Acts – Page 121 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 24, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript of the Royal Ministries of Trade and Interior addressed to the Royal Silesian and Prussian governments regarding Jews from the Grand-Duchy of Posen visiting the annual-markets in the old provinces”
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[Regarding permits for Jews to visit annual markets in the new provinces …] The government of Posen is furthermore instructed to take the necessary steps to issue assuring attestations for their Jewish market-goers in their districts (‘Departments’) of their qualities as Prussian subjects and of their honesty […].
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremiah: Sammlung der die religiöse und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königlich Preussischen Staaten betreffenden Gesetze, Verordnungen, Gutachten, Berichte und Erkenntnisse (Collection of laws, ordinances, evaluations, reports, and findings regarding the religious and civil Constitution of Jews in the Prussian States). (Berlin, 1835)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 26, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We hereby order all government offices responsible for the issuance of passports, to pay particular attention to Jews without means, as they jeopardize public safety everywhere. They are not to be issued any passports, unless they convincingly demonstrate that they have some major business to attend to in the place to which they want to travel, and that they have sufficient means to undertake their journey. Both purpose and destination of travel must be noted expressly in all passports. At the same time, we ask that all authorities that report to us shall arrest all Jews who are encountered without such passports, and to treat them as vagabonds. Officers who fail to enforce this ordinance shall be subject to a mandatory fine of 10 thalers for each occurrence.
5. Source	Kletke, M.G. (ed.). Organisation des Judenwesens im Großherzogthum Posen (Organization of Jewish Affairs in the Grand Duchy of Posen). Heymann: Berlin, 1843. Page 285.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 1, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Governor of Svendborg County
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	In response to the question whether it is within the professional scope of the religious teacher of the Mosaic faith community in the Diocese of Funen to conduct the circumcision of the children of the Mosaic faithful in Svendborg County, circumcision is hereby declared to be a business which a religious teacher is not authorized to conduct.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. [The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836]. Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 226.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher “Mohalim,” Jews who are trained in performing “brit milah,” the covenant of circumcision, have traditionally often been rabbis and/or religious teachers.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 17, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	All Jews in the Grand Duchy of Posen are free to visit annual markets in Silesia; however, they are required to submit proof of their being quality Prussian subjects, as well as their good moral character, and also their business license, by way of attestations issued by their local police department. Such attestations may become part of the passports that will have to be issued.
5. Source	Kletke, M.G. (ed.). Organisation des Judenwesens im Großherzogthum Posen (Organization of Jewish Affairs in the Grand Duchy of Posen). Heymann: Berlin, 1843. Page 285.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 29, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Royal Court Chancellery (‘Hofkanzleidecret’)
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Israelis in Vienna, who wish to receive a whole-sale license (‘Großhandlungsbefugniß’) or a toleration [permit] for Vienna, must not only prove to be able to bring forth/produce the necessary whole-sale properties/characteristics, but must also render special services to the state. […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 23, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	According to the constitution it is not permissible that Jews, who are merely tolerated, are granted citizenship (the rights of citizens) in the cities and special rights regarding corporations. […] The settling of foreign Jews must be […] not be permitted according to the emphatic regulations of the Royal Court from March 1, 1794. […]
5. Source	Ritter v. Ostrow: Lexicon der politischen Gesetze des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Erster Band; (Wien; 1857); (Lexicon of the political laws of the Austrian Empire. First Volume); (Vienna; 1857)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 27, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Writ" of the City Council of Pilsen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	[…] regarding the toleration of Jews who are in Pilsen, the r[oyal] i[mperial] local authorities (‘Kreisamt’) […] has decided [based on several previous laws*] to get rid of all Jews except six [named] Jews […] and the magistrate is instructed to make sure that these aforementioned temporarily tolerated Jews are in fact engaged in the [permitted] leased trade, and that they do live in the brandy and river houses [as required] and […] refrain from all other kinds of trade with goods […] and to ensure that after their lease it up, they and their families are expelled. […]
5. Source	History of Jews in Pilsen. Bearbeitet von Rb. Prof. Dr. Max Hoch Pilsen. (“History of Jews in Pilsen. Edited by Rb. Professor Max Hoch, PhD. Of Pilsen”); www.hugogold.com; Accessed online
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher *This original document refers to various other laws on which the decision is based, and also reconfirms previous prohibitions on peddling for Jews and owning official stores/branches (‘Niederlagen’). The full text can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 15, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Government decree No. 2644 to the Vice-Directorates of Studies; the Supervision of the German Schools; the Directorates of the Polytechnic Institute and the Veterinary Institute; and to the Academy of Fine Arts on the supervision of Jewish students.
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	Foreign Israelites are not allowed to study here without the permission of the government according to the existing Jewish norms; therefore, without this residence permit, they cannot be admitted to lectures. The government is also obliged to pay special attention to the foreign Israelites studying here with regard to their employment and behavior. In order to fully achieve this goal, precise records of these students are constantly required, which can only be obtained if the government has precise knowledge of all the Israelites studying here. Since experience has shown that these students try to evade the necessary supervision under all possible pretexts and intrigues, this problem must be addressed by a strict order. To this end, an identity card must be presented to the government on December 1st of each year, in which the name, age, place of birth and place of residence of the Israelites studying here must be listed.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Gesetze für das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich, Jahr 1822 [Collection of Laws for the Archduchy of Austria for the Year 1822]," Part 4, Vienna, 1826, pp. 32-33, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 29, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Instruction” issued by the Austrian Royal Court Police Offices (‘Polizeihofstelle’)
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Foreign Jews seeking employment are to only receive residency permits for 3 days. […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 1, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Priority-Ordinance” issued by Bavarian Government
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] 30) […] the wives of Jews […] are completely or [depending on the case] partially liable/accountable to the guarantors of their husbands with their dowries/own personal wealth/assets. […]
5. Source	Sammlung der im Gebiete der inneren Staats-Verwaltung des Königreichs Bayern bestehenden Verordnungen aus amtlichen Quellen geschöpft und systematisch geordnet von G. Döllinger, König. bayer. geheimen Hausarchivar und wirklichen Rath. Sechste Band; (München; 1838); ('Collection of Regulations/Ordinances Existing in the Territories of the Internal State Administration of the Kingdom of Bavaria from official sources and systematically arranged by G. Döllinger, Royal Bavarian Secret House-Archivist and True Advisor; Volume VI'), (Munich; 1838)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Commercial Commissions Decree” (‘Commerzhofcommissionsdecret’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] The wife of a tolerated [Jew] may be permitted to take on a [temporary] associate/helper [in view of] her husband’s advanced age and/or ailing […] These legal concessions (‘Verschleißrechte’), however, must not be applied to any laws except to those few articles which exist […] and are applicable to wives […].
5. Source	Handelsbuch der Handelsgesetze und des bei Anwendung derselben bei den Mercantil-Gerichten eintretenden Verfahrens, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem niederösterr. Mercantil- und Wechselgerichte; (Wien; 1836); (Trade book of commercial laws and its procedural application to the commercial/trade courts, with special consideration of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. By Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, real/true r[oyal] i[mperial] advisor and referent at the Lower Austrian commercial/trade and exchange court); (Vienna; 1836)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 11, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Court Chancellery Order to the Government of Bohemia regarding the residence of those Jews who lease a road or bridge toll.
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	There is no objection to those Jews who lease a land toll or bridge toll being allowed to stay in the places where the toll exists during the lease period; however, they must always be counted as belonging to the family and place where they are protected and pay their protection tax, and be registered there with official approval as temporarily absent, and must also refrain from all trade in goods in the place of their temporary residence. Moreover, it goes without saying that if several Jews lease a certain road or bridge toll in a company, only one of them can be authorized to stay in the leased place. … [and] the Jews cannot, however, be allowed to lease the existing agricultural road and bridge tolls in the mining towns, because according to the state laws and the court decree of September 7, 1782, the Jews are not allowed to stay there.
5. Source	Franz Tobias Herzog, “Sammlung der Gesetze über das Politische Domicil im Kaiserthume Österreich [Collection of Laws on Political Domicile in the Austrian Empire],” Anton Edlen von Schmid, Vienna, 1837, pp. 166-167, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 25, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Instruction” issued by the Chief Royal Police Office (Polizeihofstelle Weisung) addressed to the Chief-Police-Authorities (‘Polizei-Ober-Direction’)
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The peddling of Jews is to be put an end to in all seriousness/strictness, and those who have entered without a permit are to be punished according to current law. […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 29, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Court Chancellery to the Galician Government regarding Jewish tenants of the road and bridge tolls in Galicia.
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	There is therefore no objection to Jews, like Christians, leasing the road and bridge tolls in one or more stations, either alone or in association with others,… but apart from the administration of the toll, which is his responsibility, he may not engage in any trade or any other business which, according to the law, is only permitted to formally tolerated Jews. This right must also be limited to a single family at each toll station where the toll is actually collected, but in no way extended to several families, under whatever pretext, even participation in the lease, or because of a second military barrier in the place where no toll is paid.
5. Source	Franz Tobias Herzog, “Sammlung der Gesetze über das Politische Domicil im Kaiserthume Österreich [Collection of Laws on Political Domicile in the Austrian Empire],” Anton Edlen von Schmid, Vienna, 1837, pp. 167-168, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 1, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Business permits, which are granted to Jews along with their toleration [permit] cannot be equated to those granted to Christians (considered from the same vantage point as those granted to Christians), because Jews can never become members of the panel of civic trade registry (‘Mitglied des Gremiums des bürgerlichen Handelsstandes’), but remain isolated traders/businessmen, who have nothing in common with the [current] civic merchant-class […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 4, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Commercial Commissions Decree” (‘Commerzhofcommissionsdecret’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	The widows of the tolerated Jewish trades-people can change their toleration permits [issued for a specific occupation] for another […] in case she’s unable to continue her late husband’s line of work because of changed circumstances […] with the permission of the government […]; however, it must be changed into a permit for a line of work] for which they (Jewish widows) possess the necessary attributes/characteristics and for which they are deemed suitable. […]
5. Source	Handelsbuch der Handelsgesetze und des bei Anwendung derselben bei den Mercantil-Gerichten eintretenden Verfahrens, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem niederösterr. Mercantil- und Wechselgerichte; (Wien; 1836); (Trade book of commercial laws and its procedural application to the commercial/trade courts, with special consideration of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. By Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, real/true r[oyal] i[mperial] advisor and referent at the Lower Austrian commercial/trade and exchange court); (Vienna; 1836)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 4, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Banning Jews from Academic Positions" issued by the Prussian State Ministry
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	Because the ordinance […] that local Jews who have shown a great deal of talent in academic teaching positions are to be allowed to pursue them, has caused a lot of confusion in its execution, it is therefore henceforth repealed.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse, 1831; Page 46.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 23, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Chancellery Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] If a Jew has been granted a business license for a particular type of work, it is not a residency permit per se. Such a permit is valid for the duration in which the Jews is engaged in that particular trade [for which he was granted the permit] […].
5. Source	Handelsbuch der Handelsgesetze und des bei Anwendung derselben bei den Mercantil-Gerichten eintretenden Verfahrens, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem niederösterr. Mercantil- und Wechselgerichte; (Wien; 1836); (Trade book of commercial laws and its procedural application to the commercial/trade courts, with special consideration of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns. By Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, real/true r[oyal] i[mperial] advisor and referent at the Lower Austrian commercial/trade and exchange court); (Vienna; 1836)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 29, 1822
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order by the Vidzeme Government
3. Geography of Act	Russia
4. Text of Act	16…The following Jews were not allowed to stay in Riga even in the time of yearly fairs: a) Artisans whose special mastership was not certified. b) Traveling salesmen and peddlers, even if they come under pretense of buying goods. c) Day-labourers. d) Rabbis, slaughterers (shochets), school and church servants, synagogue musicians. e) Those, who were declared to be sick or being stepchildren, as well as those, who presumably were wishing to convert to a Christian religion. ...18. Documents for family members Those Jews who have taken with them their family members should had for them the appropriate documents.
5. Source	“Jews allowed to enter Riga 1822.” Bruno Martuzans. 2002, Online article.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2012
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 28, 1823
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Royal Court Chancellery (‘Hofkanzlei-Decret’)
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] No businessman/individual is prohibited from reversing his business (putting it behind himself) and applying himself to another business or capacity of a different kind […] except widows of tolerated Israelis [for whom] this [practice] is unlawful. […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 5, 1823
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance #2042, issued by the government of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	In response to numerous complaints, about Jewish paupers and [vagabonds] who attempt to circumvent what is stated in their passports and roam about neighboring provinces for the purpose of door-to-door sales or begging, all offices tasked with the issuance of passports are hereby referred to the contents of the ordinance dated July 26, 1821; at the same time, they are also ordered to admonish every Jewish applicant that even the slightest deviation from the contents of his passport will result in his being treated, without any lenience, as a vagabond.
5. Source	Kletke, M.G. (ed.). Organisation des Judenwesens im Großherzogthum Posen (Organization of Jewish Affairs in the Grand Duchy of Posen). Heymann: Berlin, 1843. Page 288.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 11, 1823
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ukase of the Tsar to White Russia (Belarus)
3. Geography of Act	Russian Empire
4. Text of Act	1) To forbid the Jews in all the settlements of the Governments of Moghilev and Vitebsk to hold land leases, to keep public houses, saloons, hostelries, posts, and even to live in them [in the villages], whereby all farming contracts of this kind are to become null and void by January 1, 1824. (2) to transplant all the Jews in these two Governments from the settlements into the cities and towns by January 1, 1825.
5. Source	S. M. Dubnow, “History of the Jews in Russia and Poland - From the Earliest Times to the Present Day: Volume I,” The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1916, p. 406, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Bernie Toledano (Latham)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher An Ukase was an edict of the Tsarist government of Russia. White Russia is the archaic literal translation for Belarus, which at the time of the Act, was part of the Russian Empire.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 20, 1823
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Laws Concerning Jews in the Weimar Republic" Issued by Karl August of the Weimar Republic
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Jewish services are only to be held in the German language; lessons in Jewish schools are only to be taught in German. No other religious, prayer, singing or school books are permitted except those that were checked by the Upper Consistories and received an approval. An investigation, especially of Jewish schools is to be arranged from time to time, or at least once a year. ... 4) Rabbis have no jurisdiction and can at most serve as a mediator between two parties but not as a judge (except in rural area and with permission of the local authorities. 5) Jews are to take surnames and report to the local authorities within 8 weeks of this announcement; those who fail to do so are to be criminally persecuted. 6) When a Jewish father has more than one son who is in the trade business, only one of them is allowed to marry. Those Jews, who can prove to the local authorities that they were perusing other professions are exempt from this law. ... 9) No Jewish families nor single Jews are to be permitted into the Grand Duchy, except a) when a local Jew attains the permission from local authorities to wed a non-local Jew; b) in case the local Rabbi's office needs a capable man. 10) Jews are to remain and live in areas that are specifically assigned to them.... 13) Jews are not allowed to own lager agricultural land that are not for their personal use. Those who have come into ownership of such properties are to sell them within a year to avoid legal action. ...
5. Source	Sammlung der die religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse. Heinemann, J., 1831; 491pp
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 24, 1823
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Instruction” issued by the Chief Royal Police Office (‘Polizeihofstelle Weisung’) and addressed to the Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘Polizei-Ober-Direction’)
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] In order that they (Jews) do not illegally settle in the nearest towns/villages […] and sneak into Vienna, the Jews in question are not only to be strictly punished but they are to be stopped by the r[oyal] i[mperial] Police District Authorities (k. k. Polizei-Bezirks-Directionen) with the help of the Watch Commanders at the borders (‘Linien-Wach-Commandanten’) […].
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 1, 1823
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Royal order, issued by Frederick VI, King of Denmark, to the Undersheriff of Copenhagen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Resolved: that the Undersheriff of Copenhagen shall collect the arrears incurred by the members of the Mosaic faith community, of the contribution to be made against the expenses of the said community, according to the annual taxation lists, and may charge, as a salary for himself, an additional 4 percent of the amount he collects, i.e., the equivalent of the arrears.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. [The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836]. Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 245.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None