Acts – Page 114 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 31, 1811
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by King Maximilian I of Bavaria and published by the Royal General-Commissionaire of the District of Retzat
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Kingdom of Bavaria
4. Text of Act	In the Name of His Majesty the King of Bavaria. His Royal Majesty has issued a decree on December 31 of the previous year, regarding the trade of Jews on Sundays and holy-days: 1) On the most holiest of feasts/festivals, to which the Day of Prayer and Repentance* and the harvest-festival (‘Erndtefest’) belong, all trade between Jews and Christians is prohibited; 2) On Sundays and holidays, Jews are prohibited to engage in any other kind of trade interaction with Christians […] The prohibition to trade with cattle on such days that are outside of the public markets and their [pre-set] hours, are to be especially heeded. 4) Haggling, which diminishes the dignity of the Christian Sunday and holiday, done either by local Jews or those living outside [of the district] is to be prohibited on such days. By announcing this highest ordinance in the district’s Intelligenzblatt (newspaper), all police-authorities of the district of Rezat are given the order, to watch over this ordinance, and to follow/enforce them in all of its points. […].
5. Source	Intelligenzblatt des Rezat-Kreises. I. Stück. Ansbach, Mittwoch den 8. Januar 1812 (“Intelligence-Paper of the District of Razat. 1. Piece. Ansbach (City), Wednesday January 8, 1812”);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher ‘The Day of Prayer and Repentance’ (‘Buß- und Bettag’) is still an important public holiday in Germany and falls on the first of Advent. This rescript was published in a newspaper in the district of Razat on Wednesday, February 26, 1812.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 22, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Laws Pertaining to Jews in Welleburg-Schwerin" Issued by Friedrich Franz I of Schwerin
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4. Text of Act	... 2) Jews are not allowed to remain in the country unless they have attained a naturalization patent and a concession to a particular trade. 3) [Jews] are not to be hired as private servants or one for commerce, with very few exception. 4) All local Jews are to take on specific and hereditary surnames within four weeks and file it with the local authorities. Once the names are approved by the government, they are to be made public in a newspaper. Those who fail to follow these regulations could lose their 'privilegii.' 5) Jews are required to maintain their bookkeeping in either German or any other living language, except Hebrew if they don't want to commit a felony. They are not to even write their names in Hebrew. 6) All heads of Jewish communities are to keep accurate 'church books' and keep track of each birth, death and marriage within 3 days of its occurrence or be fined 20 Thaler. In smaller cities with fewer Jews, this 'church book' is to be kept by the municipal authorities for a fee of 16 Schillings. 7) The authorities of the Rabbis to make decisions pertaining to laws of the land is revoked completely. And they are entirely forbidden from doing trade with their Jews. ... 9) Although Jews are allowed to follow the Sabbath and other religious holidays, Jews not permitted to use to use their religion to violate their contractual obligations. 10) Intermarriages between Jews and Christians are allowed. However, the wedding ceremony is to only take place in front of a priest and all resulting children are to be brought up in the Christian faith. 11) Jews are permitted to own any kind of property in the cities as well as on the rural area; however, they are cannot exercise their 'patronage rights.' Those are to be administered by the local officers. 12) We [King Friedrich Frank] reserve the right to decide later as to in which capacity Jews are allowed to hold public offices.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der die religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntnisse. 1831; 508 pp, Online book.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 28, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Regulation concerning the celebration of the Jewish Hamann Festival.
3. Geography of Act	Principality of Lippe
4. Text of Act	The Jewish Hamann Festival is celebrated by a large number of local Jews, especially in the country's synagogues, with noisy knocking with hammers and other instruments. This custom, in which children and adults take part, is intended to preserve the memory of a former persecutor of the Jews, and is only suitable for inciting and nourishing the feeling of revenge as well as superstition. The basic teachings of religion are contrary to this, and the ritual laws do not prescribe this practice; it is therefore forbidden to Jewish subjects in the name of the Serenissimae Regentis, His Highness, under penalty of a fine of 10 Gfl. or a proportionate corporal punishment. The authorities of the country have to have this regulation, which is to be printed in the Intelligence Gazette, read out in the synagogues
5. Source	“Landes-Verordnungen des Fürstentums Lippe [State Ordinances of the Principality of Lippe from 1801 to 1810],” Vol. 6, Lemgo, 1832, p. 76-77, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher This law is likely referring to the Purim festival. According to Britannica.com, “Purim, a joyous Jewish festival commemorating the survival of the Jews who, in the 5th century bce, were marked for death by their Persian rulers. The story is related in the biblical Book of Esther.” Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 7, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Court Decree” issued by the Court of Emperor Francis II (Franz Joseph II)
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	If a Jew wants to marry, the groom must be already 18 years old and the bride 15 years old. […] in order to request permission to marry, the petitioner shall present a certificate from the authorities (‘Obrigkeit’) in which 1) his assets are listed and 2) […] a confirmation is rendered that the fixed number of family-spots in his community will not be exceeded with this marriage. 3) He shall present proof of schooling (‘Schulzeugnis’) which shall be issued by the teacher from whom he has received his schooling, and if that is not possible, then his competency shall be tested in the presence of a Christian court person (‘Gerichtsperson’) 4) […] he shall present the certificate of circumcision and birth which was issued by the Rabbi of the community and was seen and confirmed by the Office of Economy (‘Wirtschaftsamt’) […]. A Rabbi who issues a false circumcision and birth certificate shall be expelled from the country. […]
5. Source	Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Czech Republic and Germany

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 13, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Freiherr* von Dörnberg, Royal-General-Commissioner of the District of Retzat on behalf of his Majesty, the King of Bavaria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Kingdom of Bavaria
4. Text of Act	In the name of His Majesty, the King of Bavaria […] His royal majesty have deigned to order the following via the supreme rescript of December 31 of the previous year in regards to the trade of Jews on Sundays and holidays: 1) During the high/important festivals, which include the Day of Repentance and Prayer (‘Buß- und Bettag’) and Harvest-festival, Jews are prohibited from trading with Christians; 2) On Sundays and holidays, Jews are prohibited from engaging in any kind of trade with Christians, except 2) on public markets, if such are scheduled by the local authorities on those days, and are open to Jewish traders/businessmen, b) in appropriate (legal) stores and shops wherever they may be, c) in both places and at the same time and in the same manner after church service, just as it is legally prescribed/regulated (by the police) to Christians. Especially, the selling of cattle - except on public markets is to be strictly avoided on such days. In order to preserve the dignity of Sundays and holidays, haggling (‘Schachern’) is prohibited to local and foreign Jews [on those days. […]
5. Source	Intelligenz-Blatt des Rezat-Kreises. VIII. Stück. Ausbach, Mittwoch den February 26, 1812. (“Intelligence-[News]Paper of the District of Rezat. VIII. Piece/Part. Ansbach, Wednesday, February 26, 1812.”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher A “Freiherr" (male) or “Freifrau” (literally free lords or free lady respectively) were titles of nobility in German speaking territories within the Holy Roman Empire. This order was published in the Intelligenz-Blatt on Wednesday, February 26, 1812.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 22, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	V. Resident Jews are obligated to always use German or another living language for their business ledgers, contracts and wills, under penalty of being null and void; they shall, on the other hand, never use Yiddish; and their names may not be signed in any handwriting other than German or Latin. XII. Marriages between Christians and Jews are no longer prohibited. However, the weddings of such couples must be officiated by Christian preachers, and all children produced by such marriages shall be baptized, and brought up only in the Christian religion.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremiah (Ed.). Sammlung der die religiöse und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königlich Preussischen Staaten betreffenden Gesetze, Verordnungen, Gutachten, Berichte und Erkenntnisse (Collection of Laws, Ordinances, Evaluations, Reports and Findings Regarding the Religious and Civil Constitution of the Jews in the Prussian States). Heymann: Berlin, 1831. Page 508.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 27, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree regulating the residential rights of Jews
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Württemberg
4. Text of Act	The protected Jews can only change their place of residence with royal permission.
5. Source	Carl Georg Wächter, “Handbuch des im Königreiche Württemberg geltenden Privatrechts [Handbook of the Private Law Applicable in the Kingdom of Württemberg],” Volume 1, I. B. Mehler'schen, Stuttgart, 1839, p. 939, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 5, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Tax Ordinance, issued by Frederick I, King of Württemberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	1. The fees charged to Jews for their reception into the state’s protection shall benefit only the national treasury. […] 5. Protected Jews pay reception fees as follows: domestic sons of Jews, 15 guilders; foreign sons of Jews, 50 guilders; foreign Jewesses, 25 guilders […] 10. The annual protection tax is: for city Jews, 12 guilders; for village Jews, 6 guilders. […] 17. A protected Jew may only move to another town with permission from the highest authority; in such a case, the tax authorities of the new place of residence shall be notified, so that they may ensure continued payments of the annual protection tax.
5. Source	Reyscher, August Ludwig (ed.). Vollständige, historisch und kritisch bearbeitete Sammlung der württembergischen Gesetze (Complete, Historically and Critically Edited Collection of Wurttemberg Laws). Vol. 17. Fues: Tübingen, 1839. Page 993.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 11, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Edict” issued by Fredrick William (‘Friedrich Wilhelm’)
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	We, Fredrick William […] have decided to grant the Jewry (Jewish coreligionists) of Our monarchy a new […] constitution, [and] declare all current laws and ordinances for Jews revoked and void by the power of this current edict, and order [instead] as follows: 2) The continuation of [such privileges] can only be permitted if the following obligations are met: that they (Jews) keep [specific] chosen family names, and that they not only maintain their trade books but also their contracts and wills in German or any other living language* and not to use any other letters (alphabet) but either German or Latin to sign [one’s name]. 3) Within 3 weeks of publication of this edict, each protected Jew […] must declare to the authorities of his place of living which family-name he wishes to take on from now on. […] 6) Those Jews, who act against §8 and §3, shall be treated as foreign Jews. […] To what [extent] - as to how Jews are to be admitted to public and state offices […] we reserve the right to decide in the future […]
5. Source	Sammlung der im Gebiete der inneren Staats-Verwaltung des Königreichs Bayern bestehenden Verordnungen aus amtlichen Quellen geschöpft und systematisch geordnet von G. Döllinger, König. bayer. geheimen Hausarchivar und wirklichen Rath. Sechste Band; (München; 1838); (Collection of Regulations/Ordinances Existing in the Territories of the Internal State Administration of the Kingdom of Bavaria from official sources and systematically arranged by G. Döllinger, Royal Bavarian Secret House-Archivist and True Advisor; Volume VI), (Munich; 1838)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This edict contains 39 paragraphs and has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space. *Hebrew was not considered a ‘living language.’

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 20, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews, who engage in trade (‘Handel’) are to immediately cease this practice; those who possess a paddling-permission (‘Hausierpass’) and a Certificate of Trading-Permission (‘Handlungslegitimazionsschein’) shall have them confiscated - without further ado - and destroyed. Moreover – it is prohibited to issue a Jew who has been permitted to farm or to engage in other work a peddling-pass or any other Certificate to pursue trade ('Handlungslegimitazionsschein').
5. Source	Systematische Darstellung aller über den Hausir-Handel bestehenden kaiserl. Königl. österreichischen Gesetze und Verordnungen verfaßt on Friedrich Selner (“Systematic Representation of all Imperial Royal Austrian Laws and Ordinances regarding Peddling written/compiled by Friedrich Selner”; (1847)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Germany

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 24, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Regulation of Jews in Prussia" Issued by King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	1) Jews are to enjoy the same rights as other citizen of Prussia, so long they take on Family names, and use either German or another living language to maintain their trade books, and to set up other legal documents and contracts; only signatures using German or Latin letters are accepted. 2) Jews are to take on Family names within six months of publication of these edicts and to report this to the local authorities, and be known by that name henceforward. 3) Jews who do not follow the regulations are to be considered foreign Jews and to be treated accordingly. 4) A foreign Jew is not given permission to remain in the country by marrying a local female Jew. 5) All Jews are to enjoy the same rights as Christians, except in Berlin where special laws pertaining to Jews remain valid. 6) Under no circumstances are Rabbis and Jewish elders to reside over judicial matters or make decision or give directions regarding guardianship. 7) Foreign Jews are not to remain in the country as long as they have not acquired a Prussian citizenship. 8) Foreign Jews are not allowed to be employed as Rabbis, church staff, runners, nor as trade or home servants. 9) Local Jews who are found in contempt of this regulation (8) are to owe the state 300 Reichsthaler; those who are not in a financial position to fulfill their obligation are to face the appropriate amount of jail time. Foreign Jews [in violation of this law] are to be escorted across the border.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der die religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse. 1831, p. 1 pp. Accessed online.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 2, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The non-local Jews, who visit the markets in Vienna, cannot be prohibited to lease stores […] and to keep them open after the market has closed [because they have to make necessary arrangements] which cannot be denied to them without considerably restricting their right of ownership. Therefore, the watchfulness of the Royal Imperial Police (‘k. k. Polizey’) is to be aimed at making sure that -- if the stores are still open during after hours – that only necessary precautions are taken but that no trade/sale is made. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)) (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 4, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Concerning the Admission of Jews into the Community as Protected Citizens” issued by Charles I (Karl I)
3. Geography of Act	Grand Duchy of Baden; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We Carl, by the grace of God, grand duke of Baden, Duke of Zähringen [near Freiburg], Landgrave of Rellenburg and Count of Hanau […] 2) Jews […] can become a protected citizen and only a protected citizen so long as they do not engage in emergency/crisis trade [‘Nothhandel’] and can show to own [the legally required amount of] assets […] and has acquired a properly learnt trade/craft or […] art [… and so long as they] have the necessary education in reading and writing of the legal language and arithmetic/counting. […]
5. Source	Großherzoglich Badisches Regierungs-Blatt. Zehnter Jahrgang Nro. 1. bis 37. Mit Großherzoglich Badischem gnädigstem Privilegie. (Carlsruhe, 1812); (Governmental Gazette/[News]paper of the Grand Duchy of Baden. 10th Year. 1 to 37. With the Gracious Privilege of the Grand Duchy of Baden); (Karlsruhe; 1812)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 9, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by the Prussian government
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] all [previously issued] privileges given to Jews, which contradict the ordinance of March 11, 1812, are rescinded.
5. Source	Ergänzungen des Allgemeinen Landesrechts für die Preußischen Staaten enthaltend eine vollständige Zusammenstellung aller noch geltenden, das Allgemeine Landrecht abändernden, ergänzenden und erläuternden Gesetze, Verordnungen und Ministerialverfügungen nebst einem chronologischen Verzeichnisse derselben und Register herausgegeben von Friedrich Heinrich von Strombeck, königlich Preußischem Geheimen Justiz- und Oberlandesgerichts-Raths. Dritte, sehr vermehrte und verbesserte Ausgabe. Zweyter Band. (Addenda of the common state laws for the Prussian states, [which] contains a complete complication of all still valid/applicable laws, and ones that amend common state laws, supplementary and explanatory laws, ordinances and ministerial decrees as well as a chronological list of these and a registers edited by Friedrich Heinrich von Strombeck, royal Prussian Secret Council of the Justice- and Higher State Court. Third and greatly augmented and improved issue. Second Volume); (Leipzig; 1829)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 10, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Marriage Law for Jews in Austria” by the Austrian government
3. Geography of Act	Austria
4. Text of Act	Soldiers of the Jewish faith (religion) cannot be permitted to get married in any way. Even, when an already married soldier is accepted and brings his wife along to the regiment, she is to be turned back to her homeland where she has to make a living on her own.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 227-228.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 10, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Marriage Regulations for the Imperial and Royal Army
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	§. 39. Soldiers of the Jewish religion cannot be granted permission to marry in any way; even if a Jew who is already married has been enlisted as a soldier and brings his wife to the regiment, he is to be sent back to his homeland, where he must support himself.
5. Source	Franz Tobias Herzog, “Sammlung der Gesetze über das Politische Domicil im Kaiserthume Österreich [Collection of Laws on Political Domicile in the Austrian Empire],” Anton Edlen von Schmid, Vienna, 1837, pp. 44-45, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to the source above, this prohibition was lifted under the Court War Council Circular Decree of February 13, 1815, which resolved “that Jews serving in the military could also be permitted to marry in the same way as Christians.” Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 25, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Instructions Regarding the Execution of the Edict of March 11, 1812" issued by Royal Prussian Government
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	I 1) A complete list of all resident Jews are to be compiled by the local police ... 6) Although the choice of a family name is generally left for the heads of the families to decide, the government retains the right to decline certain names when deemed appropriate and request the acceptance of another name. ... II ... 1) Jews who are traveling through the country and those who want to do business in the country have to be distinguished from each other and local authorities have to mind the following: a) No Jew is to be be allowed into the country who does not posses a valid passport made out by his local authorities containing his name, his profession and the reason for traveling. ... 3) Foreign Jews who do not enjoy the same citizenship rights in their fatherland are only allowed to purchase Prussian products and to sell only products that are available in their home country - and only on open markets and on large trading venues. All other professions and trades - especially detail trading and peddling as well as commission based or freight-forwarding businesses are strictly forbidden.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse, 1831, Pages 6-13.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 28, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Highest Decision” issued Emperor Francis I (Franz) and published by the Royal General-Commissionaire of the District of Retzat
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	In the Name of His Majesty the King of Bavaria. […] The extension/cessation of a Jewish family occurs […] when the head of the family, to whom the letter of protection [residency permit] was issued […] dies, or if it (Jew) is unable to continue the business due to age or frailty or disability and quits altogether. In either case, the protection (permit) can not only be transferred to one of the children, or a relative, but also to any other kind of […] Jewish individual, if he proves to be qualified for such a business according to the estimation/discretion and decision of the Royal General-Commissionaire. […]
5. Source	Intelligenzblatt des Rezat-Kreises. I. Stück. Ansbach, Mittwoch den 8. Januar 1812 (“Intelligence-Paper of the District of Razat. 1. Piece. Ansbach (City), Wednesday January 8, 1812”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 1, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"The Admission of Complete Lists of Jews Currently Present in the Country" Issued by the Royal Prussian Government of Pomerania
3. Geography of Act	Prussia / Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	For the purpose of executing the edict from March 11 of this year, regarding the civil rights of Jews in the Kingdom of Prussia, all Jews are required to get registered within 6 weeks (between August 1 and September 12). All heads of Jewish families in cities are called to register either the Chief of Police or with the municipal authorities. Jews living on the land are to register with county districts administrators [Kreis-Landräthen]. Those who fail to do this will be presumed to have forfeited their rights as citizens. All Jewish fathers are called to consider this a notice to follow.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse. 1831; p 15 ff.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 8, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Family Names of Jews" issued by the Prussian Government
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	According to the edict of March 11, 1812, all Jews are required to pick and keep Family names and to make them publicly know. They are also required to maintain all legal and trade documents in either the German or any other living language and to only make use of the German or Latin alphabet. In addition, the following is to be made official to people of Jewish faiths: 2) The decision to grant citizenship is left to the local authorities. All Jews are to report to their local police authorities where they reside legally as of March 24, 1812. Those who are not present in their place of residency are allowed to report to the nearest police station which is required to send the report to the police station where he is resident. This is to be done quickly, so that the protocol reaches the local authorities by September 24 of the same year. 3) Registration has to commence immediately and be finished by September 24, 1812. It's the duty of each head of a family to report to their local station without being prompted in that time. Those who fail to do so, are assumed to have abdicated their rights for citizenship. 5) Jew are allowed to chose their own family names; however, the government reservers the right to turn down a name a request that another be chosen instead. Only heads of families [as defined earlier] are allowed to chose family names; all other family members have to accept and carry that name from now on. 6) This register determines which Jews are considered a citizen - namely: a) if they have proven their residency according to the outlines of the edict and if there were no objections. b) if they have registered with the local police authorities. c) if they have taken on a permanent family name within the 6 months - as dictated by edict. d) if they are not known for using a language other than German or other living language to maintain their legal documents or for using another alphabet other than German or Latin. 8) Each autonomous Jew is required to produce a credible certificate proving their citizenship when requested. 9) In order to ensure proof of residency, all Jews who consider themselves to be legal Prussian citizens, are required to report birth, wedding, divorces and deaths to the local authorities - within 24 hours in cities and 3 days in rural areas.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der die religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse, 1831, Page 16-22.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 7, 1812
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Emperor Francis I (Franz) and published by the Royal General-Commissionaire of the District of Retzat
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	In the Name of His Majesty the King of Bavaria. [… orders that] 1) The Israeli youth are to be stopped and required to attend workday/weekday as well as holiday schools (‘Werk- und Feyertagsschule’) without exception starting January 1, 1813 […] and [authorities shall make use] of penalties for absence [absentees] in regards to this ordinance. […]
5. Source	Intelligenzblatt des Rezat-Kreises. I. Stück. Ansbach, Mittwoch den 8. Januar 1812 (“Intelligence-Paper of the District of Razat. 1. Piece. Ansbach (City), Wednesday January 8, 1812”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 11, 1813
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	Jews cannot get married without the permission of the local authorities (‘Landesstelle’) […], nor attain a legal divorce [without a permission from the authorities.]
5. Source	Repertorium über sämmtliche unter den Regierungen Ihrer Majestäten Josephs II, Leopolds II., und seiner jetzt regierenden Majestät Franz I. erflossenen und in dieser Gesetzsammlung enthaltenen Gesetze und Verfassungen im Justiz-Fache, vom Jahre 1780 bis Ende des Jahres 1820. (Wien; 1823); (Repertory of all laws and constitutions issued under his majesties Joseph I, Leopold II, and the current ruler, his Majesty Franz I, from 1780 to the end of 1820.); (Vienna; 1823)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 19, 1813
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Royal “Fine for Truancy” Decree, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Copenhagen Chief of Police and the Magistrate at Copenhagen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Since the Jewish congregation is so small that it can easily be overlooked, We hereby, until a decree on a reorganization of the elementary school system is promulgated here in the city, most firmly decree that Jewish parents, to be named by the representatives or the directors of the Jewish Free School, shall be admonished that if they allow any of their children who are over 6 years old to neglect their school education, either in one of the schools authorized here in the city, or in the Jewish school, and if these parents cannot prove that their children receive appropriate education at home, they shall be subjected to repeated fines of 10 imperial thalers for each contravention; this fine shall be doubled, if it is also discovered that the parents allow their children to go and play truant.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 316.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 18, 1813
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Circular” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] In places, where Jews are not tolerated, they shall remain excluded from the [perishable] food trade (‘Victualien-Handel’)* […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher *'Victualien' were food items that were meant for daily use or immediate consumption.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 11, 1813
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Court Decree” issued by the Court of Emperor Francis II (Franz Joseph II)
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] Each Jew who wants to wed must be tested beforehand from the Religious textbook Bne Zion. […]. He shall also present the permission of the County Office (‘Kreisamt’) […] If the communities of the betrothed are in different districts, each person has to receive the approval of the County Office (‘Kreisamt’) to which he belongs. […]
5. Source	Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Czech Republic and Germany