Acts – Page 105 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 23, 1796
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decision” issued by the Royal Court of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Regardless of the wholesale [permit which he may have received], an Israeli must still apply for a tolerance [permit] and pay the adequate fee according to his [financial] circumstances.
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 3, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The Chief-Police-Authority/Directive (‘’Polizei-Ober-Direction’) is to present every quarter a list to the government of how many residency permits have been issued to foreign Jews and for how long […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 9, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, “The Jewish-communities must send their lists to the Head-Rabbi of Schwerin every year” issued by Frederick Francis I, Duke of Mecklenburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4. Text of Act	Frederick Francis, Duke of Mecklenburg […] it was already decreed that all Jewish-communities in Our domains/lands are to send a list of their births, marriages, and deaths - according to the required format - to the local Head-Rabbi annually. However, there’s been noticeable lack and disorder, especially this past year, […and] some Jewish-communities have completely fallen behind in this regard […]. We order, therefore, the Jewish-community […] once and for all, in all earnestness though graciously, to record their annual births, marriages, and deaths accurately, and to turn over a complete list after December 1 […] to the presiding Head-Rabbi […] who is to have this list turned over to Our government by the 15th of the same month […]
5. Source	Sammlung aller für das Großherzogthum Mecklenburg-Schwerin gültigen Landes-Gesetze von den ältesten Zeiten bis zu Ende des Jahres 1834. Vierter Band. Kirchen- und Schulgesetze. (Collection of all state laws issued in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from the earliest times to the end of 1834. 4th Volume. Church and school laws.); (Wismar; 1836);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 17, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“General-Jewish-Regulation for South- and New-East-Prussia” (‘General-Juden-Reglement’)
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] §16) In order that opportunities for local Jewesses to get married are not diminished, no Jew may be permitted to get married to a foreign Jewess if she cannot show to have contributed at least 500 Rthlr [Reichsthaler] to the marriage [as dowry …]
5. Source	Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. Mit Mitwirkung mehrerer Gelehrten herausgegeben vom Oberrabbiner Dr. Z. Frankel, Director des jüdisch-theologischen Seminars zu Breslau. Vierzehnter Jahrgang. (Breslau; 1865); (Monthly Journal of History and Science of Judaism. With participation of various scholars, edited by Head-Rabbi Z. Frankel, PhD., Director of the Jewish-theological Seminary in Wroclaw. Fourteenth edition.) (Wroclaw; 1865)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 13, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by the Chancellory of Basel (‘Canzley Basel’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Switzerland
4. Text of Act	[… regarding] Trading and peddling in the city. 1) […] Jews are to refrain from trading and peddling except during the annual fair and during the four Ember-Day-markets (‘Frohnfastenmärkten’), for the first [transgression the violator is to face] a fine appropriate/proportionate to the [worth of the] merchandise, the second time, confiscation of the merchandise, and further transgressions are to be punished in the form of banishment from this city and surrounding domain. Warehouses [for goods]. 2) No citizen, nor any relatives-with-protection (‘Schirmsverwandte’), may lease a warehouse, may it be a house, a chamber, an open store, or stall - during or outside of the [time of the] fair and Ember-Day markets - to a Jew lest they be fined 50 fl [Reichsthaler]. 3) Jews are prohibited to trade with cattle […] except during public markets or face a serious fine, which is to be doubled with each subsequent offense of which one fourth is to be given to the informant. Repeat offenders are not only to be arrested […] but also reported to Our gracious Councilmen. […]
5. Source	Rechtsquellen von Basel Stadt und Land. Erster Theil. (Legal Documents/Sources of Basel - City and land. Part one.); (Basel; 1856);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above mandate has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space. It contains 9 points and can be found in its entirety in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 6, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government and addressed to the Jewish representatives
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Just as the faculties (‘Studien-Confesse’) are obliged to report these Individuals (Jewish students) to the Royal Imperial Lower Austrian government (‘k. k. n. ö. Regierung’) every year, so are the Viennese [Jewish] representatives required […] to instruct such students to obtain written permission [from the aforementioned government in order] to study in Vienna […] failure to do so and without such written permission, [they are] in violation of the law, and will be seen as all other foreign Jews, who are illegally present in Vienna. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 13, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] the Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘k. k. Polizey-Oberdirection’) is directed to instruct the police guards/sentinels set up at the borders (‘Linien’) to clearly include on each [piece of] paper which they give out to arriving Jews in return for their withheld passports, […] the exact day of the[ir] arrival so that it can be reliably retrieved/accessed in the future, [and determined] as to how well the statements/claims of these sojourners are based on truth or deviate from it. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 28, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of Tsar Pavel [Paul the 1st] to the Province Minister of Minsk expelling the Jews from villages.
3. Geography of Act	Russian Empire
4. Text of Act	[Order to the Province Minister of Minsk to] limit the rights of the Jews who impoverish the peasants … [and] make an effort to move all the Jews to the provincial cities, in order to prevent these people from wandering around and causing damage to the public.
5. Source	Tzvi Livneh-Lieberman (ed.), “Jewish Farmers in Russian Fields,” Ha'Kibutz Ha'Artzi, Ha'Shomer Ha'Tzair, Merkhavia, Israel 1965, p. 19-20, available at jewishgen.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 3, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Patent” issued by Emperor Francis
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are prohibited from purchasing and owning immovable goods […].
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 31, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Every Jew who wishes to get married must supply a written report on his progress in German language, issued by the Christian Superintendent of Schools. The only Jews exempt from this requirement are those who, in the year 1786, had already reached the sixteenth year of their age. Those found in contravention of this law are to be punished according to Section 38 of the Third Book of the Civil Law, and those who officiated the wedding are to be removed from their office, and to be declared permanently unfit for the same.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Sechster Band von T – Z (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume VI, from T through Z). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828. Page 162.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 5, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order establishing and emergency plan for the prevention of cattle plague or cattle epidemic.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	The plague poison is carried from one stable to another, from one pasture to another, from one place to another:… 2) By cattle dealers, blacksmiths, butchers and Jews who come from affected areas and go to healthy cattle. Precautionary measures for every community member. 1) He does not buy or rustle cattle at cattle markets or from cattle dealers, butchers and Jews. Buying sick cattle is a crime…. When the plague is only 5 (or less) hours away. … 26) He does not allow foreign cattle and other animals - foreign people (especially cattle dealers, butchers, cattle doctors and Jews) - and things that could easily be poisoned (raw cowhide, hay, fodder, straw, wool, rags from other communities) to come near his cattle, into his house, into his stables and onto his pastures.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen von 1771 mit 1800 ergangen sind [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances from 1771 to 1800]," Part 3, Franz Xaver Rienner, Wurzburg, 1801, pp. 713-720, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 1, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Every time a Jewish applicant for a wedding license proves credibly, by way of witnesses, that he is descended from a normal family*; so the application should always be treated favorably, even if this would exceed the normal number of families; since his clan is much older than those of any Jews who arrived later, in addition to the fact that he enjoys the privilege of succession and thus cannot be considered as exceeding the number.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828, p. 59.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *“Normal family” refers to a Jewish family present at the time the maximum number of Jewish families was written into law and thus became part of the legal norm.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 3, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decision” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] the superfluous ('überflüssig') Jews not belonging to specific families [are to be] expelled. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 16, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance #30735, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Whereas the age of Jewesses, until now, has not been taken in consideration, in the course of issuing wedding licenses; from now on, the royal county offices shall, when forwarding complete supplications, attach the circumcision certificate of the groom, as well as the midwife’s certificate with regard to the bride.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H [Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H]. Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828, p. 60.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 5, 1797
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” ('Regierungsdecret') of the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	For applications of tolerance [permits] […], the morality and other characteristics/attributes of the applicants [submitted] by the representatives of the Jewry must be done in writing.
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 15, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
4. Text of Act	All Talmud-teachers, except tested/certified (‘geprüft’) Rabbis (Rabbis who have gone through an examination) are to quit immediately. The [right to] issue/approve (‘koramisirung’) school certificates must be reserved for the regional school commissionaire (‘Kreisschulkommissär’).
5. Source	Auszug aller im Königreiche Böhmen bestehenden Verordnungen und Gesetze nach Johann Roths Advokaten und Justiziärs der k. k. Staatsherrschaften Kotieschau and Kladrau, unter buchstäblichen gereihten Aufschriften der Gegenstände nach der Zeitfolge verfassten Sammlung neu aufgelegt, verbessert und vermehrt durch Johann Blaseck, k. k. Rath, Unterthansadvokaten und Fiskaladjunkten im Königreiche Böhmen. Fünfter Theil. Von Gef bis kirsch.; (Prag; 1817); (“Abstracts of all existing regulations and laws in the Kingdom of Bohemia according to Johann Roth’s, advocate/attorney and justice/council of the r[oyal] i[mperial] sovereignties [Chotieschau] and Kladruby, newly reissued collection in alphabetical and chronological order, improved and augmented by Johann Blaseck, r[oyal] i[mperial] council of subjects (prosecutor) and fiscal adjunct in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Fifth part. From Gef to kirsch); (Prague; 1817)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 13, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Royal Court Ordinance" (‘Hofverordnung’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited to peddle.
5. Source	Das Ganze der österreichischen politischen Administration, mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Österreich unter der Enns. In systematisch geordnetem Abhandlungen dargestellt von Joh. Ludwig Ehrenreich Grafen von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1843); (The entire Austrian, political administration, with particular attention to the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. A systematically ordered treatise put together by Joh. Ludwig Ehrenreich Count von Barth-Barthenheim); (Vienna; 1842)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 20, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Royal Court Ordinance" (‘Hofverordnung’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited to peddle.
5. Source	Das Ganze der österreichischen politischen Administration, mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Österreich unter der Enns. In systematisch geordnetem Abhandlungen dargestellt von Joh. Ludwig Ehrenreich Grafen von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1843); (The entire Austrian, political administration, with particular attention to the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. A systematically ordered treatise put together by Joh. Ludwig Ehrenreich Count von Barth-Barthenheim) (Vienna; 1842)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 24, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decision” (‘Entscheidung') of the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jew are not permitted to work as notaries.
5. Source	Der frühere und jetzige Zustand der Israeliten zu Frankfurt am Main. Von Dr. Johann Heinrich Bender, Advokaten daselbst. (Past and present conditions of Israelis of Frankfurt. By Johann Heinrich Bender, JD.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1833)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher This order was reissued on October 15, 1799.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 11, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] since Jewish divorces must be carried out by the so-called learned or Rabbis, but since the tolerated [Jews] here do not have a Rabbi nor are permitted to have a Rabbi, a Jew, whom the parties have chosen to place their trust in, is to be permitted to take this position […] however, it is first to be inquired whether there exists such an individual who can take on the position of a Rabbi [in such cases …]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.) (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 15, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Patent” of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (Franz)
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] 21) Jews are to behave according to the common laws that are valid for foreigners, and […] they are to report to the collectors (‘Collectanten’) within three days in regards to the consumption tax ('Verzehrungssteuer'). […]
5. Source	Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 21, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance regarding Beggars and Vagabonds and such Thieves and Bands of Robber” issued by Prince Wilhelm d’Orange of Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Germany; Principality of Orange-Nassau
4. Text of Act	By the grace of God, We Wilhelm IX, Landgrave to Hesse […] announce herewith: […] 6) […] Beggar-Jews and other suspicious Jews are not to be permitted to enter the land even under the pretense of wishing to visit the annual markets […]. 16) […] Any protected Jew, however, who has the audacity to offer shelter/a hideout to a beggar-Jew or a foreign, unknown Jew, shall, aside of paying a fine of 10 Thaler to the informer – who shall remain unnamed – be punished with the loss of his protection-permit/residency. 17) Furthermore, no protected-Jew is to employ (take on) a foreign Jew as a servant or teacher without the explicit permission of the authorities […]. Those protected-Jews who act contrary to this order, shall pay 20 Thaler the first time, half of which is to go to our administration and the other to the informant; however, next time, they are to be punished with the loss of their privilege/protection in addition to the same fine. 18) […] Innkeepers (‘Wirthe’) are permitted to lodge foreign Jews for the duration of the annual markets; however, innkeepers are to immediately inform such (Jews) of this regulation as soon as they arrive (at their establishment). Those foreign market-Jews, who do not fulfill the above-mentioned requirements are to be turned back immediately the first time; however, in case they return, they are to receive an 8 day prison sentence and be punished – alternatively with water and bread. Those innkeepers who offer shelter to foreign Jews 24 hours after the end of the annual market […] shall be punished with a fine of 10 Thaler which is to be given to the informant, and the second time with an 8-day prison sentence in addition to the same fine. 19) Especially, the Jewish heads of communities (‘judeschaftlichen Vorsteher’) are to make sure that no foreign Jews sneak into the land […] or to even settle down, and that if they should find out of such a Jew, to report them to the authorities immediately […] because should they be found out to have been keeping such secrets, they shall not only lose their own privilege but also be fined with an exemplary fine for having acted against Our highest interests […]
5. Source	Neue Sammlung der Landes-Ordnungen, Ausschreiben und anderen allgemeinen Verfügungen, welche bis zum Ende des Oktobers 1806 für die Gebietstheile Kurhessens ergangen sind. Vierter Band. Jahre 1785 bis 1806 einschlieslich. (“New collection of state/country ordinances, announcements, and other general regulations/decrees which have been issued for the territories of Kur-Hesse until the end of October 1806 inclusive.”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 13, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
4. Text of Act	[…] henceforth, (the performance of) circumcision is not to be permitted [to any Jew] until he has applied and received a credible certificate from the r[oyal] regional authorities (‘Kreisamte’) that proves that he has received the necessary instructions/lessons and after he has presented/displayed his knowledge and skills to the regional surgeon (‘Kreischirurgus’).
5. Source	Auszug aller im Königreiche Böhmen bestehenden Verordnungen und Gesetze nach Johann Roths Advokaten und Justiziärs der k. k. Staatsherrschaften Kotieschau and Kladrau, unter buchstäblichen gereihten Aufschriften der Gegenstände nach der Zeitfolge verfassten Sammlung neu aufgelegt, verbessert und vermehrt durch Johann Blaseck, k. k. Rath, Unterthansadvokaten und Fiskaladjunkten im Königreiche Böhmen. Fünfter Theil. Von Gef bis kirsch.; (Prag; 1817); (“Abstracts of all existing regulations and laws in the Kingdom of Bohemia according to Johann Roth’s, advocate/attorney and justice/council of the r[oyal] i[mperial] sovereignties [Chotieschau] and Kladruby, newly reissued collection in alphabetical and chronological order, improved and augmented by Johann Blaseck, r[oyal] i[mperial] council of subjects (prosecutor) and fiscal adjunct in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Fifth part. From Gef to kirsch); (Prague; 1817)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 14, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Governor and the Bishop of Zealand
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	A citizen and merchant of the Jewish nation in Kalundborg and his fiancée (a citizen's daughter, some twenty years old, well above the age of pretense to be seduced by him to abandon her own, and assume the Jewish religion) may marry each other, notwithstanding he is not baptized, from what action he refrains for reasons which are important to his conscience, which the King will not compel; however, the children of this marriage, whether male or female, must be educated in the Christian Lutheran religion, which the local authority shall carefully enforce.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 264.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 24, 1798
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Furthermore, no Jew, who faces expulsion or whose removal may have been ordered because of his prolonged stay, shall be granted an extension [for residency] on the grounds of wanting [to receive] schooling in the Christian belief, because he may receive such instructions just as well somewhere else rather than in Vienna, and if his intentions are sincere, he will receive such [schooling]. Equally no special regard is to be paid to Jews who have been expelled from Vienna, on the grounds that they want to become Christians, since they can carry out their plan elsewhere/in another place just as well. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None