Acts – Page 10 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Book 12, Title 3, Law 22 [12.3.22] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	If any of the laics [layperson/non-clergy] should have with him as followers any of the Jews, a man or a woman, or if he should retain them in his patronage, and if he should defend them with his private authority after they had been deprived of the bishops’ or priests’ privilege nor hand them over to be instructed or judged by the bishop or the priest on the obligatory days, he shall be excommunicated by the bishop toward whom he acted in this way, forfeit those whom he tried to protect, and pay a fine of three pounds of gold for each one, to be accrued to the prince.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 325.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Book 12, Title 3, Law 9 [12.3.9] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	Moreover, if any of the Jews shall dare to insult the Christian religion publicly or secretly, if any should endeavor by speaking to subvert the Christian faith or defend the falsehood of his sect, likewise if anyone escaping the correction of the Christian faith should throw himself upon the land under our reign to hide there or remove himself to be hidden in other regions and if anyone should provide in any way a hiding place to such transgressors or if he should be accessory to his flight, anyone who should be discovered transgressing against all these items should be shorn of his hair, flogged a hundred lashes, crushed in the adversity of exile, and his properties shall be returned to the prince’s power.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 299.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Book 12, Title 3, Law 23 [12.3.23] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	We decree, therefore, that all that is here encompassed should be applied by any priest in such a way that he shall not tolerate that any of the Jews should be protected in his rite by anyone; rather, that they should be taken out of the patronage of those whose favor is seen to protect them and put under his authority and administration for their salvation and that they should diligently instruct them what Catholic activity should be most advantageous for them.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 326.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Book 12, Title 3, Law 10 [12.3.10] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	No Christian, of whatever kind or honor, order or person, whether one of the religious or of the laics [layperson/non-clergy], shall be allowed to receive whatever favor he is offered against the faith of Christ from any Jew or Jewess or from their intermediaries, nor shall he implicate himself with favors offered him, against the rules of the Christian faith,… If anyone, nevertheless, corrupted by any offer of favors, should either cover up the admitted deviations of Jews of oppose in any way the destruction of such people’s wickedness, he shall be bound to the ancient rules of the fathers and shall pay to the fisc double of what he would be proven to have received from the Jew.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, pp. 300-301.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Book 12, Title 3, Law 24 [12.3.24] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	We decree in this order that if any of the bishops should scorn to apply all the said decrees against the Jews, either tempted by avarice or maliciously indifferent and negligent, and he should be seen to apply no censure of justice to deviations of perfidy detected or reported to him, he shall be placed under sentence of excommunication for three months, as well as forfeit from his personal property one pound of gold, which shall accrue to the fisc. And if he should not have property to compose with, he shall stay under sentence of an appropriate excommunication for six months. … This order shall be observed in regard to all the other clerics, namely, the presbyters, the deacons, and those clerics to whom the charge of these infidels has been delegated by the bishop, in the same way and according to the same order that has been established in regard to the bishops. The judges,… if they should not exercise legal punishment against the crimes of those Jews that would be revealed or reported to them shall be obliged to pay the fisc one pound of gold in the manner established for the bishops.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, pp. 327-328.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Book 12, Title 3, Law 11 [12.3.11] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	To give attention to those readings with which one is forbidden to agree is a proof of impiety rather than of piety. For this reason, if any of the Jews should read those books in which it is argued wickedly against the faith of Christ, or consider their doctrines, or keep them concealed in his house, he shall be publicly shorn of his hair and flogged a hundred lashes. He shall bind himself by an obligation, that he should never dare to have such books or doctrines with him nor be so bold as to consider them or take them up for study. … The teacher of [such] iniquity himself, if caught transgressing for the first time, shall be shorn of his hair, flogged, and obliged to undertake under oath that he would not teach the like to anyone. For it should happen [again] … all his property shall be transferred under the prince’s authority and he himself shall be shorn of his hair, flogged a hundred lashes and banished in a perpetual exile. Those infants or children shall be exempt of the above-mentioned sanctions and floggings only if they should be seen to have studied this doctrine of perfidy while still under the age of ten years.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 302.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.

1. Full Date of Act	682
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Laws Concerning Jews” issued by King Erwig
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) King Erwig pressed for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews," and made it illegal to practice any Jewish rites. This put further pressure on the Jews to convert or emigrate. "Jewish Timeline - 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 - Part 1;" (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	692
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 11 & 99 issued by the Council of Trullo
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	Canon 11 Let no one in the priestly order nor any layman eat the unleavened bread of the Jews, nor have any familiar intercourse with them, nor summon them in illness, nor receive medicines from them, nor bathe with them; but if anyone shall take in hand to do so, if he is a cleric, let him be deposed, but if a layman let him be cut off. Canon 99-We have further learned that, in the regions of the Armenians, certain persons boil joints of meat within the sanctuary and offer portions to the priests, distributing it after the Jewish fashion. Wherefore, that we may keep the church undefiled, we decree that it is not lawful for any priest to seize the separate portions of flesh meat from those who offer them, but they are to be content with what he that offers pleases to give them; and further we decree that such offering be made outside the church. And if any one does not thus, let him be cut off.
5. Source	“Council in Trullo.” Henry Percival. Accessed online excerpt 8/24/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	693
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Confiscation of Jewish Property” by King Egica
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) King Egica forced Jews to return to his treasury all land, slaves and buildings they had bought from Christians. "Jewish Timeline - 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 - Part 1;" (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 2, 693
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 1 issued by the Sixteenth Council of Toledo
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	‘Notwithstanding many writers of the ancient fathers, and promulgated laws extant, condemning the false belief of the Jews, ...they still persevere in the blindness of their obstinacy on a yet harder rock. ...that either they be converted to the faith, or if adhering to their infidelity be more severely treated, ...Namely, That all those who shall be sincerely converted, and without subterfuge faithfully keep the Catholic faith, shall remain secure in their possessions and property, and exempt from every tax they have been accustomed to pay to our sacred treasury; but such as continue in their infidelity shall pay the full amount of their customary taxation for the public benefit. …’
5. Source	“True Barbarians? : The Role of Visigothic Iberia in Medieval Persecutory Discourse.” Justin T. Dellinger. May 2010, Page 117-118. Online paper.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	694
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews Declared Slaves”
3. Geography of Act	Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) All Jews in Spain and the Gallic Province are declared slaves. [This decree could have been issued by either King Wittiza or his father King Egica who co-ruled in the Visigothic Kingdom during that time.] Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 9, 694
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 8 issued by the Seventeenth Council of Toledo
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	… and whatever duty to the public funds those Jews are known to have paid till now, their aforementioned slaves executed by our prince shall be obliged to pay in full without any excuse. Finally, those who will be granted these Jews by our oft-mentioned lord should take a written oath in the name of his Glory, that they shall not permit them in any way to celebrate or to observe the ceremonies of their rites or to follow any of the ways of their ancestral perfidy. We also resolve that their children of both sexes, from the age of seven years, should not dwell with their parents or have any association with them but that the masters who will receive them should hand them to very faithful Christians to be raised by them, in such a way that males should be married to Christian women and women, similarly, given in marriage to Christian men; and there should be absolutely no permission for the parents (as we have said), nor for their children, to preserve the ceremonies of the Jewish superstition or to follow the ways of their infidelity on any occasion whatsoever.
5. Source	Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” Page 537-538
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	722
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Constitutio 55” issued by Leo III
3. Geography of Act	Byzantine Empire
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Leo III required that Jews live according to the Christian rites (“ut Judaei secundum christianismi ritum vivant”) and threatened those who deviated from the Christian customs and attempted to return to their Jewish customs and teachings with apostasy.” Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 16
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	740 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law issued by Archbishop of York
3. Geography of Act	England [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“No good Christian shall break bread or eat meat with a Jew.”
5. Source	“Twelve centuries of Jewish persecution: a brief outline of the sufferings of the Hebrew race in Christian lands, together with some account of the different laws and specific restrictions under which they have ar various times been placed.” Gustav Pearlson. Page 1
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	743 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by the Council of Rome
3. Geography of Act	Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“The tenth chapter that a Christian shall not dare to join his daughter in marriage to a Jew in any way, lest she will be defiled by his sect and perish to eternity. If any Christian should dare to join his daughter in marriage to a Jew (unless he should believe in Christ entirely and be baptized), or if a Christian should dare to sell to that Jew a slave or a bondwoman, or if a Christian widow should take a Jew for her husband or those [parents] who will consent to this, they shall be anathema."
5. Source	Linder, Amnon: "The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” Page 539
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	768 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Letter Against Jews Owning Land” issued by Pope Stephen IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	For this reason We are touched by sorrow, anxious even unto death, since We have known through you that the Jewish people, ever rebellious against God and derogatory of our rites, within the frontiers and territories of the Franks, own hereditary estates in the villages and suburbs, as if they were Christian residents; for they are the Lord's enemies... Christian men cultivate their vines and fields, and Christian men and women, living with those same deceivers both in town and out of town, are day and night strained by expressions of blasphemy... What was sworn to and handed over to those unbelievers by the Lord himself... has been taken away deservedly, in vengeance for the crucified Savior.
5. Source	“Pope Stephen IV, ‘Letter Against Jews Owning Land.’ (768).” Alexis Rubin, Accessed online 9/14/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 24, 787
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 8 issued by the Second Council of Nicaea
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Turkey
4. Text of Act	[Canon] 8 Since some of those who come from the religion of the Hebrews mistakenly think to make a mockery of Christ who is God, pretending to become Christians, but denying Christ in private by both secretly continuing to observe the sabbath and maintaining other Jewish practices, we decree that they shall not be received to communion or at prayer or into the church, but rather let them openly be Hebrews according to their own religion; they should not baptize their children or buy, or enter into possession of, a slave. But if one of them makes his conversion with a sincere faith and heart, and pronounces his confession wholeheartedly, disclosing their practices and objects in the hope that others may be refuted and corrected, such a person should be welcomed and baptized along with his children, and care should be taken that they abandon Hebrew practices. However if they are not of this sort, they should certainly not be welcomed.
5. Source	“Second Council of Nicaea-787 A.D.” Norman P. Tanner, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	Editor Author dates this law taking place September 24, 787.

1. Full Date of Act	807
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Dress Code for Jews" Issued by Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid
3. Geography of Act	Persia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "The Persian Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid ordered Jews to wear a yellow belt." Bitton, Jimmy: "It’s Not 1938 Again;" jewishmag.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	814 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Capitulary for the Jews” issued by Charlemagne
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	1. Let no Jew presume to take in pledge or for any debt any of the Church in gold, silver, or other form, from any Christian. But if he presume to do so, which God forbid, let all his goods be seized and let his right hand be cut off. 2. Let no Jew presume to take any Christian in pledge for any Jew or Christian, nor let him do anything worse; but if he presume to do so, let him make reparation according to his law, and at the same time he shall lose both pledge and debt. 3. Let no Jew presume to have a money-changer’s table in his house, nor shall he presume to sell wine, grain, or other commodities there. But if it be discovered that he has done so all his goods shall be taken away from him, and he shall be imprisoned until he is brought into our presence. 4. Concerning the oath of the Jews against the Christians. Place sorrel twice around his body from head to feet; he ought to stand when he takes his oath, and he should have in his right hand the five books of Moses according to his law, and if he cannot have them in Hebrew he shall have them in Latin. ‘May the God who gave the law to Moses on Mount Sinai help me, and he may the leprosy of Naamon the Syrian come upon me as it came upon him, and may the earth swallow me as it swallowed Dathan and Abiron, I have not committed evil against you in this cause.’
5. Source	“Medieval Sourcebook: Charlemagne: Capitulary for the Jews, 814.” Paul Halsall. September 1998, Accessed online 8/1/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	815
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Dress Code for Jews" Issued by Caliph Al-Mutavallil
3. Geography of Act	Persia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "…two yellow badges [are to be displayed], one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word dhimmi [a social status given to tolerated infidels] on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes." Bitton, Jimmy: "It’s Not 1938 Again;" jewishmag.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	819
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Forceful Conversion of Jews” ordered by Archbishop Agobard
3. Geography of Act	Carolingian Empire
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Agobard forcibly converted Jewish children, offering them or their parents no choice in the matter. This is the first time in France that such an act was recorded. [Until this time Jews were offered a choice between converting or being expelled or killed - but up until now there was a "choice".] "Jewish Timeline - 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 - Part 1;" (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	845
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Anti-Jewish Decrees” issued by the Council of Meaux presided over by Bishop Amolo of Lyons
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of the West Franks
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) The Council of Meaux, under Amolo Bishop of Lyons, enacts anti-Jewish decrees. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 14, 846
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Various canons and decrees reissued by the Council of Paris
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	…[1] If one of the Jews should buy and circumcise a Christian slave or of any other sect, he shall be released from that Jew’s power and remain in liberty…[2] We deny to the Jews and to the pagans the permission to practice law and to serve in the state service; …[3]…that none of the Jews should accede to honors and dignities, …They shall not dare to construct anew any synagogue. ...Any Jew who should dare transfer a slave or freeborn, either against his will or with a persuasion that deserves punishment, from the cult of the Christian religion to an abominable sect and rite should be punished by death and confiscation of property. ...Any of them who should steal into offices of honor shall be considered, as before, of the lowest condition, lest we be seen to grant the privilege of exemption to men execrable with reprehensible ambition… [4] The Jews should be denied permission to stroll about in the street and in the forum, as though in provocation, from the Cena Domini until the first day in Pascha…[6] Christian slaves ... who are imported or possessed by Jews, should either be delivered to the mandators or positively sold to Christian buyers within forty days. ...nor shall Christian slaves be permitted to live in the house of a Jew…[7] ...As for the banquets of the Jews, our law prohibited even laymen to take part in them…[9] Jews should not be appointed judges over the Christian populace or permitted to be tax-collectors, ...[10] That the Jews should be denied permission to stroll about in the streets and in the forum, as though in provocation, from the Cena Domini until the first day in Pascha, ...and that they shall not dare to sit in front of priests unless ordered to do so. ...[11] And that no Christian shall dare to take part in in banquets of Jews. ...[12] ...that henceforth no Christian should be obliged to serve a Jew ...[13] ...that if any Jew should be found guilty of persuading a Christian slave to join the Jewish rite, he shall both lose that slave and suffer the stator punishment. [14] As we are governed, with God’s grace, by Catholic kings, the Jews shall not dare to go out among Christians or mix with the Catholic populace.
5. Source	Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” Page 539-548
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 14, 846
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 74 issued at the Council of Meaux-Paris.
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	On those who offer favor and support to the Jews against the faith of Christ. So great is the avarice of some people that,… even now,… many of the priests and the laymen have received gifts from the Jews and encouraged, with their protection, the perfidy of those who are known (and not without reason) to be members of the Antichrist’s body;… Henceforth, therefore, any bishop, cleric or layman who would provide them help against the Christian faith through favor and support, should be put under anathema as an impious and sacrilegious and expelled out of the Catholic Church of the Kingdom of God.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 547.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 14, 846
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 75 issued at the Council of Meaux-Paris.
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	On the sons of Jews, that they should be separated from their parents and be entrusted to Christians. We decree that the sons and daughters of the Jews should be separated from the company of their parents in order that they should not become further entrapped in their deviations, and entrusted indeed to the monasteries or to Christian, God-fearing men and women, in order that they should learn from their way of life to venerate the faith, and educated on better things, progress in their morals as well as their faith.
5. Source	Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, pp. 547-548.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	None