Acts – Page 101 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 7, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jewish boys are therefore to be admitted to Latin schools in the same manner as Christian boys without exception, as long as they have a legally proper school certificate/school report (‘Zeugnis’) from a regular school or a ‘Hauptschule’* (‘Normal- oder Hauptschule’). [However] Jewish children, who want to visit a Gymnasium*, must have - additionally - a written permission from the state government (‘Landesregierung’). […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher *Hauptschule and Gymnasium are types of schools in German speaking countries.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 19, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The trade of rabbit-pelt/skins (‘Hasenbälgen’) by Jews is regulated according to what has been decided about their residency (permission to be present) in general. […]
5. Source	Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem niederösterr. Mercantil- und Wechselgerichte; (Wien; 1836); (Trade book of commercial laws and its procedural application to the commercial/trade courts, with special consideration of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. By Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, real/true r[oyal] i[mperial] advisor and referent at the Lower Austrian commercial/trade and exchange court); (Vienna; 1836)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 12, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Announcement” (‘Hofbescheid’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited to sell fur items outside of the regular market hours […] peddling with [such items] is completely prohibited to them, which applies especially to the Polish Jews. […]
5. Source	Handelsbuch der Handelsgesetze und des bei Anwendung derselben bei den Mercantil-Gerichten eintretenden Verfahrens, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem niederösterr. Mercantil- und Wechselgerichte; (Wien; 1836); (Trade book of commercial laws and its procedural application to the commercial/trade courts, with special consideration of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. By Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, real/true r[oyal] i[mperial] advisor and referent at the Lower Austrian commercial/trade and exchange court); (Vienna; 1836)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This prohibition was renewed/reissued via the Royal Chamber Decree of August 7, 1806.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 15, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Ordinance” signed personally by Leopold
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jew are never to be allowed to obtain a 'doctores iuris canonici' (Doctorate of Cannon Law), but they are allowed – if they presented the 'praestanda' (expected) [documents], to obtain a 'doctores iuris civilis' (Doctorate of Civil law) […]
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 8.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 26, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decision” issued by the Royal Court of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Those Jews, who can demonstrate the cause of their presence in Vienna, may be given permission to stay longer […] but under no circumstances [or pretext] past the time determined in their license […] such Jews, who enter [the city] after the expiration of such written licenses – as well as the issuing entity – are subject to punishment according to the law. […] Jewish heads of a family, who receive such license and are subjects of the heredity land are permitted to […] keep their families and servants with them [in the land]; foreign Jews, however, must send off these [wives and servants] from Vienna with the expiration of the aforementioned time period, since only they, but not their wives, children, and servants are necessary for the care/provisions of their business.
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions the political statutes in the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 4, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Chancellery Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are not permitted to attain [the title and a decree of] 'Doctors of Canonical Law' ('Doctores Juris canonici'), however, [they may] become 'Doctors of Civil Law' ('Doctores juiris civilis') and also attorneys at law ('Advocaten') and represent Jews and Christians in this capacity. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher This decree was reissued as a Governmental Decree on September 11, 1790.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 10, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Circular” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Jews are permitted to purchase old and new clothing items as well as other commodities. However, they are prohibited to [re]sell these outside of the regular market hours at the threat of confiscation [of the items]. […]
5. Source	Handelsbuch der Handelsgesetze und des bei Anwendung derselben bei den Mercantil-Gerichten eintretenden Verfahrens, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem niederösterr. Mercantil- und Wechselgerichte; (Wien; 1836); (Trade book of commercial laws and its procedural application to the commercial/trade courts, with special consideration of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. By Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, real/true r[oyal] i[mperial] advisor and referent at the Lower Austrian commercial/trade and exchange court); (Vienna; 1836)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher A similar prohibition was contained in the Royal Court Decision of August 26, 1790.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 13, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by the state government of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Jews who come to Prague on business for some time shall never stay in Christian houses, but always in the Jewish quarter, where the necessary inns are located; therefore, no Jew entering Prague from the countryside shall receive shelter in any Christian inns.
5. Source	Engelmayr, Anton. Unterthans-Verfassung des Königreiches Böhmen. Erster Theil (Constitution for the Subjects of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Part One). Sollinger: Vienna, 1830. Page 353.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 30, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Circular” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] [for tolerated Jews] to offer a foreign Jew without a residency-ticket/permit (‘Aufenthaltsschein’) shelter, [or] to put them up in their home, or to keep them past the appointed/specified time, or [worse yet] to pass them up as their servant […] is prohibited to Jews with threat of loss of their toleration. […] Christians who dare (are pertinent enough) to give shelter to Jews without a [valid] permit (‘Passierzettel’), to put them up in their home, or to keep them (at home) past the appointed/specified time, are to be fined 24 Reichsthaler for each unlawful provision and an additional 6 Reichstahler for each additional [unauthorized] day […].
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher Those unable to pay the fine were subjected to corporal punishment fitting the crime.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 28, 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
4. Text of Act	Even though Jews are not permitted to do business in the land/district near the Enns according to current law except during main annual markets, a number of Bohemian Jews have been given passports which grant them unrestricted trade, that is why it is ordered herewith that Jews are not to be issued unrestricted passports henceforth.
5. Source	Auszug aller im Königreiche Böhmen bestehenden Verordnungen und Gesetze nach Johann Roths Advokaten und Justiziärs der k. k. Staatsherrschaften Kotieschau and Kladrau, unter buchstäblichen gereihten Aufschriften der Gegenstände nach der Zeitfolge verfassten Sammlung neu aufgelegt, verbessert und vermehrt durch Johann Blaseck, k. k. Rath, Unterthansadvokaten und Fiskaladjunkten im Königreiche Böhmen. Fünfter Theil. Von Gef bis kirsch.; (Prag; 1817); (Abstracts of all existing regulations and laws in the Kingdom of Bohemia according to Johann Roth’s, advocate/attorney and justice/council of the r[oyal] i[mperial] sovereignties [Chotieschau] and Kladruby, newly reissued collection in alphabetical and chronological order, improved and augmented by Johann Blaseck, r[oyal] i[mperial] council of subjects (prosecutor) and fiscal adjunct in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Fifth part. From Gef to kirsch); (Prague; 1817)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Senate of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] However, since the aforementioned Jews are not to be permitted to appear as advocates (lawyers) or as assistants of the legal profession in local courts and to be used as litigators or attorneys or to take on the role of solicitors […] that is why this is to be heeded in the future; [furthermore, they may only appear as a representative of one of their co-religionists, if they have received the proper verbal or written authorization …] and all Jews who appear at the local offices as attorneys are to be informed that if they dare to encroach/exceed the power of attorney given to them, these will be retracted and they will be entirely prohibited to appear as attorneys for their co-religionist in the future altogether […]
5. Source	Sammlung der Verordnungen der Reichsstadt Frankfurt von Johnn Conradin Beyerbach. Neunter Theil. (Frankfurt am Mayn; 1799); (Collection of ordinances of the Imperial City of Frankfurt. Part nine.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1799)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 10, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Granting of Tolerance (Certificates)” decree of the Lower-Austrian Government on behalf of the Court Chancellery to the 4 tolerates Jews
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Through the court decision from January 24 […] it is ordered that all Jews, who after being given Tolerance (certificates) are still residing elsewhere, that they are to be move and settle here with their entire family within 6 months, or to lose their tolerance (certificates) altogether.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 18.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 4, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Court Rescript” ('Hofreskript') issued by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II addressed to the Government of Tyrol
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews who have a proper trade and business are prohibited to peddle - except to visits the markets – or to send their Jewish servants around to peddle in the countryside. […]
5. Source	Systematische Darstellung aller über den Hausier-Handel bestehenden kaiserl. Königl. österreichischen Gesetze und Verordnungen verfaßt von Friedrich Selner ("Systematic Representation of all Imperial Royal Austrian Laws and Ordinances Regarding Peddling") Written/Compiled by Friedrich Selner; (1847)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 24, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree concerning the admittance of poor Jews into the Prince-Bishopric.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	Poor Polish Jews,… should not be allowed to enter the Franconian districts, and local Jews should also be forbidden to accept them under penalty. If they do cross the border, they should be treated like vagabonds and expelled from the districts.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen von 1771 mit 1800 ergangen sind [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances from 1771 to 1800]," Part 3, Franz Xaver Rienner, Wurzburg, 1801, p. 501, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	May 13, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law concerning the trade of Jews in general, especially in the capital city.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	We hereby prohibit them [the Jews] from trading in wine, grain and spices, which has been illegal up to now, and from trading in articles related to these, such as sugar, coffee, tea, etc.,… Since the Jews have authorized themselves to convert the chambers, vaults and rooms in the local capital,… into general stores and commercial premises, we prohibit, under arbitrary and uncompromising punishment, that anything, no matter how insignificant, be bought or sold in such places of storage of goods by either local or foreign Christian buyers or sellers, nor that any other trade or business be carried out. Rather, we order that such goods storage vaults, chambers and rooms be kept completely closed and arranged in such a way that they may not have openings or an entrance to the streets, either in whole or in part, and no Christian buyer, under whatever pretext, may be admitted or brought in. … We graciously permit the Jews to enter these vaults, chambers, and rooms for the sole purpose of trading among themselves,… this permission may be revoked at any time.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen von 1771 mit 1800 ergangen sind [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances from 1771 to 1800]," Part 3, Franz Xaver Rienner, Wurzburg, 1801, pp. 498-499, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com and Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 8, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree on the Infiltration and Entry of Poor Polish Jews.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	Whoever gives shelter to a [poor Polish] Jew,… especially on the borders of our country, for even one night, or even allows him to stay for a longer period of time, shall be punished without mercy, the first time with five Reichsthaler, or if he is unable to pay with twelve lashes of the cane, and the second time shall be sent to the workhouse for a period of time, depending on the circumstances; for this reason, all direct and indirect officials, bailiffs and other local leaders are strictly instructed to personally carry out unexpected visits to Jewish quarters and other communities from time to time. In this regard, any unfounded and damaging excuse that such a stranger has arrived at the state during the night, especially in winter, must not be accepted; for if this is the case, the local authorities must be informed immediately, where this fellow must be arrested, quartered and treated as a vagabond and punished.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen von 1771 mit 1800 ergangen sind [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances from 1771 to 1800]," Part 3, Franz Xaver Rienner, Wurzburg, 1801, p. 504, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 21, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by the Court Chancellery of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Israelites shall not lease any pubs or taverns.
5. Source	Fauller, Chrysostomus. Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich: Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt, mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, Zweiter Band (Laws, Ordinances and Regulations for the Administration of Police in the Austrian Empire: Published in the Years 1740 Until the End of 1825, and Compiled in Chronological Order, Under Excellent Consideration of Lower Austria, Volume Two). Geistinger: Vienna, 1828. Page 361.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 22, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
4. Text of Act	Jews are not to be permitted to manipulate (handle) the community funds without leaving a deposit, and those who disregard this caution will be required to replace any damages that result from disobeying this order […].
5. Source	Auszug aller im Königreiche Böhmen bestehenden Verordnungen und Gesetze nach Johann Roths Advokaten und Justiziärs der k. k. Staatsherrschaften Kotieschau and Kladrau, unter buchstäblichen gereihten Aufschriften der Gegenstände nach der Zeitfolge verfassten Sammlung neu aufgelegt, verbessert und vermehrt durch Johann Blaseck, k. k. Rath, Unterthansadvokaten und Fiskaladjunkten im Königreiche Böhmen. Fünfter Theil. Von Gef bis kirsch.; (Prag; 1817); (Abstracts of all existing regulations and laws in the Kingdom of Bohemia according to Johann Roth’s, advocate/attorney and justice/council of the r[oyal] i[mperial] sovereignties [Chotieschau] and Kladruby, newly reissued collection in alphabetical and chronological order, improved and augmented by Johann Blaseck, r[oyal] i[mperial] council of subjects (prosecutor) and fiscal adjunct in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Fifth part. From Gef to kirsch); (Prague; 1817)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 30, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by the City Council of Frankfurt am Main
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We hereby order, by the power of this decree, that no local Jew or Jewess may get married without the prior permission of the local community warden and the rabbi, nor be united in matrimony by a foreign rabbi, under penalty of being fined or receiving corporal punishment, as well as mandatory removal of this city, without hope of re-admittance.
5. Source	Decree regarding Jewish marriages in Frankfurt am Main (1791). Hesse Decrees Collection; AR 25198; Box 1; Folder 10; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 16, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway, to the Magistrate of Copenhagen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	All those of the Jewish nation must, when they demand it, worship inside their house, in exchange for paying 10 imperial thalers, and foreigners may also be allowed to use it, as long as they contribute up to 4 imperial thalers to the nation’s expenditures for public mediation.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 173.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 21, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Establishing the Age Limits for Baptism of Jews” decree of the Court Chancellery to the Lower-Austrian government
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	His Majesty have […] come to the decision that the regular ordinance of October 30, 1789 - that says that Jewish children cannot be baptized before the age of 18 – is now repealed and that all political regional authorities of each province are granted permission to baptize Jewish children who have reached the age of 14, when they (the authorities) deem it important; […].
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 18.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 12, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law on Contracts between Christians and Jews
3. Geography of Act	Principality of Schwarzenberg
4. Text of Act	The Jews, under penalty of punishment, may not sell to Christian subjects more than 16 florins of livestock, grain, wine or other goods without official or government consent through private or commercial contracts.
5. Source	“Verträge zwischen Christen und Juden, 1791, [Contracts between Christians and Jews, 1791],” in Friedrich Christian Arnold, “Beiträge Zum Teutschen Privat-Rechte [Contributions to German Private Rights],” Volume 2, Ansbach, 1842, p. 660-661, available from dlc.mpg.de.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 23, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Law on the Settlement and Migration of Jews in the Russian Empire” issued by Catherine the Great
3. Geography of Act	Russia
4. Text of Act	Article 4. In addition to the provinces and districts listed in the preceding section, a permanent residence is permitted to the Jews, with the following restrictions: ...Article 11. Jews who have gone abroad without a legal exit-permit are deprived of Russian citizenship and not permitted to return to Russia. Article 12. Within the general area of settlement and in every place where the Jews are permitted permanent residence, they are allowed not only to move from place to place and to settle in accordance with the general regulations, but also to acquire real estate of all kinds with the exception of inhabited estates, the ownership of which is strictly forbidden to Jews ... Article 23. Every Jew must be registered according to the law in one of the legal estates of the realm. Any Jew not complying with this regulation will be treated as a vagrant.
5. Source	“Antisemitism in Imperial Russia; Creation of the Pale of Settlement (1791 and 1835).” No author, Online article.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 23, 1791
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Imperial Ukase restricting the rights of Jewish people from enrolling in merchant corporations.
3. Geography of Act	Russian Empire
4. Text of Act	The Jews have no right to enroll in the merchant corporations in the inner Russian cities or ports of entry, and are permitted to enjoy only the rights of townsmen and burghers of White Russia.
5. Source	S. M. Dubnow, “History of the Jews in Russia and Poland - From the Earliest Times to the Present Day: Volume I,” The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1916, p. 316, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher An Ukase was an edict of the Tsarist government of Russia. White Russia is the archaic literal translation for Belarus, which at the time of the Act, was part of the Russian Empire.

1. Full Date of Act	1792
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Special tax issued by Francis I
3. Geography of Act	Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “LEIBZOLL (Ger., ‘body tax’), a special tax levied on Jews in Europe. Known under a variety of names – Judengeleit, Leibmauth, Judenzoll, péage corporel, etc. – it was first levied by the three landgraves of Thuringia in 1368, and became more common after the major expulsions of the 15th and 16th centuries...The Leibzoll was known as Leibmauth in Vienna ‘and was introduced not as a financial but as a police measure, to keep away a considerable number of useless Jews, and to supervise their conduct’...By the Toleranzpatent of Joseph II it was abolished (1782), but Joseph reserved the right to exact its equivalent. Ten years later [1792] Francis I introduced the Judenbolleten for the same purposes; it survived until 1848.” “Leibzoll.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None