Acts – Page 37 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 25, 1356
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by Charles IV, "Golden Bull"
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Chapter IX.- Mines of Gold, Silver, and Other Metals - We decree, by this present law, that our successors, the kings of Bohemia, and all the electoral princes, ecclesiastical and secular, shall hold and possess with full rights, all mines of gold, silver, tin, copper iron, lead, or other metals, and all salt works, both those already discovered and those which shall be discovered in the future, situated within their lands, domains, and dependencies. They shall also have authority to tax Jews, the right to collect tolls already in force and all other rights which they or their predecessors have possessed to the present day.
5. Source	"The Golden Bull of Charles IV 1356." Paul Halsall, Fordham University. 1996. Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2013
8. Notes	Researcher Charles IV/Karel IV was Holy Roman Emperor, and although the territory included Germany, it also included a bunch of other countries, like Luxembourg, the Czech Republic (Charles himself was a Czech), Switzerland, Austria, etc.

1. Full Date of Act	1359 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of Jews” issued by Charles V
3. Geography of Act	France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"[Jews must pay] … an entry fee of fourteen florins per head of household and one florin for each member, and, in addition, seven florins per year and by 'land tenure' and a florin for each family member.”
5. Source	Les expulsions des Juifs de France, (The expulsions of the Jews from France) Dr. Richard Rossin, former Secretary General of the MSF. Co-founder of MDM. Delegate of the Collectif Urgence Darfour.
6. Researcher & Translator	Cristina Penland
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1360
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Ordinance Requiring Jews to Wear Distinguishing Markings" issued by Pope Innocent VI, 1360
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "In 1360 an ordinance of the city of Rome required all male Jews, with the exception of physicians, to wear a coarse red cape, and all women to wear a red apron. Inspectors were appointed to enforce the regulation. Noncompliance was punished by a fine of 11 scudi; informers who pointed out offenders were entitled to half the fine." "Jewish Identification: Jewish Badge;" jewishvirtuallibrary.org 2) "The Jews were also forced to labor at the restoration of the walls of Rome without any compensation." "History of the Jews in Italy;" wikipedia.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 13, 1360
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Duke Rudolf IV of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; House of Habsburg
4. Text of Act	We, Rudolf, by the grace of God Duke of Austria, to Styria and Corinthia […] vow and profess publicly with this letter to all who see, hear, or read it, that we vow […] – for us and our brother and all of our heir/successors, Archdukes of Austria, to Styria and Corinthia […] – that we will and shall not receive, accept/take in, protect or keep […] Jews who come in from their lands, principalities, domains, and cities wherever they may be located or may be called […] except [when on order of…] our lord/ruler, the emperor and once king of Bohemia and Margrave of Moravia […].
5. Source	Korunni Archiv Cesky. Sbirka Statnich Listin Koruny Ceske Z Doby Od R. 1306 Do R. 1378). Podporou “Ceske Akademie Ciscare Frantiska vydal Dr. Hermenegild Jirecek. (Praze; 1896); (Chief Czech Archive. Collection of National Documents of Czech Crowns/Kings from 1306 to 1378. With the Support of the Czech Academy Ciscare Frantiska Josefa, published by Dr. Hermenegild Jirecek.); (Prague; 1896)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1361
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Cancelation of Debts Owed to Jews” issued by Ottocar I
3. Geography of Act	Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1361 he (Ottocar) personally examined the notes held by the Jews against citizens of the Altstadt and canceled those which had not been paid; five years later he transferred the house of the Jew Lazarus, in the vicinity of the Church of St. Nicholas, to the university.” Gotthard Deutsch and Schulim Oschser: Jewish Encyclopedia: Prague; jewishencyclopedia.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 10, 1361
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Mandate, issued by Emperor Carl IV, to the Jewish moneylenders in Strasbourg and elsewhere in the empire
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France, Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Charles, by God’s grace King of the Romans etc., herewith release, by Imperial grace and the perfection of Imperial power, and with righteous awareness, the noblemen Eberhard and Ulrich, landgraves of Württemberg, and all of their heirs, their dominion, their servants, their cities, the poor among their subjects and their guarantors, from all debt incurred in the year 1349 and afterwards, that are owed to the Jews, Our chamber servants [‘Kammerknechte,’ i.e., the property of the Emperor), wherever they may have resided or reside now, as well as from any claims and damages stemming from these debts.
5. Source	Württembergische Kammer der Abgeordneten [Württemberg Chamber of Representatives] (govt. body). Verhandlungen der Württembergischen Kammer der Abgeordneten in den Jahren 1862 bis 64 (Proceedings of the Württemberg Chamber of Representatives in the Years 1862 to 1864). First Volume of Appendices, Second Part. Metzler: Stuttgart, 1863-1864. Page 1168.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher for an explanation of Jewish “chamber servitude” in the Middle Ages, see “KAMMERKNECHTSCHAFT” at www.jewishencyclopedia.com.

1. Full Date of Act	1365
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews" issued by the Magistrate of Metz
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) In 1365 they [Jews] were expelled by the magistrates, who assigned their presence as the cause of the destruction of twenty-two houses by lightning. Deutsch, Gotthard and U. Ury: Metz; Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 30, 1365
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV addressed to the [City] Council of Basel
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Switzerland; Prince-Bishopric of Basel
4. Text of Act	[Charles IV transfer jurisdiction of Jews in Basel to the city itself and orders them …] to obediently shield/protect Jews - Our chamber-servants, who are presently in Basel or who will be moving there in the future and to tax and to enjoy them/their taxes (‘niessen’) […] and that these Jews shan’t be beholden to anyone [but to them …] until We retract [this given privilege…]
5. Source	Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde. Herausgegeben von der Historischen und antiquarischen Gesellschaft zu Basel. Siebenter Band. (Basel magazine/journal for history and antiquity. Published by the Historical and Antiquarian Society of Basel. Seventh volume.); (Basel; 1908)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 6, 1366
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” issued and signed by Field-Judge (‘Feldrichter’) Ruprecht Geresdorfer
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[A lease agreement between various people named and the cloister regarding land to be leased for the purpose of growing grapes/wine and the manner in which payments are to be made and when. The lessees are allowed to sell or transfer their shares] how-ever and to whomever they want, […] except to Jews - such letter/contract transferred/sold to Jews shall have no legal weight/be invalid. […].
5. Source	Brugger, Eveline; Birgit Wiede: Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Österreich im Mittelalter. Band 3: 1366-1386. Herausgegeben vom Institut für jüdische Geschichte Österreichs. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Austria in the Middle Ages. Volume 3: 1366-1386. Published by the Institute for Jewish history in Austria.); (Innsbruck; 2015)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 12, 1366
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued to a friar (‘Minoriten’) by the City [Council] of Gastrogiovanni
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	[…] to ensure that the synagogues that are being built [by Jews] are unadorned (simply) and appropriately small according to regulations […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte und Literatur. Von Dr. Zunz. Erster Band. (Regarding History and Literature. By Dr. Zunz. First Volume.); (Berlin; 1845);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 2, 1366
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Ruprecht I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[Ruprecht] gives [the Jews Weinheim, Godelieb, Moysse, Nurnberg, and Symelyn …] legal authority to punish Jews for any immodesty on this side of the Rhine and according to the assessment of the local authorities […].
5. Source	Regesten der Pfalzgrafen am Rhein 1214 – 1508. Herausgegeben von dem Badischen Historischen Commission. Erster Band. 1214-1400. (Regesta of the Counts of Palatine on the Rhine. 1214-1508. Published by the Historical Commission of Baden [Germany]. First Volume. 1214-1400.); (Innsbruck; 1894);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 11, 1366
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Ruprecht I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[Ruprecht orders …] the Jews of Heidelberg are to give 100 Gulden annually for six years […] however, but they are to remain free of any other taxes/levies (except a Jew named Gottlieb who is to maintain his current freedoms.) […].
5. Source	Regesten der Pfalzgrafen am Rhein 1214 – 1508. Herausgegeben von dem Badischen Historischen Commission. Erster Band. 1214-1400. (“Regesta of the Counts of Palatine on the Rhine. 1214-1508. Published by the Historical Commission of Baden [Germany]. First Volume. 1214-1400.”) Innsbruck; 1894;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 19, 1366
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” of Emperor Charles IV addressed to the Mayor/Magistrate (‘Schultheiß’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany, Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may neither be permitted to establish laws among themselves nor set up [legal] courts. […].
5. Source	Reichs-Stättisches Hand Buch. Erster Theil. Von Johann Jacob Moser, herzoglich Württembergischen Regierungs-Rath und Professor Juris zu Tübingen. (Hand book of Imperial-Settlement. First part. Von Johann Jacob Moser, Governmental Council of the Duchy of Württemberg and Professor of Law in Tübingen); (Tübingen; 1732);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary of the original text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	1367
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews"
3. Geography of Act	Hungary
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Hungary. "Ger 312 Jews 14th - 17th Centuries;" aclassen.faculty.arizona.edu
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 6, 1367
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree of Expulsion” issued by Charles V
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France; Kingdom of France
4. Text of Act	Charles V orders the expulsion of Jews and an inventory of their property.
5. Source	Wittmayer Baron, Salo: A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Late Middle Ages and Era of European Expansion 1200-1650. Volume X. (New York/London; 1965);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 1, 1367
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Letter/Writ of Protection” ('Schutzbrief') issued by Rupert I, Elector Palatine (Heidelberg) (Pfalzgraf Ruprecht I, der Rote)
3. Geography of Act	Elector Palatine; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Ruprecht I takes all non-resident (‘feltsiechen’) Jews under his protection and grants them the same rights as the resident Jews (‘truwenhelder’) […] except, Jews are not to have any contact with the people of the Palatine (‘wandelunge und zusprachunge’). […] The first non-resident Jew who settles [in the Palatine] is to give 200 Gulden annually for the next three years and each Jew who settles there after him pay 25 Gulden. Each Jews must guarantee the proper payment his entire life. […]
5. Source	Regesten der Pfalzgrafen am Rhein 1214 – 1508. Herausgegeben von dem Badischen Historischen Commission. Erster Band. 1214-1400. (Regesta of the Counts of Palatine on the Rhine. 1214-1508. Published by the Historical Commission of Baden [Germany]. First Volume. 1214-1400.) Innsbruck; 1894
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a summary of the original. The quotes in the parentheses are from the original text.

1. Full Date of Act	1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Special tax issued by German government
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “LEIBZOLL (Ger., ‘body tax’), a special tax levied on Jews in Europe. Known under a variety of names – Judengeleit, Leibmauth, Judenzoll, péage corporel, etc. – it was first levied by the three landgraves of Thuringia in 1368, and became more common after the major expulsions of the 15th and 16th centuries. Principalities which excluded Jews issued, for a fee, a ticket of passage or limited sojourn which guaranteed their safety, enabled the authorities to control their coming and going, and was also a source of income. Due to the political fragmentation of Europe, having to pay the Leibzoll (in addition to the regular customs duties) was for the Jews a moral degradation as well as an economic burden, for the Leibzoll was accompanied by humiliating legal formulas. In addition, it was levied many times within one political or provincial unit, according to local usage.” “Leibzoll.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jews required to wear a patch"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vabres orders Jews to wear a round patch. "The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;" sohmer.net
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 12, 1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Albert III, Duke of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We also hold, specifically, that no Jew shall make any purchases for resale or on commission, neither with gold nor with silver, nor with any coin or bill of exchange; the sole exception to this is that they may sell their small items, and those received as collateral, to the best of their ability, as has been the custom since days of old.
5. Source	von Wertheimer, Joseph. Die Juden in Österreich (The Jews in Austria). Mayer & Wigand: Leipzig, 1842. Volume I. Page 149.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 20, 1372
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Count Engelbert III of the Mark
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Engelbert (‘Engelbrecht’), Count of Mark announce to all Jews publicly, who are in Dortmund or will come to the city in the future [that we vow to protect them and allow them to enter and pass through the County of Dortmund or to settle there…] for which each married couple is to give 4 Marks [to Us and] each unwedded [person] is to give 2 Marks in so far as he pursues usury on his own…].
5. Source	Hübner, Rudolf: Der Immobiliarprozess der Fränkischen Zeit. (Breslau; 1893); (The real estate process of the Franconian period.) (Wroclaw; 1893);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 29, 1373
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew Ordinance, issued by the City Council of Cologne
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	It is ordered that neither Jews nor Jewesses shall loan any money against wet or bloody garments, nor against any small items that appear to belong to a church.
5. Source	Weyden, Ernst. Geschichte der Juden in Köln am Rhein von den Römerzeiten bis auf die Gegenwart (History of the Jews in Cologne, from Roman Times Until the Present). DuMont: Cologne, 1867. Page 386.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 14, 1375
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rules of the City of Strasbourg concerning Jewish business practices.
3. Geography of Act	Imperial Free City of Strasbourg
4. Text of Act	Jews were forbidden to demand more than two pennies of the pound or one of ten shillings or a half of five as interest per week; nor were they to take compound interest from their debtors in the event of arrears of payment before the expiration of half a year.
5. Source	Helmut Castritius, Alfred Haverkamp, Franz Irsigler, Stefi Jersch-Wenzel, “Forschung zur Geschichte der Juden [Research on the History of the Jews],” Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover, 1995, p. 142, available from ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de.
6. Researcher	Gleb Lidman (Goodwin Procter), Hanna Kaufhold (Goodwin Procter)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher We have been unable to find a copy of the original order but it is footnoted in the above source as “UBS V, 1896, S. 880-883.”

1. Full Date of Act	1376
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” ordered by King Louis of Hungary
3. Geography of Act	Hungary
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “King Louis of Hungary expels the Jews from Buda.” Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500; A History of East Central Europe, Volume III (1994)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 23, 1376
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Count Engelbert III of the Mark
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The protection-fees of Jews in the city of Dortmund are transferred/pledged by Count Engelbert and his brother Dietrich to the city of Dortmund until the amount of 366 Mark and 6 Schillings, a debt which Johann Wickede paid off for the Counts, is settled.
5. Source	Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben. Herausgegeben von Dr. Abraham Geiger, Rabbiner der israelischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt a. M. Fünfter Jahrgang. (Breslau; 1867); (Jewish Journal for science and life. Edited/published by Abraham Geiger, PhD, Rabbi of the Israeli community in Frankfurt a. M. Fifth annual issue.) (Wroclaw; 1867);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 3, 1377
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Emperor Charles IV of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	Emperor Karl IV permits the mayor (‘Bürgermeister’) and the City Council and the citizens of the city of Eger, to place a tax on the city, the land, and on the Jews of Eger* and to make adjustments in the years to come, during which they are to be free of any taxes to the royal chamber […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher Given that Jews were considered the proper possessions of kings and emperors, it’s noteworthy here that Jews were ultimately taxed like property unlike the other citizens of Eger.