Acts – Page 103 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 30, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decision/Regulation” of the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] No Christian, not even those who have guest-hostels/hotels shall accommodate a foreign Jews, except during fairs, local protected-Jews, however, are never to offer foreign Jews a place to stay […] without having previously attained permission from the Schatzungsamt*. […]
5. Source	Sammlung der Verordnungen der Reichsstadt Frankfurt von Johnn Conradin Beyerbach. Sechster Theil. (Collection of ordinance of the Imperial City of Frankfurt. Part six.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1799);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher While the above decision of the City Council regulates how foreigners are to be accommodated in general, the excerpt translated here is addressed to specifically Jews. *Schatzungsamt was the office that handled taxes and oversaw a registry which controlled the number of foreigners in the domain.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 7, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Government Regulation on Jewish childrens’ attendance at gymnasiums.
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	Jewish children who want to attend a gymnasium must have written permission from the state office.
5. Source	“Vollständige Sammlung der seit 13. März 1848 im Justizfache erschienenen Gesetze und Verordnungen [Complete Collection of Laws and Regulations Published in the Field of Justice since March 13, 1848],” Volume 1, Zendler and Company, Vienna, 1852, p. 304, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to the source above, this Act was repealed by a decree of the provisional Minister of Education dated December 19, 1848. In Austria, the term “gymnasium” generally refers to a secondary school, or a school that prepares students for further education. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 4, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by Frederick VII, King of Denmark and Norway, for the Grand Duchy of Holstein, the Dominion of Pinneberg, and the City of Altona
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Christian the Seventh, herewith order to let it be known, that We have received first-hand information about the Jewish constitution allowing the making of contracts with clauses that refer to ‘mesiras modaah,’ or mental reservations, which at a later point in time might then be used in court to nullify the transaction on account of having agreed to it under duress. As such behavior cannot be reconciled with faithfulness and decency, while allowing sham oaths that are inadmissible under any circumstances, and whereas this makes any Jew-oaths, in court and elsewhere, highly unreliable; therefore, We find ourselves compelled to nullify everything that has been introduced in this way by Jewish law or its observance, and to order herewith that Jewish and Christian authorities and courts alike shall disregard the same; moreover, anyone who dares to include mental reservations in a contractual clause, from now on and including rabbis and elders, shall be regarded as unfaithful or perjurious and suffer arbitrary punishment. The head rabbi and the Jewish court of Altona, as well as everyone else concerned, is hereby instructed to appropriately follow this ordinance.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 165.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 16, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Furthermore, since the improvement of the morality of the Jewish nation depends – to a large [extent] – on the proper (good) education of the females, and that when this is neglected, such [improvement] can only be achieved with difficulty or not at all. […] it is therefore decreed, that the sending of Jewish girls to public schools is to be seen to/ensured with zeal, and that the parents, guardians [and so on] are made to do this - in all earnestness – by an unrelenting imposition of the stipulated punishment. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 24, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] in terms of school requirement (‘Schulschicken’) no difference is to be made between Jewish and Christian children [in the imposition of] a fine/punishment that is double that of the schooling-fee (‘Schulgeldes’). The negligent school visit of the Jewish youth is to be punished that much more emphatically, because otherwise, the bad (evil) example of the Jewish parents or guardians would serve the Christians as a justification for their own negligence. If the particular punishment is not effective enough, then they (Jewish parents and guardians) must be punished with a severe fine and corporal punishment (‘Geld- oder Leibesstrafe’) when necessary. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 15, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Patent” issued by Emperor Francis II (Franz Joseph II)
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] Each Jewish family is required to pay an annual family tax of five Gulden or 25 Franks per month. These taxes are also do be paid by the supernumerary Jews who are tolerated in the community. […]
5. Source	Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Czech Republic and Germany

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 10, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Royal Court Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews who are fit for [military] service […] but who are without means and cannot afford the exemption amount (‘Reluitionssumme’)* of 140 fl.** are to be required to serve (personally) as a recruit [in the military]. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher At that time, men (of a certain age) were either required to serve in the military or pay a fee that would absolve them of this duty. *The exemption amount of 140 fl. required of Jews was in fact twice as high as the amount required of other males who were deemed fit to serve in the military.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 24, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree on the treatment of Jewish converts with regard to their residency.
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	It is the matter of the Imperial and Royal Police High Directorate that the Israelites who become Christians and who were once expelled from Vienna as Jews are no longer tolerated in Vienna even as Christians. Only those Jews who have not committed any crime and have never been expelled from Vienna are admitted to Vienna after converting to another religion.
5. Source	Franz Tobias Herzog, “Sammlung der Gesetze über das Politische Domicil im Kaiserthume Österreich [Collection of Laws on Political Domicile in the Austrian Empire],” Anton Edlen von Schmid, Vienna, 1837, pp. 26-27, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 27, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decision” issued by the Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The current ordinances are to be upheld in regards to the proper training and admission of Jewish boys and journeyman [placed] with Christian craftsman. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 30, 1793
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark, Norway
4. Text of Act	1. The foreign Jews and Jewesses who, without being able to prove any legal residence, [nevertheless] are in Copenhagen, shall be penalized for the first time by paying a mulct of 50 imperial thalers, and in the absence of assets, spend 14 days on bread and water; for the second time, with half a year's work in the improvement house; and each time, after the end of the imprisonment or the payment of the fine, be deported at their own expense, but if they have no assets, then at the expense of the Jewish nation. 2. The elders of the Jewish nation, should they neglect their duties with respect to the reporting of foreign Jews and Jewesses, shall pay a mulct of 100 imperial thalers for the first occurrence, and double that amount for each time thereafter. 3. Any police officer who, according to the rescript of March 24, 1774, is to search for foreign Jews, if he neglects to do so, shall be punished for the first time by paying a fine of 10 imperial thalers, to be garnished from the 80 imperial thalers he is paid; for the second time, by 14 days imprisonment on water and bread; and for the third time, by having his commission revoked.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 38.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 22, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued to the Karlsruhe district office on Jewish gambling.
3. Geography of Act	Margraviate of Baden
4. Text of Act	All games of chance,… including the lottery,… [are] forbidden to Jews.
5. Source	Adolf Lewin, “Geschichte der badischen Juden seit der Regierung Karl Friedrichs (1738-1909) [History of the Baden Jews Since the Reign of Karl Friedrich (1738-1909)]," Commission Publishing House of the G. Braun Court Printing Office, Karlsruhe, 1909, p. 4, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 27, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] in cases where trade books are maintained in Hebrew or the Jewish language or letters […] such [books] are not only invalid […] but that if they need to be translated, the parties in question are to bear the cost of the translation. […]
5. Source	Oesterreichische Gewebs- und Handelsgesetzkunde mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich und der Ens. Von Joh. Ludwig Ehrenreich Grafen von Barth-Barthenheim. Neunter Band. (Wien; 1846); (Austrian Business and Commercial laws with exquisite/special consideration/emphasis on Archduchy of Austrian and the Ens. By Joh. Ludwig Ehrenreich Count von Barth-Barthenheim. Ninth volume.); (Vienna; 1846)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 1, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Royal Court for Silesia
3. Geography of Act	Habsburg Monarchy/House of Habsburg
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may be allowed to reside (be present) in all areas of Silesia if the [local] authorities where such a Jew already is or will settle in the future, give their consent. […].
5. Source	Ritter v. Ostrow: Lexicon der politischen Gesetze des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Erster Band; (Wien; 1857); (Lexicon of the political laws of the Austrian Empire. First Volume); (Vienna; 1857);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This decree issued by the Austrian Royal court was reissued/made official by Governmental Decree #4219.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 28, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Court Chancellery Decree on Jewish marriage.
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	Any Jew who secretly and illegally marries outside the country is not only not to be allowed to obtain a family position here, but also, as soon as he returns, he is to be denied further toleration and is to be immediately returned and deported to the country and place where he secretly and illegally married.
5. Source	Franz Tobias Herzog, “Sammlung der Gesetze über das Politische Domicil im Kaiserthume Österreich [Collection of Laws on Political Domicile in the Austrian Empire],” Anton Edlen von Schmid, Vienna, 1837, p. 153, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to the source above, this law was subsequently issued in Moravia as Government Decree No. 10350 of June 5, 1807. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 10, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regarding the execution of the office of the Rabbinate” issued by Duke Fredrick Francis I (‘Friedrich Franz’) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4. Text of Act	Frederick Francis, Duke of Mecklenburg […] the copulation/marriages performed by your [local Rabbi] co-religionists and the hiring of a school master, as well as Jewish ceremonies have caused disorder and disagreement […] and in order to prevent such (discord) in the future, we wish to order herewith [the following] most graciously and seriously: 1) Even though, the schoolmaster, who is also to perform shechita*, shall be appointed by the Jewry of each place, they shall not be (formally) hired before they have been tested, found competent, and certified [... Rabbi Nazarus is the only one to preside over marriages but can transfer his duties - in writing - to a schoolmaster in the aforementioned manner […]. You and your co-religionists are to strictly obey this and the latter are to receive severe punishment from Us for any transgressions. […]
5. Source	Sammlung aller für das Großherzogthum Mecklenburg-Schwerin gültigen Landes-Gesetze von den ältesten Zeiten bis zu Ende des Jahres 1834. Vierter Band. Kirchen- und Schulgesetze. (Collection of all state laws issued in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from the earliest times to the end of 1834. 4th Volume. Church and school laws.); (Wismar; 1836);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Editor *According to chabad.org on 3/22/2021, "Shechita is the Jewish religious and humane method of slaughtering permitted animals and poultry for food."

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 18, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] When a Jew is only stopped because he does not have a residency-permit (‘Aufenthaltsbollete’) he is to be turned over to the Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘k. k. Polizey-Oberdirection’) in order that he be treated according to the existing regulations. If however, aside from him violating the patent, he has committed another serious crime against [the existing regulations of] the magistrate, he is still to be stopped by the magistrate, but simultaneously, he is to be reported to the Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘k. k. Polizey-Oberdirection’) as to how long he has been in Vienna without a residency-permit (‘Aufenthaltsbollete’). […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 25, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] The taxes for the issuance of the residency-permits (‘Aufenthaltsbolleten’) of foreign Jews coming to Vienna are – as per His Majesty’s instructions – to be paid to the governmental tax office (‘Regierungs-Cameral-Taxamt’) and quarter[-annual]ly transferred from this office to the Royal Imperial treasury (‘k. k. Universal-Cameral-Zahlamt’) […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 27, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition to use Hebrew or the Jewish language for all public (legal) negotiations (documents)”
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Since the provisions of the Patent from January 2, 1782 regarding the ban on the use of Hebrew or the Jewish language (Yiddish) in all public documents and doings – in or outside of the courts - were not properly followed, they are repeated here again, and that from now on, all financial records and documents that are kept in Hebrew or in the Jewish language (Yiddish) are not only to be deemed invalid, but the party who is affected by this, has to pay for it, if they ever need to be translated.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 33.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This decree was issued to strengthen a previously issued law by Joseph II which was part of the “Jewish Ordinance” (Judenpatent). Unlike the provision issued in that ordinance, this law spells out the penalty for composing legal documents in Hebrew or Yiddish.

1. Full Date of Act	May 2, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] the time [as to] when a foreign [Jew] arrived in Vienna, and the day until which he is permitted to be present in Vienna, must be clearly stated [in his residency permit/form (‘Aufenthaltsbollette’)]. […] The obtained residency permits/forms (‘Aufenthaltsbolleten’) are always to be returned by foreign Jews to the Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘k. k. Polizei-Oberdirection’) – in the same registration room (‘Meldezimmer’) where they have received these permits/forms (‘Bollete’) - a day before their departure, and even more so, in case they believe that they can seek an extension of their residency permit based on well-founded reasons, because if they fail to return such permits (‘Erlaubnisbolleten’), they will be considered to be unlawfully present in Vienna [and] punished, and treated according to the Patent; those who have departed without first turning in [their permits] shall not be granted a residency permit in the future. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim)); Volume I; (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 8, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” ('Regierungsdecret') of the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Dependent on the needs of the Viennese wholesalers and traders/businessmen, only an appropriate/adequate number of Polish brokers or Jewish merchants are [to be] granted a tolerance [permit], all others, however, are to be treated as illegals in Vienna. […] the representatives of the tolerated Jews and the wholesalers are to submit to the government suggestions as to who they choose [to receive a tolerance permit]; however, such [persons] are only to receive tolerance [permits] for one year in exchange for an adequate protection-tax that is appropriate to the kind of trade they [will] pursue.
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 13, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria; Archduchy of Austria
4. Text of Act	Jews are entirely prohibited to peddle in the Austrian hereditary lands, including during the time of the annual markets.
5. Source	Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem niederösterr. Mercantil- und Wechselgerichte; (Wien; 1836); (Trade book of commercial laws and its procedural application to the commercial/trade courts, with special consideration of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. By Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, real/true r[oyal] i[mperial] advisor and referent at the Lower Austrian commercial/trade and exchange court); (Vienna; 1836)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The same (or similar) prohibitions were issued via the Patent of January 2, 1782; Royal Court Decree of May 19, 1788; and Governmental Ordinance of February 16, 1819.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 12, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
4. Text of Act	In order to bring uniformity to the Jewish birth registers, and maintain better record keeping ('keeping of evidence'), all midwives must report the birth of a male or female [child] to the mayor (‘Ortsvorsteher’) and judges immediately who are to report this to the Office of Economy (‘Wirtschaftsamt’), as well as the date, name and sex of the child, along with whether the child was born in wedlock or in marriage, […] and then the [last] name and first name of the father, and the mother and any other party listed […] and these records are to be turned over quarterly to the regional rabbi (‘Kreisrabbiner’), who are already required according to current law to keep record of Jewish weddings, circumcisions, and deaths […] the double record-keeping of such birth registers is initiated to maintain better control and records ('keeping of evidence'). The r[oyal] regional office (‘Kreisamt’) is to oversee/implement compliance of this [order].
5. Source	Auszug aller im Königreiche Böhmen bestehenden Verordnungen und Gesetze nach Johann Roths Advokaten und Justiziärs der k. k. Staatsherrschaften Kotieschau and Kladrau, unter buchstäblichen gereihten Aufschriften der Gegenstände nach der Zeitfolge verfassten Sammlung neu aufgelegt, verbessert und vermehrt durch Johann Blaseck, k. k. Rath, Unterthansadvokaten und Fiskaladjunkten im Königreiche Böhmen. Fünfter Theil. Von Gef bis kirsch.; (Prag; 1817); (Abstracts of all existing regulations and laws in the Kingdom of Bohemia according to Johann Roth’s, advocate/attorney and justice/council of the r[oyal] i[mperial] sovereignties [Chotieschau] and Kladruby, newly reissued collection in alphabetical and chronological order, improved and augmented by Johann Blaseck, r[oyal] i[mperial] council of subjects (prosecutor) and fiscal adjunct in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Fifth part. From Gef to kirsch); (Prague; 1817)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 23, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law 17.224 - Establishing a double tax on Jews registered in the cities and the municipalities.
3. Geography of Act	Russian Empire
4. Text of Act	Having permitted the Bishops to conduct their mercantile and merchant trades in the provinces of Minsk, Izyaslav, Bratslav, Sholotsk, Mogilev, Yekaterinburg, Chernigov, Novgorod-Siberian, Yekaterinoslav and in the Tauride Region, having registered in the cities as townspeople and merchants, we command those of the Jews who have been communed, who wish to use them, to collect from the first day of the following year the established taxes twice as much as the taxes imposed on the townspeople and merchants of various confessions by the Christian law; those who do not wish to remain, such as those who are given freedom, on the basis of the City Regulations, upon payment of three years of double tax, are to be expelled from Our Empire.
5. Source	“Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire, Since 1649,” Volume 20, 1789 to 6 November 1796, Saint Petersburg, 1830, p. 532, available from prlib.ru.
6. Researcher	Jennifer Allison
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher The text of this Act is available in Russian in the source above. Translator It was translated into English using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 28, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Magistrate at Copenhagen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Since it is known to the Chancellery that in debt cases, the Supreme Court has assumed that a Jew, although he is legally incompetent under Danish law, should [nevertheless] be regarded as competent, because according to Jewish law he has reached the age of majority, so must the same rule be followed with respect to guardianship, until such time as it is expressly regulated otherwise.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 79.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher Similar to the above example of debt-related lawsuits, the Danish crown, by deferring to Jewish law in a very limited scope, ensured that the interests of the non-Jewish community were protected, this time by relieving the government of Jewish wards of the state at a younger age (13 years for boys, 12 years for girls) than their non-Jewish counterparts.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 3, 1794
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
4. Text of Act	All Jews are prohibited from changing their previously taken name or face a fine of 12 Ducats. They are also to be told that if they change their place of residency, they are to have a permission slip from the place they’re leaving (and in which they are protected) (‘Schutzort’) as evidence to turn over to the (authorities in the) new place. The local authorities are also to be prohibited and fined 6 Ducats if they accept a Jew – may he be single or married – without such a permission slip.
5. Source	Auszug aller im Königreiche Böhmen bestehenden Verordnungen und Gesetze nach Johann Roths Advokaten und Justiziärs der k. k. Staatsherrschaften Kotieschau and Kladrau, unter buchstäblichen gereihten Aufschriften der Gegenstände nach der Zeitfolge verfassten Sammlung neu aufgelegt, verbessert und vermehrt durch Johann Blaseck, k. k. Rath, Unterthansadvokaten und Fiskaladjunkten im Königreiche Böhmen. Fünfter Theil. Von Gef bis kirsch.; (Prag; 1817); (“Abstracts of all existing regulations and laws in the Kingdom of Bohemia according to Johann Roth’s, advocate/attorney and justice/council of the r[oyal] i[mperial] sovereignties [Chotieschau] and Kladruby, newly reissued collection in alphabetical and chronological order, improved and augmented by Johann Blaseck, r[oyal] i[mperial] council of subjects (prosecutor) and fiscal adjunct in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Fifth part. From Gef to kirsch); (Prague; 1817)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None