, The Keeper: Pisenti. Registered at the Court of Auditors Jan. 10, 1944 XXII- Government Acts – Reg. 2, sheet 14. …” [Editor’s note: Google translated from Italian on 8/2015.]
“The Anti-Jewish Laws of Fascist Italy,” CDEC, Foundation Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation, Accessed online 8/26/2015
Order issued by Minister of the Interior, Andor Jaross [Hungary] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “On May 2[1944], a few days after the publication of the ghetto decree, the Interior Minister’s order excluding Jews from public baths came into force.43 Sub-prefects and mayors were receiving this and dozens of other orders concerning the Jews, and most of them did their best to carry them out to the letter and as soon as possible even if the demands were unrealistic. By early May there was no Jew left to be banished from the public baths.”
Molnar, Judit: “Gendarmes, Policemen, Functionaries and the Jews-New Findings on the Behavior of Hungarian Authorities During the Holocaust.” jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Decree for deportation issued by authorities [Slovakia] [Unconfirmed]
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In the spring of 1944, as the Red Army drew closer to Slovakia’s eastern border, partisan operations increased. Succumbing to pressure from high-ranking officers in the Wehrmacht, the authorities in Bratislava ordered the Jews in eastern Slovakia to evacuate and to move toward the western part of the country by May 15. The decree, for a limited period of time, did not apply to, on the one hand, physicians and pharmacists – because of the shortage of these service-deliverers – and, on the other, mixed marriages. Even among the Jews who were ordered to evacuate, there were those who decided not to obey the evacuation order, because they realized that the further they would be from eastern Slovakia, the further they would be from the much-longed-for day of liberation. They utilized their good relations with their gentile neighbors to hide in their neighbors’ homes or in nearby forests. Their assumption was proven correct: Eastern Slovakia was liberated a few months earlier than western Slovakia.”
Fatran, Gila: “Slovakia’s Righteous among the Nations.” yadvashem.org