Acts – Page 23 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	1286
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Declaration by King Rudolph I"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Kind Rudolph I calls Jews his "chamber servants" [implying that they are unfree and that he has complete jurisdiction over them]." "Menorah. Fünfter Jahrgang - Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft... (1927) ;" uibk.ac.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 22, 1286
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	We Rudolf, King of the Holy Roman Empire by the grace of God, […] pledge 2o Mark Cologne Pennies (Kölner Pfennige) to Duke Adolf von Nassau and his legitimate heirs to be paid by the Jews who are currently residing in Frankfurt […]. The[se] taxes are to be paid annually by the Jews to the count and his heir on Christmas until the sum of 200 Marks has been fully made […]. […] with the payment of this sum, Adolf is to purchase goods which will then serve as eternal loans to Kalsmunt […].
5. Source	Pommersfelden, Gräflich Schönbornsche Bibliothek, Orig., lat., Perg. (“Pommersfelden, “Gräflich Schönbornsche Bibliothek” ([Special] Library near Bamberg); Original, Latin, [on] Parchment Paper”);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 30, 1286
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal letter from Pope Honorius IV to the Archbishop of Canterbury and his suffragans
3. Geography of Act	Present-day United Kingdom
4. Text of Act	Too freely has the damnable Jewish distortion of faith loosened its reins in English lands—as we have heard—by outrageous actions and horrible works insulting to our Creator and detrimental to the Catholic faith. Jews are said to possess a certain book, composed with malicious deceit, which they commonly refer to as Talmud, and which contains abominations, falsifications, faithless and abusive matter of all sorts. They study this book constantly, devoting themselves with depraved solicitude to this nefarious document, and they condemn their own sons, from a tender age, to this death-dealing study. They stuff them with this poisonous diet, never fearing to inform and instruct them that the contents of this book are more to be believed than that which is set forth in the Law of Moses, in order that their sons might turn their backs on the Son of God, fleeing him through the byways of faithlessness and never approaching the path of truth. Moreover, the Jews try to attract to their sect not only faithful Christians, but by means of inducements, they even approach those who have become converts to Christianity. Indeed, they dwell with them obscenely and publicly in the very parishes where they have been baptized, thus scandalizing the faithful and bringing contumely on the Christian faith. These people are then sent to other places, where they are unknown, and there they openly revert to Judaism. The Jews also criminally invite the orthodox to worship with them on Sabbaths and holidays in the synagogues. There, these Christians show reverence to the parchment scrolls of the Jews; and thus, many of them Judaize no less than the Jews themselves. The Jews employ Christian domestics, upon whom they impose on Sundays and holidays the very servile labors from which they should abstain on those days. The Jews also employ Christians in their homes as nurses and governesses for their children, and as a result, opportunities arise for sexual intermingling. There are also Christians and Jews who frequent one another's homes, eating and drinking together, thus preparing the soil for error. In their daily prayers, the Jews curse Christians and commit other evils which are an offense to God and result in injury to Christian souls. Although the English clergy had frequently been urged to take steps to remedy these matters it had not done so. A dangerous sickness like this, however, must not be neglected, for it will only grow worse. The use of spiritual and temporal penalties to bring a halt to these excesses is ordered, as well as other methods, including fit and proper verbal exhortations. How successful you are in this endeavor, you will intimate to us fully, by way of letters.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 157.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 6, 1286
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt and Wetterau
4. Text of Act	We Rudolf, king of the Romans by the grace of God, […] confirm Our comprehensive claim over the Jews who are to be considered as servants of the royal chamber and of the Princes and Lords [of the Empire] who have received the former from Us as fiefs – especially the fugitives. We transfer the unrestricted authority over the legacy/estates (Hinterlassenschaft) of the Jews who have fled [the cities of] Speyer, Worms, Oppenheim, Mainz and Wetternau, to the Our most dear and venerable Archbishop H[enry] II of Mainz and Duke E[berhart] I of Katzenelnborgen. […]
5. Source	Würzburg, StA, Mainzer Urkunden 3441, Orig., lat., Perg. (Würzburg, City Archive, Official Records of Mainz 3441, Original, Latin, [on] Parchment Paper);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher This document was issued and signed in the city of Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 8, 1286
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Rudolf of Habsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Mainz/Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	[We] Rudolf, king of the Romans by the grace of God, inform the Jews that they are Our chamber-servants and belong to us or to the princes to whom we have loaned them to […]. Therefore, it is only fair and reasonable, that We or the aforementioned lords, should procure the possessions of those Jews who have left Our and their dominions without permission […]. In order to punish these Jews for violating the law, We shall take and utilize – with [Our] confidence in the prudence and loyalty of the Archbishop of Mainz and the Count of Katzenbogen – all the possession of such Jews from Speyer, Worms, Oppenheim, Mainz, and Wetternau […]. The Jews of Mainz are hereby ordered to obey the Archbishop and the Count in this matter, and to support them if they do not want to be subject to our indignation and fall out of Our grace. […]
5. Source	Würzburg, StA, Mainzer Urkunden 1049, Orig., lat., Perg. (“Würzburg, State Archive, Official Documents of Mainz 1049, Orig[inal], Latin, [on] Parchment Paper”)
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews were expelled from Gascony." "The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];" history.ac.uk
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	King Edward I
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "When King Henry III died in 1272, King Edward I ascended the throne and faced increasing pressure from indebted aristocrats to end Jewish money-lending. In 1287, he ordered England’s Jews to pay an enormous tax of 20,000 marks to the crown. In Winchester, the entire Jewish community was imprisoned in Winchester Castle until the onerous tax was raised." Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, "The Most Famous Jewish Woman in Medieval England," aish.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 16, 1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canons issued by the Synod of Exeter
3. Geography of Act	Present-day United Kingdom
4. Text of Act	XLIX. Christian women are not to serve in the homes of Jews: Consorting with evil corrupts the good. Jews are to hold no public office, build no new synagogues, share no food in common with Christians, provide them with no medicines, nor are they to appear in public at Eastertime. They are furthermore to wear two woolen tablets of another color (than that of their clothing) sewn on their breasts, which are minimally to be two digits wide and four long. Jews are also to pay the tithes on their homes, which Christian owners would otherwise be paying.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 257.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 5, 1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ issued by Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Rudolf promises Gerlach von Limburg 300 Mark silver as Burgmann* of Kalsmunt and pledges the Jews of Limburg to him until [this sum] is paid off.
5. Source	Ficker, Julius (Prof.): Die Überreste des Deutschen Reichs-Archivs zu Pisa. (Wien; 1855); (The remains of the German imperial archive in Pisa.); (Vienna; 1855);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *A Burgmann (literally: man-of-the-castle) was a title of nobility. The above a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	May 9, 1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Announcement” issued by Emperor Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[… we transfer] all the Jewry – our chamber servants - in Thuringia, the Margrave of/and Meissen (‘universos judeos, nostre camere servos in partibus Thuringie, Marchie et misnensis’) [to be] under the protection and rule of the Archbishop Henry III, so that you (Jews) and everyone should serve and obey the Archbishop […] any rebel found among you […] let them know that they are arousing royal disapproval […] [in which case] the Archbishop may restrict such obstinacy with all the power of the kingdom [… and] all decisions and punishments over the rebels shall have the same [legal] power as if they had come from us. […]
5. Source	Würzburg, StA, Mainz Domkapital, Urkunde 1287 Mai 9, Orig., lat. (“Würzburg State Archive, Document of Mainz Cathedral Chapter 1287 May 9, Orig[inal], Latin”);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 15, 1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Pawning off of Jews” order issued by King Rudolf I [of Habsburg]
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	We, King Rudolf […] transfer regiment of the Jews of Thüringen to Archbishop Henry [Heinrich] of Mainz.
5. Source	Prince Lichnowsky: Geschichte König Rudolfs des Ersten und seiner Ahnen; (Wien, 1836); (History of King Rudolf the First and his Heirs); (Vienna; 1836); p. CXVI.
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovenia, Switzerland

1. Full Date of Act	1288
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Statutes of the Synod of Arles (at Lille) (1288)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“XII., Item VI. Jews are to wear unlike signs on their breasts. They are not to have Christian nurses, partake of foods in common with Christians, or appear in public at Eastertime.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 258.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 7, 1288
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decretal to the Papal Inquisitors, issued by Pope Nicholas IV
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	One must proceed against Christians who adopt or revert to the rites of the Jews, even if they were originally baptized as infants or under fear of death—although they were not absolutely or precisely compelled to baptism—as one would proceed against heretics who had confessed or been convicted on the testimony of Christians or Jews. One should proceed against abettors, receivers, and defenders of these people as one proceeds against abettors, receivers, and defenders of heretics.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 165.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Editor Present-day France, Italy and Germany

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 5, 1288
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull “Turbato Corde” issued by Nicolas IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	With troubled heart we hear and bring to mind that many of those converted from the error of Jewish blindness to the light of Christian faith, have fallen back into their former falsehood. Also many Christians have denied the Catholic faith and exchanged it for the Jewish rite, which must be condemned…proceed with emphasis against all who make themselves guilty of this crime, against the heretics and their promoters, protectors and defenders. As far as the Jews are concerned, who have occasioned Christians of both sexes to their revolting rite or draw them over, they must be punished as they deserve.
5. Source	“Chapter Forty-Two Popes, Church Fathers and Saints Combat and Condemn the Jews.” No Author. Page 659; Online paper.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Editor Author dates this law in footnotes taking place September 5, 1288

1. Full Date of Act	1289
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jews required to wear a patch"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vienna orders Jews to wear a round patch "The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;" sohmer.net
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 7, 1289
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Cum Olim Inter,” issued by Nicholas IV to the Archbishop of Braga and the Bishops of Portugal
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Portugal
4. Text of Act	“[T]he King, when dealing with Jews, shall not prefer them to Christians in public office, save for what was established in the General Council; as far as badges are concerned which distinguish Jews from Christians, as well as tithes paid by the Jews, he will permit both to be compelled, and [the Jews] shall promise him their perpetual servitude.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 172.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Pope here simultaneously confirms and codifies an understanding that had been reached between the King of Portugal and the Church.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 8, 1289
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict of Expulsion by Charles II
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Since it is our responsibility to purge the territories subjected to us of evil men we…have consulted about these matters with the reverend father the bishop and with many clerics…Indeed it pleases our majesty, we believe with the assent of God, that we should provide for our aforesaid counties and for those living within the confines of those counties by an expulsion of the aforesaid Jews and of their descendants. Although we enjoy much temporal profit from the aforesaid Jews, we prefer to provide for the peace of our subjects rather than to fill our coffers with the mammon of iniquity…we have, for the honor of God and the peace of the aforesaid areas, expelled and ordered expelled from our aforesaid counties of Anjou and Maine all Jews, male and female, adults and young people, children and infants, of whatever sex or condition they might have been born and raised. We have expelled them from all areas of these counties not only for the present but for all times, both for our time as well as that of our successors upon whom the said counties may happen to devolve.
5. Source	“Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages.” Robert Chazan. 1980, Page 315. Online book.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	3,000 Jews Expelled
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "In 1290, all of England’s approximately 3,000 Jews were expelled from the country and banned from ever returning. (Jews were only allowed to live in England once more in 1656.)" Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, "The Most Famous Jewish Woman in Medieval England," aish.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of the Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Cologne; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Deacon and the Schoolmaster of the cathedral Wikbold, accuses in his testimony, along with 25 other witnesses, regarding the crimes of the citizens of Cologne after the battle of Worringen, those and especially the extensive taxation of the Jews who belonged/were part of the Archbishops chambers/property.” UB zur Geschichte des Niederrheins 2, Nr. 892, S. 531-533 (“Certificate Book on the History of the Lower-Rhine 2, No. 892, p. 531-533”)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews from Italy"
3. Geography of Act	Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from southern Italy "Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;" sullivan-county.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 20, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Ad Augmentum,” issued by Nicholas IV to the Franciscans who serve as inquisitors in Arles, Aix and Embrun
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	It has come to our ear that in some places under your jurisdiction, there are men and women who, though they were reborn through baptism, have since fallen into evil ways; whenever they are visited by some misfortune, they hold lighted lamps and candles in the synagogue and make offerings there, and hold vigils especially on the Sabbath, that the sick may regain their health, that the shipwrecked may reach a safe port, that women may survive childbirth without danger, and that the sterile be blessed with children. For these and other matters, they implore aid by means of the said rites, showing wicked devotion and every sign of reverence to the Scroll, as though serving an idol. All this is highly injurious to the Faith and insulting to the Creator. As this type of evil must be extirpated, we request that you look into the entire matter most carefully. If you shall find Christians of the sort described, and others, whether they be Jews or Christians, who mislead them, you are to disregard any papal privileges or indulgences these people may claim and proceed against them as idolators and heretics, denying them any right of appeal, and omitting no canonical punishment, so that the guilty may feel the severity of justice.
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 179.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 11, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt and Wetterau
4. Text of Act	[…] We Rudolf, king of the Romans by the grace of God, […] pledge to the noble Ulrich von Hanau and his wife Elisabeth and their heirs taxes to be paid by the Jews who reside in Frankfurt and Gelnhausen (Geilenhusen) […] the amount of the debt is 500 Pound Heller (Pfund Heller). […].
5. Source	Marburg, StA, O I q Hanau, Passivlehen, Orig., lat., Perg. [“Marburg, City Archive, O I q Hanua, Passivlehen, Original, Latin, [on] Parchment Paper”);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher This document was issued and signed by the king in Erfurt, Thuringia.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Expulsion of the Jews from England, decree issued by King Edward I of England
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	To the sheriff of Gloucester. Whereas the king has prefixed to all the Jews of his realm a certain time to pass out of the realm, and he wills that they shall not be treated by his ministers or others otherwise than has been customory [sic], he orders the sheriff to cause proclamation to be made throughout his bailiwick prohibiting any one from injuring or wronging the Jews within the said time. He is ordered to cause the Jews to have safe-conduct at their cost when they, with their chattels, which the king has granted to them, direct their steps towards London in order to cross the sea, provided that before they leave they restore the pledges of Christians in their possession to those to whom they belong. The like to the sheriffs of Essex, York, Northampton, and Lincoln. Also to the sheriff of Hereford and Southampton.
5. Source	Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office London : H. M. Stationery Office, 1904, Vol. III (1288-1296), p. 95. Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 18, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rudolf
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	King Rudolf permits the previous Schultheiss* of Frankfurt Heinrich and his heirs, and bestows grace upon the Burgmann* of Rödelheim that they may settle [and keep] six Jews near the castle of Rödelsheim, however, [these 6 Jews] they must not be taken/solicited from the other royal cities; any profits/gains to be realized from these Jews are to be used for the construction/expansion of the castle [In all other aspects, Jews are to have the same rights a those in Frankfurt.]
5. Source	Codex diplomaticus mœnofrancofurtanus. Urkundenbuch der Reichsstadt Frankfurt. Herausgegeben von Johann Friedrich Boehmer. Erster Band. 794-1314. Edited by Friedrich Lau. (Book of writs of the Imperial City of Frankfurt. Published by Johann Friedrich Boehmer. First volume 794-1314. Edited by Friedrich Lau.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1901);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text both of which can be found in the cited source. *Burgmann (literally: 'man-of-the-castle' was a title of nobility.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 30, 1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Document/Letter” issued by Emperor Rudolf I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Rudolf, Roman Emperor by the grace of God, relieve all the citizens* of Nordhausen of their taxes and levies for two subsequent years starting from the upcoming Saint Martin’s Feast. […] the services that are to be rendered to us by the Jews who reside in the city (‘judie in civitate ipsorumresidentes’) shall be appropriately/peacefully decided by the citizens. […]
5. Source	Nordhausen, StadtA, 1.2. II Na 17, Das Rauhe Buch, fol. 4r/v, Abschr. (nach 1350), lat., Perg. (“Nordhausen City Archive, 1.2. II Na 17, The Rough Book, fol. 4r/v, Copy (after 1350), Latin, [on] parchment paper”);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher *While Rudolf exempts the [Christian] citizens of Nordhausen from all taxes and levies for two years, he does not relieve the Jews from such levies but leaves it up to the citizens to make that decision.