Acts – Page 22 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	1289
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jews required to wear a patch"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vienna orders Jews to wear a round patch "The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;" sohmer.net
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 7, 1289
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Cum Olim Inter,” issued by Nicholas IV to the Archbishop of Braga and the Bishops of Portugal
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Portugal
4. Text of Act	“[T]he King, when dealing with Jews, shall not prefer them to Christians in public office, save for what was established in the General Council; as far as badges are concerned which distinguish Jews from Christians, as well as tithes paid by the Jews, he will permit both to be compelled, and [the Jews] shall promise him their perpetual servitude.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 172.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Pope here simultaneously confirms and codifies an understanding that had been reached between the King of Portugal and the Church.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 8, 1289
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict of Expulsion by Charles II
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Since it is our responsibility to purge the territories subjected to us of evil men we…have consulted about these matters with the reverend father the bishop and with many clerics…Indeed it pleases our majesty, we believe with the assent of God, that we should provide for our aforesaid counties and for those living within the confines of those counties by an expulsion of the aforesaid Jews and of their descendants. Although we enjoy much temporal profit from the aforesaid Jews, we prefer to provide for the peace of our subjects rather than to fill our coffers with the mammon of iniquity…we have, for the honor of God and the peace of the aforesaid areas, expelled and ordered expelled from our aforesaid counties of Anjou and Maine all Jews, male and female, adults and young people, children and infants, of whatever sex or condition they might have been born and raised. We have expelled them from all areas of these counties not only for the present but for all times, both for our time as well as that of our successors upon whom the said counties may happen to devolve.
5. Source	“Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages.” Robert Chazan. 1980, Page 315. Online book.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of the Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Cologne; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Deacon and the Schoolmaster of the cathedral Wikbold, accuses in his testimony, along with 25 other witnesses, regarding the crimes of the citizens of Cologne after the battle of Worringen, those and especially the extensive taxation of the Jews who belonged/were part of the Archbishops chambers/property.” UB zur Geschichte des Niederrheins 2, Nr. 892, S. 531-533 (“Certificate Book on the History of the Lower-Rhine 2, No. 892, p. 531-533”)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews from Italy"
3. Geography of Act	Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from southern Italy "Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;" sullivan-county.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	3,000 Jews Expelled
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "In 1290, all of England’s approximately 3,000 Jews were expelled from the country and banned from ever returning. (Jews were only allowed to live in England once more in 1656.)" Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, "The Most Famous Jewish Woman in Medieval England," aish.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 20, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Ad Augmentum,” issued by Nicholas IV to the Franciscans who serve as inquisitors in Arles, Aix and Embrun
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	It has come to our ear that in some places under your jurisdiction, there are men and women who, though they were reborn through baptism, have since fallen into evil ways; whenever they are visited by some misfortune, they hold lighted lamps and candles in the synagogue and make offerings there, and hold vigils especially on the Sabbath, that the sick may regain their health, that the shipwrecked may reach a safe port, that women may survive childbirth without danger, and that the sterile be blessed with children. For these and other matters, they implore aid by means of the said rites, showing wicked devotion and every sign of reverence to the Scroll, as though serving an idol. All this is highly injurious to the Faith and insulting to the Creator. As this type of evil must be extirpated, we request that you look into the entire matter most carefully. If you shall find Christians of the sort described, and others, whether they be Jews or Christians, who mislead them, you are to disregard any papal privileges or indulgences these people may claim and proceed against them as idolators and heretics, denying them any right of appeal, and omitting no canonical punishment, so that the guilty may feel the severity of justice.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 179.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 11, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt and Wetterau
4. Text of Act	[…] We Rudolf, king of the Romans by the grace of God, […] pledge to the noble Ulrich von Hanau and his wife Elisabeth and their heirs taxes to be paid by the Jews who reside in Frankfurt and Gelnhausen (Geilenhusen) […] the amount of the debt is 500 Pound Heller (Pfund Heller). […].
5. Source	Marburg, StA, O I q Hanau, Passivlehen, Orig., lat., Perg. [“Marburg, City Archive, O I q Hanua, Passivlehen, Original, Latin, [on] Parchment Paper”);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This document was issued and signed by the king in Erfurt, Thuringia.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Expulsion of the Jews from England, decree issued by King Edward I of England
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	To the sheriff of Gloucester. Whereas the king has prefixed to all the Jews of his realm a certain time to pass out of the realm, and he wills that they shall not be treated by his ministers or others otherwise than has been customory [sic], he orders the sheriff to cause proclamation to be made throughout his bailiwick prohibiting any one from injuring or wronging the Jews within the said time. He is ordered to cause the Jews to have safe-conduct at their cost when they, with their chattels, which the king has granted to them, direct their steps towards London in order to cross the sea, provided that before they leave they restore the pledges of Christians in their possession to those to whom they belong. The like to the sheriffs of Essex, York, Northampton, and Lincoln. Also to the sheriff of Hereford and Southampton.
5. Source	Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office London : H. M. Stationery Office, 1904, Vol. III (1288-1296), p. 95. Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 18, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rudolf
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	King Rudolf permits the previous Schultheiss* of Frankfurt Heinrich and his heirs, and bestows grace upon the Burgmann* of Rödelheim that they may settle [and keep] six Jews near the castle of Rödelsheim, however, [these 6 Jews] they must not be taken/solicited from the other royal cities; any profits/gains to be realized from these Jews are to be used for the construction/expansion of the castle [In all other aspects, Jews are to have the same rights a those in Frankfurt.]
5. Source	Codex diplomaticus mœnofrancofurtanus. Urkundenbuch der Reichsstadt Frankfurt. Herausgegeben von Johann Friedrich Boehmer. Erster Band. 794-1314. Edited by Friedrich Lau. (Book of writs of the Imperial City of Frankfurt. Published by Johann Friedrich Boehmer. First volume 794-1314. Edited by Friedrich Lau.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1901);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text both of which can be found in the cited source. *Burgmann (literally: 'man-of-the-castle' was a title of nobility.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 30, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Document/Letter” issued by Emperor Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Rudolf, Roman Emperor by the grace of God, relieve all the citizens* of Nordhausen of their taxes and levies for two subsequent years starting from the upcoming Saint Martin’s Feast. […] the services that are to be rendered to us by the Jews who reside in the city (‘judie in civitate ipsorumresidentes’) shall be appropriately/peacefully decided by the citizens. […]
5. Source	Nordhausen, StadtA, 1.2. II Na 17, Das Rauhe Buch, fol. 4r/v, Abschr. (nach 1350), lat., Perg. (“Nordhausen City Archive, 1.2. II Na 17, The Rough Book, fol. 4r/v, Copy (after 1350), Latin, [on] parchment paper”);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *While Rudolf exempts the [Christian] citizens of Nordhausen from all taxes and levies for two years, he does not relieve the Jews from such levies but leaves it up to the citizens to make that decision.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 5, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Disposition of Debts Due to Jews after Their Expulsion, decreed by King Edward I of England
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Edward etc. to the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer, greeting. Whereas formerly in our Parliament at Wes minster on the quinzaine of St. Michael in the third year of our reign, to the honour of God and the profit of the people of our realm, we ordained and decreed that no Jew thenceforth should lend anything at usury to any Christian on lands, rents or other things, but that they should live by their commerce and labour; and the same Jews, afterwards maliciously deliberating among themselves, contriving a worse sort of usury which they called courtesy (curialitatem), have depressed our people aforesaid on all sides under colour thereof, the last offence doubling the first; whereby, for their crimes and to the honour of the Crucified, we have caused those Jews to go forth from our realm as traitors: We, wishing to swerve not from our former choice, but rather to follow it, do make totally null and void all manner of penalties and usuries and every sort thereof, which could be demanded by actions by reason of the Jewry from any Christians of our realm for any times whatsoever; wishing that nothing be in any wise demanded from the Christians aforesaid by reason of the debts aforesaid, save only the principal sums which they received from the Jews aforesaid; the amount of which debts we will that the Christians aforesaid verify before you by the oath of three good and lawful men by whom the truth of the matter may the better be known, and thereafter pay the same to us at terms convenient to them to be fixed by you. And therefore we command you that you cause our said grace so piously granted to be read in the aforesaid Exchequer, and to be enrolled on the rolls of the same Exchequer, and to be straitly kept, according to the form above noted. Witness myself at King's Clipstone on the 5th day of November in the eighteenth year of our reign.
5. Source	English Economic History: Select Documents, Edited by Alfred Edward Bland, Richard Henry Tawney. Macmillan: New York, 1919. p. 50, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 18, 1291
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Letter/Document” issued by Archbishop Gerhard of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Archbishopric of Mainz
4. Text of Act	We, G[erhard], holy Archbishop of Mainz by the grace of God and Arch-Chancellor of Germany […] after these 11 years, the four [administrative positions] and the Jews of Erfurt are to be returned to us and the church of Mainz and this present document regarding the Jews shall have no longer any legal validity. […]
5. Source	Würzburg, StA, Erzstift Mainz, MU 3469, Orig., lat. (“Würzburg State Archive, Archbishopric of Mainz, MU 3469, Orig[inal], Latin”);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher In this long document, Archbishop Gerhard pawns off four major administrative offices in Erfurt and Brühl together with the Jews to Heinrich von Gotha and Walter Kerlinger for 1,000 Mark starting on Saint Martin’s Day for the duration of 11 years. It is noteworthy that Gerhard pawns off the same four administrative offices and the Jews to Rudolf von Nordhausen and Gottschalk von Schmidtstedt and the city of Erfurt for another 300 Mark less than four years later to take affect after the expiration of the aforementioned 11 years.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 24, 1291
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ issued by Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Rudolf (‘Rudolph’) I transfers the levies of the local Jews, which they owe to the empire, to the Burgmann* of Landau.
5. Source	Remling, Franz Xaver: Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe von Speyer. (Book of writs of the Bishops of Speyer); (Mainz; 1852);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text which can be found in the cited source. *A Burgmann (literally: ‘man-of-the-castle’ was a title of nobility.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 13, 1291
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull from Nicholas IV to Margaret of Provence, Queen of France
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	As you have exposed before us, you have acquired certain sums from Jews of your country, but have no knowledge to whom these [usurious] monies should be restored, and your conscience has provided a supplication to the Apostolic See. We therefore, yielding to your righteous petition, as well as to your devotion, consider these aforesaid funds to be restored, as long as you donate a third of them to the support of the Holy Land.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 189.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This bull is in response to a letter from the Queen, who claimed that her conscience was burdened by the wealth she confiscated from “her” Jews; the papal response ignores the fact that meticulous “Jew registers” were kept in order to facilitate these special “Jew taxes;” thus, the Pope goes along with Margaret’s bold claim that direct restitution appears impossible, and he orders “representational restitution” in the form of support for the Crusades, completely cutting off the entire Jewish community from any reparations – in addition to letting Marguerite keep two thirds of the money. However, it should also be noted that Margaret was the only woman who had ever led a crusade, and there can be little doubt that the Vatican was truly in awe of her religious devotion.

1. Full Date of Act	1292
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Mass Conversion of Jews in Nepal"
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Nepal
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "When it come to the question of the status of the Jews and especially their mission in the middle ages, the Kingdom of Nepal of the late middle ages deserves mentioning. It was here where the very first spontaneous "mass conversions" of Jews in the middle ages." 2) This did not mean in any way that the Jews were integrated into the Christian community. Rather, the converted Jews were marked as "neofiti," "christiani novi" or "christiani novelli" in the Kingdom of Nepal, often for generations to come." Gruyter, Walter: Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. (2009)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 18, 1292
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Document” issued by the Abby of Essen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Imperial Abby of the Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] deaconess and the chapter of the Abby of Essen transfer the Vogtei* of the Abby of Essen to Count Eberhard [II. von der Mark] as long as he lives. […] The rights over the court, the money, and the Jews of Essen are reserved without prejudice to the Abbess. […]
5. Source	Duisburg, LA, Essen, Stift, Urkunden, Nr. 126, Orig., lat., Perg. (Duisburg, LA [Land-Archive], Essen, Abby, Certifcates/Official Document, No. 126, Orig[inal], Latin, [on] Parchment Paper);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher A “Vogtei” is the territory of the Vogt. (‘regimine et tutela advocatie ecclesie nostre’)

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 28, 1292
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Decree” issued by King Adolf
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free City of Mainz/Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	We, King Adolf […] promise Our consanguine Archbishop and Arch-Chancellor Gerhard [II] […] his successors and the church of Mainz, with this document, among other things, the ability to restore ownership of the Jews of the city [of Mainz] who [have been bestowed upon him] from Us and the empire […] and to restore jurisdiction and authority over them. Thus, they (Jews) should afford the Archbishop and the church the same ‘services’ such as levies/fees, taxes, […] and other various ways, as all the other Jews who linger/live in the cities and villages of the Archbishopric […].
5. Source	Würzburg, StA, Erzstift Mainz Urkunden Weltlicher Schrank L3/12, Orig. (A 1), lat., Perg.; Würzburg, StA, Domkapitel Mainz Urkunden 1292 Juli 28 / I (weitere Ausfertigung, A 2); ebda., Mainzer Urkunden 3590a (Vidimus der Mainzer Stuhlrichter vom 20. Februar 1309) (B); ebda., Mainzer Bücher verschiedenen Inhalts 20, fol. 100v-101v und 102r/v (Abschr., 14JH.) (C, D). (“Würzburg, State Archive, Archdiocese Mainz Documents Secular Cabinet L3/12, Orig[inal] (A 1), Latin, [on] Parchment Paper; Würzburg, State Archive, Cathedral Chapter Mainz Documents 1292 July 28 / I (further copy, A 2); ibid, Mainz Documents 3590a (Vidimus of the Mainz magistrate of February 20, 1309) (B); ibid, Mainz Books of Various Contents 20, fol. 100v-101v and 102r/v (Copy, 14th Cent.) (C, D)”);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 14, 1292
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law issued by the Synod at Aschaffenburg
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Law issued by the Synod of Aschaffenburg [Germany]: […] Jews of both sexes have to wear a sign or clothing publicly which distinguishes them from the Christians. They may not show themselves publicly during the Holy Week, but must remain in their homes with the doors and windows closed, so that the Christians who commemorate the Holy Passion with suffering will not be mocked by the Jewish people […] After a lengthy consultation and consent of the councilors, it is irrevocably decided that Jews in cities, castles and other settlements of the (arch-) diocese and church of the city of Mainz have to be visibly distinguished from Christians. Within two months after publication of this provision they must choose and communicate a sign and a clothing of their choice, with which they can be distinguished without any doubt.
5. Source	Corpus of the Sources on the History of the Jews in the late Middle Ages (Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich), ed. by Alfred Haverkamp and Jörg R. Müller, Trier, Mainz 2011, SK01, Nr. 5, Medieval-ashkenaz.org; Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 3, 1292
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Kind Adolf
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…We …] pledge to our [relative] (consangwineo) Gottfried IV von Eppstein a reward of 25 Mark for his faithful service to be submitted annually by the Frankfurter Jews […].
5. Source	Frankfurt, ISG, Juden Urkunden 31, Orig., lat., Perg. (“Frankfurt, ISG, Official Records of the Jews 31, Original, Latin, [on] Parchment Paper”);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This document was issued and signed in Oppenheim, Rhineland-Palatinate.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 13, 1292
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“King’s Pledge” issued by King Adolf von Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[King Adolf of Nassau accepts Gottfried von Merenburg as a soldier in his royal castle (Reichsburgmannen) in Kalsmunt and promises him 200 Mark Cologne Coins (Kölnische Dinare) as payment for his services …] However, since we do not currently have this money ready we authorize the payment of 20 Mark income annually [to be submitted] by the Jews of Frankfurt […] to be paid each Christmas. […].
5. Source	UB zur Geschichte der Juden in Frankfurt, Nr. 17, S. 6; (Certificate Book on the History of the Jews in Frankfurt, Nr. 17, p. 6”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 23, 1293
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” of King Adolf [of Nassau]
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Oppenheim
4. Text of Act	We, King Adolf, […] have decided to increase the income of Our faithful […] Burgmann in Oppenheim […] of 4 Mark [silver] by an additional 2 Mark […] so that he and his heirs shall receive 6 Mark annually from Our Jews in Oppenheim on the feast of St. Martin’s Day [November 11] without objection. […]
5. Source	Darmstadt, StA, (Kriegsverlust), Orig., lat., Perg. (“Darmstadt, City Archive, (Loss of War), Orig[inal], Latin, [on] Parchment Paper”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 20, 1293
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jurisdiction of Jews" ordered by King Adolf
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Notice is hereby given that today here at the castle in the court knight Henry von Hammerstein, who had appeared as the representative of Archbishop Gerhard von Mainz, had enforced his rights against the following Mainz citizens […] and Jews […]: 1. The citizens illegally threaten the Archbishop’s possession of the Jews of Mainz and other possessions […], resulting in a loss of 10000 marks in silver to the Archbishop; 2. The 6000 marks in silver, which were awarded to Gerhard's predecessor, Archbishop Heinrich, by King Rudolf […] must be paid to the Archbishop by the Jews mentioned, together with a compensation of 4000 marks to be paid for the withholding of this sum; […]
5. Source	Regesta of the Empire Online (Regesta Imperii Online), RI VI,2 n. 230, regesta-imperii.de; Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 23, 1293
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Adolf von Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Adolf of Nassau grants Gotfrid von Eppstein, his relative, annually 25 Mark as imperial loan for his services from the revenues generated by the levies (‘Bede’) placed on the Jews of Frankfurt.
5. Source	Codex diplomaticus mœnofrancofurtanus. Urkundenbuch der Reichsstadt Frankfurt. Herausgegeben von Johann Friedrich Boehmer. Erster Band. 794-1314. Edited by Friedrich Lau. (Book of writs of the Imperial City of Frankfurt. Published by Johann Friedrich Boehmer. First volume 794-1314. Edited by Friedrich Lau.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1901);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 9, 1293
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Agreement between King Adolph and Archbishop Gerhard of Mainz"
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	[…]: 1. Any profit that the Archbishop will make from his case against the citizens and Jews of Mainz […] will be split, and then equally divided between Adolf and Gerhard for two years. After that the Jews will belong entirely to the Archbishop.
5. Source	Regesta of the Empire Online (Regesta Imperii Online), RI VI,2 n. 277, Regesta-imperii.de; Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None