Acts – Page 14 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 6, 1209
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon Laws, issued by the Council of Avignon
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	§2. Because all do not obey the Gospel, the secular sword is often asked by the Church to supplement the sword of the spirit. Therefore, we decree that each bishop shall (if the need should arise) use ecclesiastical discipline to compel his subjects, the counts, castellans, knights, and others of his parishioners whom he may see fit, to take an oath such as those of Montpellier have taken, especially with regard to the extermination of excommunicated heretics and to the punishing of such as remain hardened in their rebelliousness; also to deprive Jews of the administration of public and private affairs, and not to permit them at any time to have Christians in their homes as servants. §4. About the usury of Jews, the Council decreed as follows: that the Jews should be restrained from the exaction of usury by excommunicating those Christians who enter into commercial relations with them or deal with them in any other way, and that in accordance with the law of the Lord Pope Innocent III, the Jews be compelled to remit what they had gained through usury. We also prohibit them, and order that it be prohibited them by the bishops on pain of similar punishment, to presume to work in public on the Sundays or festivals. Nor shall they eat meat on days of abstinence.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. Church And the Jews In the XIIIth Century: a Study of Their Relations During the Years 1198-1254, Based On the Papal Letters And the Conciliar Decrees of the Periods. The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning: Philadelphia PA, 1933. P. 305.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1211
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Frederick II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Frederick (‘Friedrich’) grants/loans all Jews of Palermo with their dye-houses/dying factors and the warehouse along with all [of their] related levies/taxes to the archiepiscopal church.”
5. Source	Schaube, Adolf: Handelsgeschichte der Romanischen Völker des Mittelmeergebiets bis zur Ende der Kreuzzüge. (München/Berlin; 1906); (History of commerce of the Romanic peoples of the area of the Mediterranean until the end of the crusades. (Munich/Berlin; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	1212
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Fuero Real (Statute Royal) of Alphonso IX. Book IV, Title 2. – On Jews
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"Article I – We forbid any Jew reading or keeping concealed books opposed to his religion […]. We further prohibit their reading, or knowingly possessing any books that speak against our religion, or in disparagement of it. But we permit them to read and possess all books on their religion […]. And should a person read or keep any book contrary to this our prohibition, his person and property shall be at the mercy of our king. Article III – If a Jew utters anything reviling against God, the holy Maria or other saints, he shall be fined ten maravedis for each offense, and the king shall order one hundred lashes to be given to him. […]"
5. Source	Elias H. Lindo, The History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, 1848, page 76, Accessed online
6. Researcher	Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 1212
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Frederick II
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Friedrich II gifts the Jewish synagogue in the city [of Messina] to Archbishop Lucas of Constance at his request […].”
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 8, 1215
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Clause 10, 1215 Magna Carta
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	(10) If anyone who has borrowed a sum of money from Jews dies before the debt has been repaid, his heir shall pay no interest on the debt for so long as he remains under age, irrespective of whom he holds his lands. If such a debt falls into the hands of the Crown, it will take nothing except the principal sum specified in the bond. (11) If a man dies owing money to Jews, his wife may have her dower and pay nothing towards the debt from it. If he leaves children that are under age, their needs may also be provided for on a scale appropriate to the size of his holding of lands. The debt is to be paid out of the residue, reserving the service due to his feudal lords. Debts owed to persons other than Jews are to be dealt with similarly.
5. Source	"Full-text translation of the 1215 edition of Magna Carta," British Library, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 11, 1215
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 67, 69, & 70 issued by the Fourth Lateran Council
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Canon 67…Wishing, therefore, in this matter to protect the Christians against cruel oppression by the Jews, we ordain in this decree that if in the future under any pretext Jews extort from Christians oppressive and immoderate interest, the partnership of the Christians shall be denied them till they have made suitable satisfaction for their excesses. Lastly, we decree that the Jews be compelled by the same punishment (avoidance of commercial intercourse) to make satisfaction for the tithes and offerings due to the churches, which the Christians were accustomed to supply from their houses and other possessions before these properties, under whatever title, fell into the hands of the Jews, that thus the churches may be safeguarded against loss…Canon 69… Since it is absurd that a blasphemer of Christ exercise authority over Christians, we on account of the boldness of transgressors renew in this general council what the Synod of Toledo (589) wisely enacted in this matter, prohibiting Jews from being given preference in the matter of public offices, since in such capacity they are most troublesome to the Christians. …Canon 70… Some (Jews), we understand, who voluntarily approached the waters of holy baptism, do not entirely cast off the old man that they may more perfectly put on the new one, ...we decree that such persons be in every way restrained the prelates from the observance of the former rite, ...
5. Source	“Medieval Sourcebook: Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215.” Paul Halsall. March, 1996, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1216
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by Pope Honorius III
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “December 22, 1216. Pope Honorius III gave official approval for the Order of Preachers (Dominicans), founded in 1216 by St. Dominic. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.” Austin Cline: “Timeline of Medieval Christianity: 1200 CE- 1300 CE.”
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 26, 1218
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decretal by Honorius III to archbishop of Toledo, 1218
3. Geography of Act	Present-day England
4. Text of Act	We command that the dress of the Jews be distinguished from the Christians...
5. Source	N. Vincent, "Two papal letters on the wearing of the Jewish badge, 1221 and 1229, "Jewish Historical Studies 34, 1996, 209-224, appendix, p. 220-21
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 30, 1218
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Mandate imposing Jewish badge by King Henry III
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	The king to the Viscount of Worcester, greetings. We order that you announce and that you have respected in all your jurisdiction that all Jews, when they walk or ride, in or outside the city, should wear on their chest, anywhere on their outer garments two white tablets made of linen cloth or parchment, so that in this way Jews may be distinguished from Christians with a clear sign. Given in Oxford 20 March 1218. The same was sent to the viscounts of Gloucester, Warwick, Lincoln, Oxford and Northampton, and to the mayor and viscounts of London.
5. Source	Notice No. 252108, RELMIN project, "The legal status of religious minorities in the Euro-Mediterranean space (V e - XV th century)" Electronic publishing Telma IRHT, Research Institute and History Texts - Orléans, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2014
8. Notes	Editor The date for this mandate varies from March 20 to March 30, as well as year, 1217 and 1218, depending on the source. Translator Google Machine Translation on 6/5/2014.

1. Full Date of Act	1220
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Assisiae regum regni Siciliae VI” issued by King Fredrick II of Sicily
3. Geography of Act	Sicily [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Jews […] are not allowed to purchase and keep Christian slaves under any circumstance or (different) titles.”
5. Source	Vering, Friedrich H: Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht mit besondere Rücksicht auf Deutschland, Oesterreich und die Schweiz. Volume 48; (Mainz; 1882), p. 20.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 29, 1221
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull “Ad Nostram Noveritis Audientiam,” issued by Pope Honorius III for the Province of Bordeaux
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Know that we have heard with regard to certain Jews of the Province of Bordeaux, that they scorn to wear the prescribed signs by which they are to be distinguishable from the Christians through the difference in their clothes, as was decreed by the General Council. For this reason, aside from other enormities that arise out of this situation, it also happens that Christians mingle with Jewish women, and Jews wickedly mingle with Christian women. Also, the nobles of the said Province, heedless of the fact that blasphemers of Christ, will, whenever possible, eagerly oppress Christians, entrust to them (the Jews) the exercise of police office. They (the nobles) place them over their castles and estates, contrary to the statutes of the said Council, and the result is that the Jews effectively stand in the way of the Christians, and the slaves thus have dominion over the masters. Therefore, since it is not only impious but even an abuse that Jews should be permitted to grow so insolent, we command Your Fraternity through these Apostolic Letters, to have the statutes of the said Council with regard to these matters observed strictly, and to compel the Jews, by denying them communication with the Christians, to differentiate themselves from the Christians by a difference in dress, also to compel the nobles in the usual manner, by ecclesiastical punishment without appeal, not to entrust them with public office, nor to appoint them over Christians in other ways.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. Church And the Jews In the XIIIth Century: a Study of Their Relations During the Years 1198-1254, Based On the Papal Letters And the Conciliar Decrees of the Periods. The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning: Philadelphia PA, 1933. Pp. 166/7.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 19, 1221
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull by Honorius III
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	It has come to our attention that the Jews in your diocese reside in new synagogues, against our canonical sanctions, having dared to build them. We order that those synagogues be demolished...
5. Source	Honorii III Romani Pontificis opera omnia III, C.-A. Horoy (éd.), Paris 1879, coll. 814-815, n. 392
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1222
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Constitutions of Stephen Langton" Issued by Archbishop Stephen Langton of Canterbury
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "[A]rchbishop of canterbury Stephen Langton orders english language jews [to] wear white band[s] 2 fingers broad, 4 fingers long." Cyrus Adler, Joseph Jacobs: "BADGE;" jewishencyclopedia.com 2) "This decree prohibited Christians from having any communication with Jews, or selling them provisions, upon pain of excommunication." The Jewish Herald and Record of Christian Effort for the Spiritual Good of God's Ancient People: (London, 1852) p. 13
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 17, 1222
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Conciliar Decree (Canons 39 and 40), issued by the Council of Oxford
3. Geography of Act	Present-day United Kingdom
4. Text of Act	§39. Since it is absurd that the children of a free woman shall be slaves to the children of a bondswoman, and since no little scandal in the case of many regularly arises in the Church of God from Jews and Christians living under the same roof, we decree that in the future Jews shall not possess Christian slaves. For the observance of this injunction we wish the servants to be effectively constrained by ecclesiastical censure, and the Jews by regular punishment or such extraordinary punishment as may be devised by the diocesan official; and since beyond the decrees of the law we need show them no favor, and inasmuch as, by the many enormities which they have committed at this time, they have been proved to be most ungrateful, we forbid them to construct synagogues in the future, but we enjoin that they shall be held bound to the churches, in whose parishes they dwell, in respect to tithes and contributions out of their usury. §40. Since in these parts such confusion had arisen between Christians and Jews that they are barely distinguishable, and as a result it sometimes happens that Christians cohabit with Jewesses or vice versa, we decree by the authority of the present general Council, that each and every Jew, whether male or female, shall wear clearly exposed on the outer garments, on the chest, a linen patch of a different color from that of his garment, so that each patch shall measure two fingers in width and four in length; and that they shall be compelled, by ecclesiastical censure, to observe this regulation. They shall moreover not presume to enter churches in the future. And lest they have occasion to enter, we strictly forbid them to deposit and keep their property in churches; and if anyone dare act to the contrary, he shall be corrected by the local bishop.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. Church And the Jews In the XIIIth Century: a Study of Their Relations During the Years 1198-1254, Based On the Papal Letters And the Conciliar Decrees of the Periods. The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning: Philadelphia PA, 1933. P. 315.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1223
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of Louis VIII
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) Louis VIII of France prohibits his officials from recording debts owed to Jews, reversing his father’s policy of seeking such debts. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1226
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews declared to be property of the Barons” by King Louis IX
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) When Louis IX (The Saint) ascended the throne, A.D. 1226, he piously determined to suppress usury, and, as a simple expedient thereto, he recognized the Jews as the property of the barons. Russel, Bruce M. and John R. Oneal: The Fiddle and the Bow – Triangulating Peace, (Bob Taylor’s Magazine) Volume II
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 1, 1227
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Conciliar Decree (Canon 11), issued by the Council of Trier
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	§11. “[…] we order the lords of the land to compel their Jews, and force them to this by some punishment, not to occupy themselves with medicine, nor to give any kind of potion to Christians.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. Church And the Jews In the XIIIth Century: a Study of Their Relations During the Years 1198-1254, Based On the Papal Letters And the Conciliar Decrees of the Periods. The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning: Philadelphia PA, 1933. P. 319.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 31, 1227
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” of Pope Gregor IX
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Pope Gregory [declares that he has] decided against the Jews in Regensburg [who had wanted to establish a cemetery on grounds purchased from the cloister St. Emmeram and to convert a house purchased from the same cloister into a synagogue and] orders to have this matter investigated, and suggests/advises [the Abby and cloister] to force the Jews to give up these lands/grounds as restitution for the other complaints, if necessary, and to threaten then with expulsion […]
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text which can be found in Lang’s Regesta Boica (Volume II). It was issued in response to a complaint brought forth by the Abby and convent in St. Emmeram stating that the Jews of Regensburg had unlawfully (‘contra iustitiam’) taken ownership of the land of the cloister.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 1227
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Henry VII
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Limburg; Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Henry VII permits Duke Henry (‘Heinrich’) IV of Limburg at his request/plea and his brother Waleran (‘Walram’ III) of Montjoie together with his loyal council, William (‘Wilhelm’) Duke of Jülich and his heirs to own all Jews, who enter his domains in order to stay/settle there, as an imperial loan (‘Reichslehne’) and to use them/rule over them (‘über sie verfügen’) […]”
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1228
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued by the Council of Valladolid
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“We decree that from now on, all the decrees of the sacred General Council shall be observed with greater diligence. […] We likewise decree and order most emphatically, that the Jews shall not wear a wide cloak of the kind worn by the clergy, for it is highly improper that the Jews, who should be set apart and separated from the Christians by some definite sign, wear the garments of clerics. They shall be forced to do this by the power of the Church.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. Church And the Jews In the XIIIth Century: a Study of Their Relations During the Years 1198-1254, Based On the Papal Letters And the Conciliar Decrees of the Periods. The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning: Philadelphia PA, 1933. P.319.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 21, 1228
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull, issued by Pope Gregory IX to the clergy of France
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	[B]y means of the secular powers you shall cause the Jews to be forced to remit their usury, and until they do so remit it, they shall be denied communion with the faithful. Moreover, if any of the crusaders cannot at the present time repay their debts to the Jews, you shall see to it that the secular judges provide for them such a beneficial moratorium, that from the time of their departure until their death or return will be known for certain, they shall not incur the burden of usury. You shall, moreover, force the Jews to reckon into the principal the income from the pledge, which may accrue in the meantime, after necessary expenses have been deducted […].
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. Church And the Jews In the XIIIth Century: a Study of Their Relations During the Years 1198-1254, Based On the Papal Letters And the Conciliar Decrees of the Periods. The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning: Philadelphia PA, 1933. P. 181.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1229
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Social Restrictions Against Jews” issued by Raymond VII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, heir of Raymond VI is also forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 13, 1230
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Henry VII
3. Geography of Act	Germany; Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] absolves Count Egino [V. Urach] of Fribourg (‘Grafen Egeno von Freiburg’) of any resentment and anger directed at him for imprisoning his Jews in Fribourg and prohibits anyone to burden or harm him with any lawsuit brought forth by a Jew.
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 1230 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Statutes of Melun” (‘Statutum apud Meledunum’) official contract/agreement/ordinance between King Louis IX and Number of Barons
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of France; Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“In the statutes of Melun (‘statutum apud Meledunum’) [… King Louis declares] for the salvation of his soul ‘and in glorious memory of his father Louis and his predecessors’ that he nor the Barons may permit Jews to enter/sign any debt-contract (Art. 1). No one in the entire empire may withhold a Jew of another ruler, and wherever anyone finds one of his Jews (‘Judaeum suum’), he can arrest/imprison him, like his own slave (‘tamquam proprium servum suum’), as long as the Jew is in the territory of the other or in another kingdom (‘in alio regno’)* […] (Art. 2). […]”
5. Source	Die rechtsverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern. Mit einer Einleitung über die Prinzipien der Judengesetzgebung in Europa während des Mittelalters. Von Dr. J. E. Scherer. (The legal status of Jews in German-Austrian Countries. With an introduction regarding the principles of Jewish legislation in Europe during the Middle Ages. By J. E. Scherer, PhD.); (Leipzig; 1901);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher *This mean also outside of France. The statutes also required Jews to show proof of any debt owed to them by their lords by Christmas or lose any claims to them. The above text is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text. The original Latin text can be found in its entirety in M. Alexandre Teulet’s Inventaires et Document Publies Par Order de L’Emererur.

1. Full Date of Act	1231 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jews Expelled from Leicester by Simon de Montfort
3. Geography of Act	England [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Know all of you, that I, for the good of my soul, and the soul of my ancestors and successors, have granted […], that no Jew or Jewess, in my time or in the time of any of my heirs to the end of the world, shall inhabit, or remain, or obtain a residence within the liberty of the town of Leicester.”
5. Source	The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History, ed. by Joe Hillaby, Caroline Hillaby, New York 2013, page 197
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None