Acts – Page 121 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 2, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree #1908, issued by the state government of Posen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We task all government agencies issuing passports, to pay particular attention to Jewish paupers. They are not to be issued passports, unless they can prove that they have a substantial business at their destination, and sufficient funds for traveling. At the same time, we demand that all subordinate government agencies arrest Jews who are found without passport immediately, and to treat them as vagabonds.
5. Source	Kletke, M.G. (ed.). Organisation des Judenwesens in Großherzogthum Posen (Organization of Jewish Affairs in the Grand Duchy of Posen). Heymann: Berlin, 1843. Page 283.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 4, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Chancellery Decree” issued by the Royal Chancellery of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[… it is ordered] … during the creation/establishment of the prayer-house at the [recently] opened Jewish school [to make sure] that it is set up/equipped for the purpose as expressed/outlines by His Majesty […] or [to note] which improvements are to take place […]
5. Source	Politische Verfassung der Israeliten im Lande unter der Enns und insbesondere in der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. J. L. E. Graf von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1821). (Political Constitution of the Israelis in the Country under/near Enns and especially in the R[oyal] I[mperial] Capital and Royal Seat of Vienna. J. L. E. Count von Barth-Barthenheim.); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 8, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Regulation concerning foreign itinerant Jews.
3. Geography of Act	Principality of Lippe
4. Text of Act	It is hereby decreed in the name of His Serene Highness the Prince: Foreign wandering Jews, who are unable to prove their legitimate status by presenting a passport from their local authorities or cannot demonstrate a legitimate purpose for traveling to any destination within the land, are completely prohibited from entering the principality, even if they show 5 thalers in cash or claim to be engaged in trade with insignificant goods such as glasses, ribbons, or other trivial items.
5. Source	“Landes-Verordnungen des Fürstentums Lippe [State Ordinances of the Principality of Lippe from 1801 to 1810],” Vol. 6, Lemgo, 1832, p. 485-486, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatpgt.com and Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 12, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Regulation of His Majesty the King for the Prevention of Fraud and Customs Fraud.
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Sweden
4. Text of Act	§. 11 (2). Anyone from the Jewish Nation who has not been granted Swedish citizenship, whether he was born in Sweden or moved here, shall be permanently banished from the Kingdom when he is convicted of fraud or customs evasion, and the value of the goods stolen rises to 400 Swedish Riksdaler or more. If any person of the said nation, having once been convicted of fraud or confiscation of goods under 400 Swedish Riksdaler, is again charged with such an offense, and the value of the goods then rises to 50 Swedish Riksdaler, or more, the offender shall, unless he has obtained Swedish citizenship, be liable to the penalty provided for in this section above.
5. Source	Hugo Valentin, “Urkunder Till Judarnas Historia i Sverige [Records for the History of the Jews in Sweden],” Albert Bonniers, Stockholm, 1924, p. 51, available from runeberg.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The text of this Act is available in Swedish in the source above. Translator It was translated into English by Rodi Adelsson.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 15, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Gubernium-Decree #7617” (Gubernial Dekret’)*
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	Public announcement of Jewish Purim feasts/balls (‘jüdische Faschingsbälle’) during the Christian Fast (Lent) is prohibited. As per the content of the Royal Chancellery Decree from January 27, [of the same year court #2287), His Majesty have deigned to order the Jews of Prague to immediately cease announcing Purim feasts/balls during Lent publicly and via entry tickets, which are circulated among local Christians in order to invite them to these [feasts/balls] and to put an end to this mischief/devilment […].
5. Source	Provincial-Gesetzsammlung des Königreichs Böhmen für das Jahr 1820. Herausgegeben auf allerhöchsten Befehl under der Aufsicht des k. k. böhmischen Landesguberniums. Zweiter Band, welcher die Verordnungen vom 1. Jänner bis letzten Dezember 1820 enthält. (Prag; 1821); (Provincial Collection of Laws of the Kingdom of Bohemia for the year 1820. Published according to a supreme order under the supervision of the r[oyal] i[mperial] Bohemian Gubernium. Second Volume, which contains the ordinances from January 1 until the last day of December 1820.); (Prague; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 16, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” (“Regierungsdecret”) issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] [Jews are permitted to trade with raw products], however, the barter trade of any kind […] can only be permitted [to them] on annual markets; however, [the] peddling [trade] (‘Hausierhandel’) can never be granted to [Jews].
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 4, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Highest [Royal] Decision” issued by the Emperor
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are exempt from purchasing […] state and political foundation-assets (‘Fondgüter’).
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This legal decision was published on April 24, 1820, via a Royal Imperial Lower-Austrian Governmental Circular.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 14, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews prohibited from purchasing states goods” royal resolution
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited from purchasing states and political bonds (Fondgüter) which have become recently available for purchase.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 392.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 15, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Instruction of the Chief Royal Police Office” (‘Polizeihofstelle Weisung’) addressed to the Chief Police Authorities (‘Polizei-Ober-Direction’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[Regarding the peddling of Jews…] who sneak around everywhere in the homes/houses are to be stopped in all seriousness/strictness and to be required to show identification. […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.) (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 16, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” ('Regierungsdecret') of the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] the request of guardians to underage children of deceased tolerated Jews to transfer the tolerance [permit] for the trade with raw products to their wards […] would violate existing regulations and can thus not be approved.
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 30, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Royal Court Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] therefore, the authorized trades people and chandlers are prohibited – under any pretext – from selling nitric acid and gun powder to a Jew or leaving/giving it to them in any other way, except if he produces a document from a Christian party, that shows that the nitric acid and the powder belongs to them and that they have no other means to receive such goods. […] Even then, the nitric acid and the powder are to be only in the custody and supervision of the Jew […] and if it is found out to be false, the issuer of the document is to be treated as a smuggler. […]
5. Source	Politische Verfassung der Israeliten im Lande unter der Enns und insbesondere in der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. J. L. E. Graf von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1821). (Political Constitution of the Israelis in the Country under/near Enns and especially in the R[oyal] I[mperial] Capital and Royal Seat of Vienna. J. L. E. Count von Barth-Barthenheim.); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 2, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] The Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘k. k. Polizey-Oberdirection’) is ordered to always remind all Israelis who are coming to Vienna with the intention of studying [here] immediately at their arrival, that they are required to seek permission to be present (‘Aufenthaltsbewilligung’) to study [here] as soon as possible, because those, who are unable to provide such a permit 14 days after begin[ning] of the school course, will not be admitted to any lectures or the university, and therefore, will have to leave Vienna. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] The Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘k. k. Polizey-Oberdirection’) is to take into account when submitting family-lists [of Jews], which Catholic servants an Israeli has (employs), in order to determine, whether under these circumstances the few Israeli [servants], which the tolerated [Jew] lists, are [in fact] superfluous. […] If the Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘k. k. Polizey-Oberdirection’) notices such conditions, the Royal Imperial Lower Austrian Government is to be notified. […] those servants who are newly arriving [in Vienna] may not be accepted if they already have several children […] only unmarried Israeli servants are to be granted residency in Vienna […].
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 29, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Gubernium-Ordinance #36966” (Gubernial-Ordinance’)*
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	Amendment regarding the fine for Jews who left their passport behind with the r[oyal] main/local authorities of the City of Prague (‘Stadt Hauptmannschaft in Prag’): In response to a previously addressed question as to what punishment can be imposed on Jews if the fine placed on them with Gubernium-Ordinance of September 1811 (#37920) of 5 fl [Gulden] for passports left behind with the r[oyal] main/local authorities of the City of Prague (‘Stadt Hauptmannschaft in Prag’) for indigence cannot be collected, and whether it is within the power of the local authorities to alter the fine […] to a warrant of arrest, it is decided that those Jews who do not wish to settle the aforementioned fine […] can be arrested by the r[oyal] local authorities (‘Kreisämter’) […].
5. Source	Provincial-Gesetzsammlung des Königreichs Böhmen für das Jahr 1820. Herausgegeben auf allerhöchsten Befehl under der Aufsicht des k. k. böhmischen Landesguberniums. Zweiter Band, welcher die Verordnungen vom 1. Jänner bis letzten Dezember 1820 enthält. (Prag; 1821); (Provincial Collection of Laws of the Kingdom of Bohemia for the year 1820. Published according to a supreme order under the supervision of the r[oyal] i[mperial] Bohemian Gubernium. Second Volume, which contains the ordinances from January 1 until the last day of December 1820.); (Prague; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *A Gubernium was the political administration of a provincial district in and around Austria, Germany, and what was once known as Bohemia etc.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 19, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Rescript of the Royal Ministry of the Interior to the Royal Government of Potsdam" issued by the Prussian Government
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	... so long the civic conditions of Jews in the newly conquered provinces are not legally determined, Jews are prohibited from moving into provinces that have deviating Jewish laws.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der die religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse, 1831, Page 26.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 20, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] If a complete and final [marriage] separation has taken place, and if the mother together with her children, who have held onto their Jewish faith, do not have a special claim for a toleration permit [themselves], the [current] toleration-regulations require her removal […] If the separation of such spouses is only factual and brought forth by the circumstances due to religion, there are two cases to be considered: Either the husband gives his family adequate support/alimony, or the wife has her own assets/fortune or any other kind of legitimate business that can provide for her and her children. In cases where such circumstances occur, the wife and the families cannot really [technically] be prohibited to continue to enjoy the toleration permit, which was formerly given to the family-father. On the other hand, when the sustenance of the family is not secured in a manner that is required, or in any other solid way, the aforementioned (wife) [and her children] are suitable for removal from Vienna anyway according to the toleration regulation. […]
5. Source	Politische Verfassung der Israeliten im Lande unter der Enns und insbesondere in der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. J. L. E. Graf von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1821). (‘Political Constitution of the Israelis in the Country under/near Enns and especially in the R[oyal] I[mperial] Capital and Royal Seat of Vienna. J. L. E. Count von Barth-Barthenheim.); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This decree was issued in response to the question as to how one was to legally deal with the wife and the children of a (Jewish) man who had converted to Christianity.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 1, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Turks who adhere to the Israeli religion, may not be issued a [work] permit […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 1, 1820
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of the Upper Austrian Government on Jewish residency permits.
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire
4. Text of Act	It is not permissible for Jews to obtain a residence [or citizenship] through a trade permit.
5. Source	Franz Tobias Herzog, “Sammlung der Gesetze über das Politische Domicil im Kaiserthume Österreich [Collection of Laws on Political Domicile in the Austrian Empire],” Anton Edlen von Schmid, Vienna, 1837, p. 164, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher According to the source above, a foreigner acquires Austrian citizenship simply by taking up a trade and being granted a work permit. This benefit is not extended to Jews. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 2, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Ordinance Affecting Jewish Medical Practitioners" issued by King Fredrick William III of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	Foreign Jews who report to exams for 'medical personnel' cannot be admitted until they have proven that they have legal residency. Native Jews, who reside in in provinces where the edict from March 11, 1812 applies, are not to be allowed to practice, until they shown proof their citizenship, even if they have already received admittance.
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremias: Sammlung der religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse, 1831; Page 48.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 7, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[… in order to transfer the toleration permit of a deceased Jewish housefather] 1) The guardians of the ward/minor must approve of the continuance of the business permit. 2) The guarantees, with which the ward/minor is to be held legally responsible, are to be named/specified exactly and 3) an annual report (balance sheet) is to be turned over to the Commerce and Exchange Court […] as per the Royal Resolution of January 28, 1765. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 20, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regarding the working of apprentices and journeymen half a day on Fridays” issued by the State Ministry of the Interior
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Kingdom of Bavaria
4. Text of Act	On behalf of His Majesty the King. After it was received that individual Rabbis wish that Jewish craftsmen/apprentices and journeymen should be prevented from working on so-called half-Fridays, but that not only Christian meisters/master craftsmen*, but also Jewish meisters are already working on those days in many places without thought or hesitation, that is why it is ordered that all interferences of Rabbis in this matter are illegal and emphatically rejected […].
5. Source	Sammlung der im Gebiete der inneren Staats-Verwaltung des Königreichs Bayern bestehenden Verordnungen aus amtlichen Quellen geschöpft und systematisch geordnet von G. Döllinger, König. bayer. geheimen Hausarchivar und wirklichen Rath. Sechste Band; (München; 1838); (Collection of Regulations/Ordinances Existing in the Territories of the Internal State Administration of the Kingdom of Bavaria from official sources and systematically arranged by G. Döllinger, Royal Bavarian Secret House-Archivist and True Advisor; Volume VI); (Munich; 1838);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Meister is an honorary title given to a master craftsman in Germany and German speaking countries.

1. Full Date of Act	May 6, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Circular” issued by the Chief Royal Police Authorities (‘Polizei-Ober-Directions-Circulare’)
3. Geography of Act	Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The chief r[oyal] i[mperial] Chief Police Office has decided to order -- according to the highest decision issued on the 3rd of this month -- that all r[oyal] i[mperial] District Police-Authorities/Directives are to be instructed to cease the peddling of Jews which has become rampant (out of control) again. […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 24, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript of the Royal Ministries of Trade and Interior addressed to the Royal Silesian and Prussian governments regarding Jews from the Grand-Duchy of Posen visiting the annual-markets in the old provinces”
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[Regarding permits for Jews to visit annual markets in the new provinces …] The government of Posen is furthermore instructed to take the necessary steps to issue assuring attestations for their Jewish market-goers in their districts (‘Departments’) of their qualities as Prussian subjects and of their honesty […].
5. Source	Heinemann, Jeremiah: Sammlung der die religiöse und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königlich Preussischen Staaten betreffenden Gesetze, Verordnungen, Gutachten, Berichte und Erkenntnisse (Collection of laws, ordinances, evaluations, reports, and findings regarding the religious and civil Constitution of Jews in the Prussian States). (Berlin, 1835)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 26, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We hereby order all government offices responsible for the issuance of passports, to pay particular attention to Jews without means, as they jeopardize public safety everywhere. They are not to be issued any passports, unless they convincingly demonstrate that they have some major business to attend to in the place to which they want to travel, and that they have sufficient means to undertake their journey. Both purpose and destination of travel must be noted expressly in all passports. At the same time, we ask that all authorities that report to us shall arrest all Jews who are encountered without such passports, and to treat them as vagabonds. Officers who fail to enforce this ordinance shall be subject to a mandatory fine of 10 thalers for each occurrence.
5. Source	Kletke, M.G. (ed.). Organisation des Judenwesens im Großherzogthum Posen (Organization of Jewish Affairs in the Grand Duchy of Posen). Heymann: Berlin, 1843. Page 285.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 1, 1821
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Governor of Svendborg County
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	In response to the question whether it is within the professional scope of the religious teacher of the Mosaic faith community in the Diocese of Funen to conduct the circumcision of the children of the Mosaic faithful in Svendborg County, circumcision is hereby declared to be a business which a religious teacher is not authorized to conduct.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. [The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836]. Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 226.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher “Mohalim,” Jews who are trained in performing “brit milah,” the covenant of circumcision, have traditionally often been rabbis and/or religious teachers.