1. Full Date of Act | Sep. 20, 1308 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of Henry VII of Luxemburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Henry VII of Luxemburg promises […] that in case that he is elected Roman King, he will [grant/give] Archbishop Henry II of Cologne - among other things, the Jews of Dortmund as well as ownership of all escort [fees] from the Jews in the entire diocese. |
5. Source | Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
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8. Notes |
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OAJA Acts
Page 27 of 155
1. Full Date of Act | Nov. 28, 1308 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Order” of Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VII |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany; Free City of Frankfurt a. Main |
4. Text of Act | […] We, Heinrich [VII] […], elected King of the Romans […] declare all Jews of both sexes […] who are currently living or will live in the future in the cities of Rheinau and Molsheim of the Diocese of Strasbourg and Rufach and Sulz in the Diocese of Basel to be the eternal possessions of the Church of Strasbourg, so that they serve [the Church] and belong to them rightfully […] as a consolation of the great losses [the Church has] suffered in the service of the Kingdom (Reich) and as an incentive for all future assistance of the prelates of the Church of Strasbourg […] with the consent of the [Kur-]princes […]. |
5. Source | Strasbourg, AD Bas-Rhin, G 1115, Abschriften aus der Straßburger Bischofskanzlei (16. Jh.) von Transsumpten Kg. Friedrichs des Schönen und Kg. Karls IV. vom 24. März 1315 resp. 25. Oktober 1354 (“Strasbourg, Archive Department [of] Bas-Rhin, G 1115, Transcripts from the Bishop’s office in Strasbourg (16th Century) from an Insert [of] King Fredrick the Fair and King Carl IV from March 24, 1315 [to] October 25, 1354”); |
6. Researcher | None |
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Jan. 24, 1309 |
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2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Writ” of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII addressed to his brother, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | King Henry (‘Heinrich’) instructs his highly-beloved prince and brother, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier to pass on and collect expenses in the amount of 394 Mark Cologne currency, which he accrued for his coronation, from the royal Jews in Boppard. Should they, however, be unable to produce the entire sum [on their own], the royal Jews in Oberwesel are to give the remainder […] |
5. Source | Regesta Imperii. Herausgegeben von der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. VI. Die Regenten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273-1313. Vierte Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1303-1313. (Wien/Weimar/Köln; 2006); (Regesta of the empire. Published by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. VI. The regesta of the empire under Rudolf, Adolf, Albert, Henry VII. 1273-1313. Fourth section. Henry VII. 1288/1303-1313. (Vienna/Weimar/Cologne; 2006); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 6, 1309 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Legal Declaration” of Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VII |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany; Free Imperial Town Speyer/Spire |
4. Text of Act | [… We the] King of the Romans declare that we wish to reward Our beloved and faithful Count Theobald, in return for his […] service to Our kingdom, […] by giving him [as a present] the money which he had extorted and collected from the Jews during the short vacancy of Our Throne [regency]. |
5. Source | Genealogia diplomatica gentis Habsburgicae 2, 2, Nr. 701, S. 591. (National Genealogy of Habsburg 2, 2, No. 701, p. 591); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Jun. 8, 1309 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of Henry VII of Luxemburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Henry VII declares that he has come to an agreement with the Archbishop Peter of Mainz in that instead of paying him annually the tithe from the Jews in Germany which he’s entitled to as Arch-Chancellor, he’s instead to be given 600 Pfund Heller […] as long as it pleases [the two of] them. |
5. Source | Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Jul. 19, 1309 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of Henry VII of Luxemburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Henry VII permits the nobleman Friedrich von Schleiden, his blood-relative, to admit and keep Jews in his castle Schleiden to improve his imperial-loans/domains. |
5. Source | Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Aug. 1, 1309 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of Henry VII of Luxemburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Henry VII loans/pledges the local Jews [in Eichstätt] to the Bishop of Eichstätt (‘Eichstädt’), and [orders that] Jews are to serve him and no longer the empire. |
5. Source | Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Dec. 3, 1309 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of King Henry |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | King Henry permits Hofmeister Johann [II.] of Braunshorn and Beilstein [along with the permission to build a fortress in the valley under the castle …] to settle/keep ten Jews there as well and to use/take advantage of their services until the king has paid him 200 Mark […] |
5. Source | Böhmer, Johann Friedrich: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, und Heinrich VII. 1273-1313. Vierte Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308-1313. (Regesta of the Empire under Rudolph, Adolph, Albert, Henry VII 1273-1313. Fourth section: Henry VI. 1288/1308-1313.) Mainz; 2014; |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | "Diocesan Synod of Trier" Issued by Archbishop Balduin |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Commentary from other sources: 1) Vicesimo septimo, scienter coiens cum Iudaea vel Saracena vel Pagana vel e converso. Ista sunt statuta salubria provincialis concilii Trevirensis edita sollempniter per reverendum in Christo patrem et dominum Balduinum Dei gratia Trevirensis ecclesiae archiepiscopum sacri imperii per regnum Aralatense archicancellarium et publicata in ecclesia beati Petri Trevirensis, anno Domini MCCC decimo vicesima octava die mensis aprilis ratificata et approbata concorditer per ipsum provinciale concilium. (2)Bonn, UB, Best. S 731, fol. 40r-55r, hier: fol. 48r, Abschr. (14. Jh.), lat., Papier;Koblenz, LHA, Best. 701, Nr. 101, fol. 40v-42v (Abschr., 15. Jh.); ebd., Nr. 306, fol. 68r-90r (Abschr., 15. Jh.) (in beiden fehlt Kap. 89). • GRAYZEL, Church 2 (1989), S. 274 (dort fälschlicherweise als Kap. 93 verzeichnet); Statuta synodalia Trevirensis 1, S. 63-155, hier: S. 114; Sacrorum conciliorum collectio 25, Sp. 247-294, hier: Sp. 272; Concilia Germaniae 4, Sp. 127-165, hier: Sp. 148; Mittelalterliche Handschriften im Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz (2002) 2, S. 89 und 388 (zu den beiden Koblenzer Handschriften) |
5. Source | None |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Jewish Ghetto” |
3. Geography of Act | Free Imperial City of Strasbourg; Present-day France |
4. Text of Act | Comment from Additional Sources: 1) “In a leasing document (certificate), the existence of a Jewish ghetto in Strasbourg is mentioned.” |
5. Source | Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich, hg.v. Alfred Haverkamp und Jörg R. Müller, Trier, Mainz 2014, EL01, Nr. 75, (“Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils”) |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 11, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Edict, issued by Emperor Henry VII, King of Germany, for the City of Nuremberg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Any animals slaughtered by the Jews at Nuremberg shall not be sold at the meat counters of Christians, but in separate and distinct butcher shops or stalls. The aforementioned [i.e., Nuremberger] Jews shall not charge more weekly interest than two hellers per pound heller to a regular citizen of Nuremberg, and not more that three hellers per pound heller to an outsider. On Christian fast days, these [Nuremberger] Jews shall not buy any fish before noon. |
5. Source | Würfel, A. Historische Nachrichten von der Juden-Gemeinde, welche ehehin in der Reichsstadt Nürnberg angericht gewesen, aber anno 1499 ausgeschaffet worden [Historical News of the Jewish Community that was once established in the Imperial City of Nuremberg but was exiled in the year 1499]. Monath: Nuremberg, 1755. Page 126. . |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 17, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Diocesan Synod of Strasbourg” held under Bishop Johann I |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day France; Free Imperial City of Strasbourg |
4. Text of Act | We remind and admonish the spiritual dignitaries and alienators of church properties […]: Furthermore, because chalices are sometimes pawned off to Jews, it has been said, that a certain rudeness of the worst kind has been committed by the enemies of (the cross of) Christ to disgrace the Christian belief. Therefore, in order to avoid such detrimental hazards, we command that none of our subordinates shall from now on arrogate themselves to pawn off any inaugurated chalices to Jews* or to agree to pawn them off or allow them to be pawned off under the punishment of excommunication. Furthermore, we want those offenders, as (we have) put forward in this letter, to be automatically subjected to the punishment of excommunication, and we decide that any such deposits are deemed ineffective. |
5. Source | Medieval Ashkenaz: Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im Spätmittlealterlichen Reich; Synoden und Konzilien 1, Nr. 8 (“Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils 1, No. 8”). |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 25, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Writ” of Lord Remund von Lichtenburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Czech Republic |
4. Text of Act | Redmund von Lichtenburg, Lord of half of the City of Havlickuv Brod* and his nephews Václav, Smil, and [Cenek] permit the citizens of Havlickuv Brod – because they have received 200 Mark from them – to fortify/secure the city; furthermore, they exempt the citizens of all taxes and liens as well as all tolls in Habern for 10 years; however, during this time, they are to [only] submit the annual taxes from the Jews. |
5. Source | Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906) |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | May 1, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of King Henry |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | King Henry [Heinrich] orders that because he has sent his prince, Bishop Philipp [von Rathsamhausen] from Eichstätt to Italy for certain matters regarding the king and the empire (’imperii negociis’) and that he wishes to be rather useful to the church of Eichstätt than harmful […] and that Philipp’s debt with all Jews in the empire (‘in imperio constitutis’) starting with the last Easer-fest (April 19, 1310) until his return to Eichstätt should not accrue any interests or fees, and frees the Bishop and his church and his citizens [of such increases] with royal authority as per the writ. |
5. Source | Böhmer, Johann Friedrich: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, und Heinrich VII. 1273-1313. Vierte Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308-1313. (Regesta of the Empire under Rudolph, Adolph, Albert, Henry VII 1273-1313. Fourth section: Henry VI. 1288/1308-1313.); (Mainz; 2014) |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | May 11, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | "Diocesan Synod of 1310" |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Likewise as when it was once instituted with the utmost sacristy in the holy council, that under the pretext of maintaining the nourishment of their children, Jews are not permitted to have Christian (servants/wet nurses) in their home, neither for service nor for any other reason whatsoever. Accordingly, those Christians will be excommunicated who dare to live with them (Jews), since they (Jews) are able to turn the minds of simple Christians towards their own superstitions, faithlessness, and accursed greediness on account of their continuous association and persistent acquaintance…we conclude that within two months of the publication of this statute that all Christians in our province, who house Jews in their homes under whatever pretext, leave, never to thereafter return. |
5. Source | Concilia Germaniae, Vol. 1 |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Sep. 2, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Order” of King Henry (“Heinrich”) VII |
3. Geography of Act | Luxembourg; Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | King Henry VII of Luxembourg authorizes Archbishop Henry (‘Heinrich’) of Cologne, to release/repurchase the city of Dortmund along with the empire’s office of the mayor and the Jews as well as the empire’s courts (‘Reichshöfe’) Westhofen and Elmenhorst, which were previously leased out […] by Duke Eberhard von der Mark, from him (‘his hands’) and to utilize these feif’s of the empire for his own benefit. |
5. Source | Köln, HAStadt, Best. 210, U 1/830, Orig., lat. Perg. (“Cologne, Main City Archive, Best. 210, U 1/830, Orig[inal], Latin, [on] Parchment Paper”) |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Sep. 5, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Order” of King Heinrich VII |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt and Wetterau |
4. Text of Act | […] all Jews who reside in Our municipalities are to be pledged to Ulrich von Hanau for his service […] against King John of Bohemia […] until he or his successor have been paid six hundred Pounds Heller in full." […] |
5. Source | UB zur Geschichte der Juden in HSTA [Hessisches Staatsarchiv] Marburg 1, Nr. 16, S. 96; (“Certificate Book on the History of the Jews in the Hesse State Archive [of] Marburg 1, No. 16, p. 96”) |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Sep. 6, 1310 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of Henry VII of Luxemburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Henry VII gifts the Abby Henry (‘Heinrich’) von Fuld, his prince and secret council, and his (Henry's) successors and the church of Fuld all Jews present in Fuld as well as in the other castles/domains (‘Burgen’) of this church. |
5. Source | Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | 1311 C.E. |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Statutes” of the City of Mühlhausen, year 1311* |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany [Provisional] |
4. Text of Act | “[…]1) Any debt a citizen holds of another citizen may not be passed on to a Jew for usurious interest (‘ad iudeos sub usura’) or at a disadvantage to a Christian** or he shall be fined with one Mark and a penalty or one month of expulsion from the city. Instead, the debtor is to be made to repay the debt legally in court. 2) The meat of livestock/cattle, which a Jew has slaughtered, may not be sold in a butcher shop but only outside of it [or see a fine] of ten shillings. […] 4) Councilmen are not permitted to tax Jews individually but must require [such taxes] from the Jewry as a whole at a specific date of a year […] except when a foreign Jew arrives [new to the city]. […]” |
5. Source | Mühlhausen i. Th., StadtA, Statuten der Stadt Mühlhausen von 1311, 10/T 8c, fol. 10r, 17r, 18v, 19v, und 28v., dt. und lat. (“Mühlhausen i[n] T[huringia], City Archive, Statutes of the City of Mühlhausen from 1311, 10/T 8c, fol. 10r, 17r, 18v, 19v, und 28v., German and Latin”); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Jun. 21, 1311 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Canons issued by the Council of Ravenna |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Italy |
4. Text of Act | XXIII. Jewish men are to wear a round saffron badge on the breasts of their garments; women, the same, on their head [covering], and thus be distinguishable from Christians. |
5. Source | Du Pin, Louis E. A new Ecclesiastical History, Containing an Account of the Controversies in Religion; the Lives and Writings of Ecclesiastical Authors; an Abridgment of their Works, and a Judgment on their Style and Doctrine: also A Compendious History of the Councils and All Affairs Transacted in the Church. Swalle & Childe: London, 1699. Vol. XII, Page 97. |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Aug. 27, 1311 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Moratorium” issued by King Henry VII (Heinrich VII) |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany; Swabian |
4. Text of Act | [We, …] grant the municipal chief as well as the city councils and citizens of Esslingen a moratorium/deferment of payment on all debts owed to Jews, who reside in Essligen or in any other location of our empire […] for two years [starting] from the date hereof, no interests will also need to be paid on any debt owed to Jews. […] |
5. Source | Stuttgart, HStA, H 51, U 224, Orig., lat., Perg. (“Main State Archiv of Stuttgart, H 51, U 224, Orig[inal], Latin, [on] parchment paper”) |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
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8. Notes |
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1. Full Date of Act | Oct. 11, 1311 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Papal bull “Conquesti Sunt,” from Clement V to the Dean of the Church of Zeitz, Diocese of Naumburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | We are concerned by the complaint of the abbot and chapter of the Benedictine monastery of Paulinzelle, that Brendeke, Abraham, Scauedei and Matheus, brothers of Querfurt and Jews of the Diocese of Halberstadt, have extorted great sums from them by way of usury, and therefore, we order you by Apostolic letter that, if this is so, you are to compel said Jews and their lot to make full restitution to the complainants, under threat of removing them form all intercourse with the faithful, without option of appeal. |
5. Source | Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 220. |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 14, 1312 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Papal Order” of Pope Clemens V. |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt and Wetterau |
4. Text of Act | The Head of the Stift of St. Mariengreden at Mainz is ordered to stop all Jews and Jewesses living within the parishes of the Frankfurter Bartholomew stift for the purpose of giving the Rector of the Frankfurter church, Siegfried, the tithes that he is owed for the properties and houses that are within his parish which previously belong to the Christians. […] In the case of non-payment, the Jews are to leave the houses, vineyard and possessions to the stift [of the prince-bishopric]. After the initial warning, the Frankfurter Jews are to be forced to comply by withdrawing their ability to be in direct contact with the faithful. […] |
5. Source | UB zur Geschichte der Juden in Frankfurt, Nr. 37, S. 11; Regeesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Nr. 149, S. 24. (Certificate Book on the History of the Jews in Frankfurt, No. 37, p. 11; Registers on the History of the Jews in Germany, No. 149, p. 24); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 20, 1312 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of Henry VII of Luxemburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Henry VII absolves the nobleman Conrad von Weinsberg of all his debt [owed] to Jews so that he can [be in a better position] to act/negotiate (‘handeln’) against Count Eberhard von Württemberg (‘Würtemberg’). |
5. Source | Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 31, 1312 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Writ of Henry VII of Luxemburg |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Germany |
4. Text of Act | Henry VII orders […] also the Jews of Frankfurt to give 200 Pounds as aid-money for the war against Count Eberhard of Württemberg (‘Würtemberg’). |
5. Source | Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862); |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
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8. Notes | None |