Acts – Page 20 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 15, 1267
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull issued by Pope Clement IV to the King of Aragon
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act	[…] The king must alert his barons and officials to make the Jews surrender the entire Talmud along with its commentaries and additions. All their books must be exhibited for inspection; although those which conform to the text of the Bible and in which there is no question of blasphemies or errors or falsifications may be returned. The others shall be kept for examination and for the decision of the Apostolic See.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 97.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 27, 1267
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull “Turbato Corde” issued by Clement IV to the Inquisitors of the Dominican and Franciscan Orders
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	With a troubled hear we relate what we have heard: very many reprobate Christians have abandoned the truth of the Christian faith and wickedly transferred themselves to the Jewish rite…Against Christians whom you find guilty of the above you shall proceed as against heretics. Jews who heretofore have induced Christians of either sex to their execrable rite, or whom you may find doing so in the future, you shall punish with fitting punishment.
5. Source	“Between Judaism and Christianity: The Semicircumcision of Christians according to Bernard Gui, his Sources and R. Eliezer of Metz,” Shaye J. D. Cohen, The Harvard Theological Review, 1 July 2001, Vol. 94(3), pp. 285-321, See Shlomo Simonsohn, The Apostolic See and the Jews: Documents 492-1404, 236-7, no. 230. For the full Latin text.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 17, 1267
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Professionis Christianae,” issued by Clement IV to John de Salins, Count of Burgundy
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	We, who are aggrieved by what has come to our ears, know that many in your lands and adjacent ones have committed a crime of depraved heresy, after having been reborn through holy baptism, by refusing to reject the damnable lies of Judaism, and instead reverting to its old and corrupt blindness. This deadly herb of heretical apostasy must be uprooted in full cooperation with the Dominican Inquisitors.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 104.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 23, 1267
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Dampnabili Perfidia Judaeorum,” issued by Clement IV to the Archbishops and Bishops in the territory of the Counties of Poitiers, Toulouse, and the Provence
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	We order you to ensure that the following statutes are obeyed: No Jew is permitted to have a Christian serving maid under his charge, especially in his home, to care for his children or for any other purpose. Jews may not erect new synagogues. The Jews may not keep their doors and windows open on Good Friday; on days of lamentation and the Sunday of the Passion, they must not be found outside their dwellings, lest the result be blasphemy against Him who was crucified for us. They may not be advanced to public offices. And they must wear garments whose nature will distinguish them from Christians. Jews must be made to observe these regulations by the use of punishments and canonical sanctions; if necessary, the aid of the secular authorities should be invoked.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 106.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1268
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Statutes of the Synod of Clermont (1268)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Priests are to see to it that their parishioners do not live in the homes of Jews, dine at their tables, or accept their medicines. No one may entrust Jews with offices or magistracies.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 249.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 23, 1268
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Ordinance, issued by Ottokar II, King of Bohemia, for the City of Brünn
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	33. No Jew, while in Brünn, shall take any collateral after sunset, neither from persons known to him, nor from unknown individuals; at any time, including during the day, no Jew shall conduct any business involving horses, oxen, cows, or any other items that are suspected to be stolen, except when witnessed by two sworn city officials. 34. For the repairs of the city walls and moats, the Jews shall contribute one quarter [of the total expenditure].
5. Source	Aronius, J. Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden im Fränkischen und Deutschen Reiche bis zum Jahre 1273 [Regests of the History of the Jews in the Frankish and German Empires until the Year 1273]. Simion: Berlin, 1902. Page 308..
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1269
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“City Law/Regulation/Concession” for Prague issued and confirmed by King Ottokar II of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Jews are not to take more than 5 pennies per each Mark [5%] in interests and six [pennies] for each pound and one penny for every 30 pennies […]. A Jew cannot serve as his own witness. He must have/bring a Christian and a Jew [to serve as witnesses on his behalf]. If a Jewish man is caught with an unmarried Christian woman, he is to lose his life […] If a Jewish man is caught with the [Christian] wife of an honest [Christian] man, his punishment is to be impalement by the roadside, and his belongings are to go to the [local] judge. Jews are not to accept bloody or wet [church] garments as pledges/pawns […] If a chalice, book, or a church garment is found on a Jew, he’s to return them without compensation if he cannot say from whom he received them […]”
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Fränkischen und Deutschen Reiche bis zum Jahre 1273. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Historischen Commission Für Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland. Bearbeitet unter Mitwirkung von Albert Dresdner und Ludwig Lewinki [und] von Julius Aronius. (Regesta regarding the History of Jews in Franconia and German empires until 1273. Published by the Historical Commission for the History of Jews in Germany. Edited and gathered by Albert Dresdner, and Ludwig Lewinki [and] by Julius Aronius. (Berlin; 1902);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 28, 1269
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Richard
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Furthermore, the Jews of Worms and King Richard have come to an agreement in that Jews may remain [there] irrevocably for the next six consecutive years beginning in 69, [for which they are to give] 200 Mark silver annually and [give…] Raugrave Ruprecht [II.], the brother of the Bishop of Worms, 20 Mark annually on Walpurgis night (May 1) in fief.
5. Source	Spiker, Christian Wilhelm: Ueber die ehemalige und jetzige Lage der Juden in Deutschland (Regarding the former and current circumstances of Jews in Germany.); (Halle; 1809);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 19, 1269
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law issued by Louis IX
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Because we want the Jews to be recognizable and distinguished from the Christians, we command […] every Jew of both sexes to wear badges: A wheel of yellow cloth of rag, that needs to be sown on the outer garment, on the chest and the back to ensure the visibility. This wheel has to be four fingers wide, big enough to contain one palm of one hand. […]
5. Source	Ordonnances des rois de France de la troisième race (The Orders of the Kings of France of the third race); Paris 1723, tome I, page 294.
6. Translator	Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Translation	1970
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1269
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Provisions of the Jewry issued by King Henry III
3. Geography of Act	England [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"It is provided by the king […] that, all debts to Jews which are fees […] be quit to the Christians by whom they are owing and to their heirs for ever, with their arrears. The charters of the fee-debts a foresaid, wherever they shall be found, be returned to the Christians who owe the debts or to their heirs. […] No Jew shall sell any such fee to a Christian on pain of forfeiture of life and chattels. […]"
5. Source	The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History, ed. by Joe Hillaby, Caroline Hillaby, New York 2013, page 31
6. Researcher	Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 31, 1270
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of Bishop Otto of Minden
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Minden; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Bishop Otto of Minden announces to the Council, the citizens, and to all other residents of Minden that — since the general synod prohibits Jews from blackmailing excessive interests from Christians, he (too) together with his chapter prohibits Jews to take more than the common 4 Dinars* for each Mark* in interests weekly from residents, clergymen and from the laity, and orders the city to ensure that his prohibition is enforced.
5. Source	Mitteilungen des Gesamtarchivs der Deutschen Juden. Herausgegeben von Eugen Täubler. Vierter Jahrgang. (“Communications of the Complete Archive of German Jew. Edited by Eugen Täubler. Fourth Edition.”); (Leipzig; 1914)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The above text is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text, both of which can be found in the cited source. *The Dinar and Mark were historical currencies of that region.

1. Full Date of Act	1271
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canons issued by the Council of Saint-Quentin (1271)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“To insure that Jews not be of higher station than Christians, as well as to prevent offenses against both canon and civil law, secular princes are not to aid Jews in collecting debts owed by clerics, under penalty of vigilant and unrelenting canonical punishment, especially if such aid is given by way of distraining [church] property.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 278.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 15, 1271
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” issued by Hartmann (of Dillingen), Bishop of Augsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince Bishopric of Augsburg
4. Text of Act	[We] Hartmann, by the grace of God, Bishop of the churches in Augsburg […] wish to bestow grace upon the Jews who live or come to live as loyal citizens in Augsburg [by extending their current rights for one year starting on Saint Martin’s Day …] for which they are to owe and deliver/pay to Us 10 pounds of Augsburger pennies on St. George’s Day (‘sank Jörgen tag’) […].
5. Source	Das Stadtbuch von Augsburg, insbesondere Stadtrecht vom Jahre 1276, nach der Originalhandschrift zum ersten Male herausgegeben und erläutert von Dr. Christian Meyer, Archivar der Stadt Augsburg. (The City Ledger of Augsburg, especially, the city law/regulation of 1276, according to original handwritten sources/documents published for the first time and elucidated by Christian Meyer, PhD., archivist of the city Augsburg.); (Augsburg; 1872);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 25, 1271
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinances of 1271, decreed by King Henry III of England
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	The King to his beloved and trusty men, his Mayor and Sheriffs of London, and to 'all his bailiffs and trusty men to whom [these present letters shall come], greeting....We have provided by the counsel of the prelates, magnates and chiefs who are of our council, and also have ordained and decreed for us and our heirs that no Jew have a freehold in manors, lands, tenements, fees, rents and holdings whatsoever by charter, gift, feoffment, confirmation or any other obligation, or in any other wise; so however that they may dwell hereafter in their houses in which they themselves dwell in cities, boroughs or other towns, and may have them as they have been wont to have them in times past; and also that they may lawfully let to Jews only and not to Christians other their houses, which they have to let; so, however, that it be not lawful for our Jews of London to buy or in any otherwise purchase more houses than they now have in our city of London, whereby the parish churches of the same city or the rectors of the same may incur loss....Moreover touching nurses of young children, bakers, brewers, and cooks employed by Jews, because Jews and Christians are diverse in faith, we have provided and decreed that no Christian man or woman presume to minister to them in the aforesaid services....Witness the King at Westminster, July 26. In the same manner order is made to the several sheriffs throughout England.
5. Source	English Economic History: Select Documents. Edited by Alfred Edward Bland, Richard Henry Tawney. Macmillan: New York, 1919. p. 48, Accessed online
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 7, 1272
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Church Canon, issued by Pope Gregory X “to faithful Christians, now and in the future”
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	The testimony of a Christian shall not suffice to condemn a Jew unless a Jewish witness appears in corroboration, for Jews cannot bring testimony against Christians.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 116.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium

1. Full Date of Act	1273
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jews Expelled from Winchelsea Around 1273
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Simon de Montfort ... issued an edict expelling the Jews from his home city of Leicester. This proved to be the start of a host of expulsions from various cities and towns - ..." Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 18
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 18, 1273
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Expulsion of Jews from Winchelese, reign of Edward I
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	To the barons and bailiffs of Winchelese. Order to cause the Jews who have recently entered that town and who dwell there to be removed thence without delay, without any damage to their bodies or goods, as according to the custom of the king's Jewry Jews ought not dwell in any cities boroughs or towns except those wherein they were wont to dwell of old time, and the king understands that certain Jews have entered Winchelese and dwell therein, in which no Jew was wont to dwell in past times.
5. Source	Calendar of the Close Rolls: Edward I, A.D. 1272-1279, Archive.gov, page 50
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by King Edward I
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “ In 1274, under Edward I., its shape [of the badge] became that of the Tables of the Law.” “Badge.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Diocesan Synod of 1274/75" Issued by Archbishop Werner von Eppstein of Mainz/Mayence
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Mainz [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] with the highest authority, it has been decided that Jews are not allowed to hold Christians subjects (servants) in their homes under the pretext of feeding their children (wet-nurses), either in this service or any other reason. […] Christians who presume to live with those (Jews) are to be excommunicated, because through the constant interaction and constant familiarity, they (Jews) can easily divert the spirit of the simple Christian to their abiding unbelief, or their accursed intemperance. Therefore, we decide that within two months of this publication of this statute, all Christians of our churches who life in the houses of Jews under whatever pretext will be removed from these houses to never return there. All Christians who violate this [decision] are to be excommunicated […] and all other Christians are to avoid dealing and trading with those Jews who are audacious enough to keep Christians in their homes.”
5. Source	Medieval Ashkenaz: Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im Spätmittlealterlichen Reich; Synoden und Konzilien 1, Nr. 1 (“Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils 1, No. 1”).
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2017
8. Notes	Researcher The text of the Synod contains no date. It is clear, however, that it falls into the reign of Werner von Eppstein (1259-1284) and processes mainly the provisions of the Second Lugdunese (1274). Therefore, it must have been issued sometime between 1274 and 1284. Because the resolutions of the Lugdunense were adopted mainly in the Synod and not in the later issued revisions, Johanek and Ungar date the Synod of Mainz/Mayence to be somewhere around 1274/1275 (thus, immediately after the Council of Lyon).

1. Full Date of Act	1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinances of Ovido issued in the District of Socastiello
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The most obvious and important document showing us the importance of this Jewish community in the thirteenth century is that of the Ordinances of Oviedo from 1274. The ordinances specify neighborhood in which Jews should live, called the District of Socastiello. In additions, the Ordinances also regulate the business of usury and of stolen objects. Until these Ordinances, Jews lived in the city in the same neighborhoods as Christians, both inside and outside the walls. But from 1274 forward, Jews were required to reside in a particular area, the District of Socastiello. It seems that anti-Jewish guidelines were also followed in the rest of the peninsula, although here the effect seems to have been lower… Keep in mind that in those years in Oviedo houses had already exceeded the wall, and some may also have established outside the walls, as there were estates in the fifteenth century in the west which bore the nickname ‘of the Jews’…Today nothing is left standing of the ancient Jewish quarter. Just the same narrow streets that Christians and Jews shared in the Old Oviedo for centuries and documentation that allows us to reconstruct and imagine that Jewish Community…” “Oviedo’s Ordinances.” Online article 2) “In 1274's municipal ordinances, the city limited the Jew's activities: they were not allowed to perform money-lending after sunset, and they could not lend money to women married to Oviedo citizens. Nowadays, there are no remains of the medieval Jewry, and it is not possible to locate the communal institutions that must have ruled Oviedo's Jewish community's daily life.” “The Jewry of Oviedo.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 19, 1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by the City of Erfurt
3. Geography of Act	Independent City of Erfurt; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are to give […] the minister […] six pounds ‘pennies’ of Erfurt currency on Saint Martin’s Day so-long a minister lives/exists there (‘quamdiu ibi plebanus existit’) […] when a Jew rents a farm or a house from a Christian, the Jew is to come to an agreement with the minister separate from/in addition to the community. If they cannot come to an agreement, the minister is to select two clerics, who together with the councilmen order a solution. […]
5. Source	Erfurt, Bistumsarchiv, St. Marien, Stift, Urkunde I/113, Orig., lat. (“Erfurt, Diocesan Archives, St. Marien, Stift, Document I/113, Orig[inal], Latin”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 1, 1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Turbato Corde,” issued by Gregory X to the friars of the Dominican and Francisan Orders who are or will be deputized by the Holy See as inquisitors of heresy
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	It troubles the heart, what we heard and now relate, that not only have certain Jews who had recognized their error in the light of the Christian faith and converted, reverted to their former unbelief, but a number of others, born Christians, have converted to Judaism, and so blasphemed the name of Christ. Since a plague of this sort must be stopped quickly by appropriate means, you are ordered to proceed against suspect Jews and Christians in the prescribed manner for seeking out heretics and their collaborators. Jews responsible for leading Christians to their execrable rite must be punished as is fitting. The aid of the secular arm may be invoked as necessary.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 122.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Monaco, Netherlands, Vatican, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Luxembourg

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 20, 1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” issued by Archbishop of Mainz, Werner (von Eppstein)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	Archbishop of Mainz, Werner [von Eppstein] announces that the deacons and his church chapter in Mainz and the church Mariengreden in Mainz have purchased all of the goods of the Abby and convent of the Benedicts-Cloister (‘Benediktinerklosters’) Kornelimünster in Trechtingshausen in the [Arch-] Bishopric of Cologne for 1,500 Mark Cologne pennies (‘Pfenninge’) and that he’s come to an agreement with them to contribute one-third of the sum (purchase price). However, since he does not have the amount himself, the deacon and the chapter are to try to get the money from the Jews of the city of Mainz, which the Archbishop instructs them to request as follows: 100 Mark each year on St. Bartholomew’s Day (August 24) and on Candlemas (February 2), until the Sum of 500 Mark is paid off. [Provisions are made in case the Archbishop dies before the expiration of the contract …]
5. Source	Medieval Ashkenaz: Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich; Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im Erzbistum Mainz (1273-1347); (Medieval Ashkenaz: Collection/body of sources on the history of Jews during the late medieval empire; Sources regarding the history of Jews in the Archbishopric of Mainz (1273-1347)); Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 17, 1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Si Mentes Fidelium,” issued by Gregory X to the Archbishop and Bishop of York
3. Geography of Act	Present-day United Kingdom
4. Text of Act	We command that the Jews be compelled by a secular power to cancel the interest [charged to the Crusaders], and, until they have released it, be denied any intercourse with the Christian faithful, in business or otherwise, under penalty of excommunication [of the Christians].
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 126.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 2, 1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	2 Edward I. Membrane 4d, 1274
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Order to cause the Jews to be amoved from the town of Bruges without damage to their bodies or things, as, according to the custom of the king's Jewry, the king's Jews of England ought not to dwell in other cities, boroughs or towns than those wherein they were wont to dwell in past times, and certain Jews, as the king learns, have entered and dwell in the town of Bruges, where no Jew was wont to dwell in past times
5. Source	Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, “Calendar of Close Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office, Prepared Under the Superintendence of the Deputy Keeper of the Records, Edward I, A.D. 1272-1279,” Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1900, p. 130, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher The present-day name of the town of Bruges is Bridgnorth.