Acts – Page 38 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 11, 1366
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Ruprecht I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[Ruprecht orders …] the Jews of Heidelberg are to give 100 Gulden annually for six years […] however, but they are to remain free of any other taxes/levies (except a Jew named Gottlieb who is to maintain his current freedoms.) […].
5. Source	Regesten der Pfalzgrafen am Rhein 1214 – 1508. Herausgegeben von dem Badischen Historischen Commission. Erster Band. 1214-1400. (“Regesta of the Counts of Palatine on the Rhine. 1214-1508. Published by the Historical Commission of Baden [Germany]. First Volume. 1214-1400.”) Innsbruck; 1894;
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 19, 1366
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” of Emperor Charles IV addressed to the Mayor/Magistrate (‘Schultheiß’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany, Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may neither be permitted to establish laws among themselves nor set up [legal] courts. […].
5. Source	Reichs-Stättisches Hand Buch. Erster Theil. Von Johann Jacob Moser, herzoglich Württembergischen Regierungs-Rath und Professor Juris zu Tübingen. (Hand book of Imperial-Settlement. First part. Von Johann Jacob Moser, Governmental Council of the Duchy of Württemberg and Professor of Law in Tübingen); (Tübingen; 1732);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary of the original text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	1367
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews"
3. Geography of Act	Hungary
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Hungary. "Ger 312 Jews 14th - 17th Centuries;" aclassen.faculty.arizona.edu
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 6, 1367
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree of Expulsion” issued by Charles V
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France; Kingdom of France
4. Text of Act	Charles V orders the expulsion of Jews and an inventory of their property.
5. Source	Wittmayer Baron, Salo: A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Late Middle Ages and Era of European Expansion 1200-1650. Volume X. (New York/London; 1965);
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 1, 1367
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Letter/Writ of Protection” ('Schutzbrief') issued by Rupert I, Elector Palatine (Heidelberg) (Pfalzgraf Ruprecht I, der Rote)
3. Geography of Act	Elector Palatine; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Ruprecht I takes all non-resident (‘feltsiechen’) Jews under his protection and grants them the same rights as the resident Jews (‘truwenhelder’) […] except, Jews are not to have any contact with the people of the Palatine (‘wandelunge und zusprachunge’). […] The first non-resident Jew who settles [in the Palatine] is to give 200 Gulden annually for the next three years and each Jew who settles there after him pay 25 Gulden. Each Jews must guarantee the proper payment his entire life. […]
5. Source	Regesten der Pfalzgrafen am Rhein 1214 – 1508. Herausgegeben von dem Badischen Historischen Commission. Erster Band. 1214-1400. (Regesta of the Counts of Palatine on the Rhine. 1214-1508. Published by the Historical Commission of Baden [Germany]. First Volume. 1214-1400.) Innsbruck; 1894
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a summary of the original. The quotes in the parentheses are from the original text.

1. Full Date of Act	1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Special tax issued by German government
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “LEIBZOLL (Ger., ‘body tax’), a special tax levied on Jews in Europe. Known under a variety of names – Judengeleit, Leibmauth, Judenzoll, péage corporel, etc. – it was first levied by the three landgraves of Thuringia in 1368, and became more common after the major expulsions of the 15th and 16th centuries. Principalities which excluded Jews issued, for a fee, a ticket of passage or limited sojourn which guaranteed their safety, enabled the authorities to control their coming and going, and was also a source of income. Due to the political fragmentation of Europe, having to pay the Leibzoll (in addition to the regular customs duties) was for the Jews a moral degradation as well as an economic burden, for the Leibzoll was accompanied by humiliating legal formulas. In addition, it was levied many times within one political or provincial unit, according to local usage.” “Leibzoll.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jews required to wear a patch"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vabres orders Jews to wear a round patch. "The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;" sohmer.net
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 12, 1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Albert III, Duke of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We also hold, specifically, that no Jew shall make any purchases for resale or on commission, neither with gold nor with silver, nor with any coin or bill of exchange; the sole exception to this is that they may sell their small items, and those received as collateral, to the best of their ability, as has been the custom since days of old.
5. Source	von Wertheimer, Joseph. Die Juden in Österreich (The Jews in Austria). Mayer & Wigand: Leipzig, 1842. Volume I. Page 149.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 20, 1372
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Count Engelbert III of the Mark
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Engelbert (‘Engelbrecht’), Count of Mark announce to all Jews publicly, who are in Dortmund or will come to the city in the future [that we vow to protect them and allow them to enter and pass through the County of Dortmund or to settle there…] for which each married couple is to give 4 Marks [to Us and] each unwedded [person] is to give 2 Marks in so far as he pursues usury on his own…].
5. Source	Hübner, Rudolf: Der Immobiliarprozess der Fränkischen Zeit. (Breslau; 1893); (The real estate process of the Franconian period.) (Wroclaw; 1893);
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 29, 1373
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew Ordinance, issued by the City Council of Cologne
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	It is ordered that neither Jews nor Jewesses shall loan any money against wet or bloody garments, nor against any small items that appear to belong to a church.
5. Source	Weyden, Ernst. Geschichte der Juden in Köln am Rhein von den Römerzeiten bis auf die Gegenwart (History of the Jews in Cologne, from Roman Times Until the Present). DuMont: Cologne, 1867. Page 386.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 14, 1375
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rules of the City of Strasbourg concerning Jewish business practices.
3. Geography of Act	Imperial Free City of Strasbourg
4. Text of Act	Jews were forbidden to demand more than two pennies of the pound or one of ten shillings or a half of five as interest per week; nor were they to take compound interest from their debtors in the event of arrears of payment before the expiration of half a year.
5. Source	Helmut Castritius, Alfred Haverkamp, Franz Irsigler, Stefi Jersch-Wenzel, “Forschung zur Geschichte der Juden [Research on the History of the Jews],” Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover, 1995, p. 142, available from ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher We have been unable to find a copy of the original order but it is footnoted in the above source as “UBS V, 1896, S. 880-883.”

1. Full Date of Act	1376
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” ordered by King Louis of Hungary
3. Geography of Act	Hungary
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “King Louis of Hungary expels the Jews from Buda.” Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500; A History of East Central Europe, Volume III (1994)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 23, 1376
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of Count Engelbert III of the Mark
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The protection-fees of Jews in the city of Dortmund are transferred/pledged by Count Engelbert and his brother Dietrich to the city of Dortmund until the amount of 366 Mark and 6 Schillings, a debt which Johann Wickede paid off for the Counts, is settled.
5. Source	Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben. Herausgegeben von Dr. Abraham Geiger, Rabbiner der israelischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt a. M. Fünfter Jahrgang. (Breslau; 1867); (Jewish Journal for science and life. Edited/published by Abraham Geiger, PhD, Rabbi of the Israeli community in Frankfurt a. M. Fifth annual issue.) (Wroclaw; 1867);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 3, 1377
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Emperor Charles IV of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	Emperor Karl IV permits the mayor (‘Bürgermeister’) and the City Council and the citizens of the city of Eger, to place a tax on the city, the land, and on the Jews of Eger* and to make adjustments in the years to come, during which they are to be free of any taxes to the royal chamber […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Given that Jews were considered the proper possessions of kings and emperors, it’s noteworthy here that Jews were ultimately taxed like property unlike the other citizens of Eger.

1. Full Date of Act	May 31, 1377
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Privilege” issued to eighteen Swabian imperial cities by Wenceslaus
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Swabian
4. Text of Act	We, Wenceslaus (‘Wenczlaw’), Roman king by the grace of God, […] announce herewith and let it be known with this letter [that we renew the privileges given to …] the cities: Ulm, Konstanz, Esslingen, Reutlingen, Rottweil, Überlingen, Memmingen, Biberach [an der Riss], Ravensburg, Lindau, St. Gallen, Kempten, Kaufbeuren, Leutkirch and Isny [im Allgäu], Buchhorn [and confirm their independence/freedom and promise not to move/exchange, sell, or let it expire … and transfer all common taxes, including those due from Jews to these cities …].
5. Source	Deutsche Reichstagsacten unter König Wenzel. Erster Band. Erste Abteilung. 1376-1387. Herausgegeben von Julius Weizsäcker. (München; 1867); (German Parliamentary Files/Documents of King Wenceslaus. First Volume. First section. 1376-1387); Munich; 1867.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Editor Holy Roman Empire/Free Imperial Cities of the Swabian Leagues of Cities; Present-day Germany, Switzerland Researcher Transferring jurisdiction over Jews to the individual cities meant that these could then tax Jew as they saw fit.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 28, 1379
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order of the Queen Dona Juana, wife to Henry II of Castilla, to confiscate a synagogue and give it to the Catholic Church, Valladolid, Castilla
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act	Know that I was told to me and I knew for certain, that the Jews of the Ajama of this town had a small house of prayer. And then they made it much greater and nobler and more precious than it was first, and of much greater value than the parish where it is located, even though they were not allowed to do so. (…) And as this is against the law and in great service of God and prejudice of said parish, therefore I want to continue and guard according to the rights that are established in this case, in which it is said that the Jews cannot build new synagogues or make old ones better than they were before, and if they do so, the Jews should lose the building to the church. (…) Because I order you that after seeing my ordenance, (…) that you give possession of this synagogue located in the city of Valencia, to Don Gutierre for that same grace Bishop of Oviedo.
5. Source	“Apuntes sobre los judíos coyantinos y sus sinagogas (siglos XIV y XV),” (Notes on the Coyantino Jews and their synagogues (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries)); by Miguel Angel Millán Abad. Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 26, 1380
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Written Order" issued by Duke Albrecht III
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] We order, with grace, our Jews from Newnburg […] and our other Jews from Vienna […] that this wall is to be - and to remain - sealed off […] and it is not to be used now or at a later time as a passage […] and that the gate is not to be entrusted to the above mentioned Jews.
5. Source	Quellen and Forschungen zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutsch-Österreich (Band II); (1909) (Sources and Researches to the History of the Jews in German[y]/Austria (Volume II))
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Albrecht ordered to have a wall erected that would seal off the gate that permitted Jews access to their Jewish Quarters.

1. Full Date of Act	1381
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews from Strasbourg"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Strasbourg. "Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;" sullivan-county.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 4, 1383
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Ordinance, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	3. What the Jews’ own council agree on by majority, the others shall not contradict, lest they pay a penalty of ten guilders to the City. 4. Nobody shall board a foreign Jew longer than one week, except a student who is here to learn; and whoever keeps a Jew any longer, shall pay a penalty of one guilder per day, as well as the foreign Jew. 8. Also, none of our Jews shall lend any money to a foreign Jew; any Jew proven to have lent money to a foreign Jew shall pay a quarter of the sum to the City. 9. No foreign Jew may lend any money in the City, whether with or without interest. 10. The citizens of the Council also ordain that none of our Jews and Jewesses, here already or yet to arrive, shall pledge allegiance to any other lord or realm, nor become their citizens, unless they have renounced their [Nuremberg] privileges before the Council. Any proven contravention shall incur a fine of one thousand guilders, and the estate of the Jew, all of his property, wealth, and loan claims shall fall to the City.
5. Source	Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 229.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 10, 1383
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish-school (Synagogue)” issued the Mayor and [City] Council of Zurich
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Switzerland
4. Text of Act	All Jews in our city are to attend the same school […] and henceforth, they are not to separate themselves [into smaller special groups …]. No Jew is to make things difficult for another - at school or on their way to school - or to commit a heinous act, whether in words or in deeds. The [City] Council is to punish those, who do this, harshly.
5. Source	Die Zürcher Stadtbücher des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts. Auf Veranlassung der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zürich. Herausgegeben mit Geschichtlichen Anmerkungen von H. Zeller-Werdmüller. I. Band. (City-ledger of Zurich for the 14th and 15th Century. [Complied/Printed] At the request of the Antiquarian Society in Zurich. Published with historical annotations by H. Zeller-Werdmüller. Volume I.); (Leipzig; 1899);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 24, 1385
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia orders all judges to secretly and silently arrest and hold all Jews in their jurisdiction this next Friday after the day of Reminiscers Sunday [March 3] at 2 am and to make sure that none of them escape. After closing off their homes and locking away their belongings, they are to watch over the Jews and their possessions as long as this order is valid.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text which can be found in its entirety in Franz Palachy’s Ueber Formelbücher, zunächst in Bezug auf böhmische Geschichte. Nebst Beilagen.

1. Full Date of Act	May 21, 1385
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Swabian League of Cities
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Those who owe any debts to Jews, be the debtor rich or poor, shall settle their debts until August 24 of this year, but have the right to deduct one quarter from the total amount owed, as well as from the interest due. However, those who have borrowed from Jews in the current year, shall be relieved of any interest payments by the grace of His Majesty the King. In the future, Jews may only charge a maximum interest of one guilder for every ten guilders, every two years.
5. Source	Schreiber, Heinrich. Geschichte der Stadt und Universität Freiburg im Breisgau (History of the City and University of Freiburg im Breisgau). Vol. III. Wangler: Freiburg, 1857. Page 39.
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 10, 1385
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Agreement on the Legal Residence of Jews,” enacted by the Swabian League of Cities
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, the united cities, which maintain the League in Swabia, having convened in Ulm, recognizing the matters before us, which have caused ill will and dispute among men [in our cities], have decided in our Council, that as of one year from today’s date, no city in our league shall admit any Jew as a citizen who is not [already] a resident citizen of one of our cities, nor shall they admit him otherwise.
5. Source	Historical Commission of the Royal Academy of Sciences (Ed.). Die Chroniken der fränkischen Städte. Nürnberg (Volume 1) [The Chronicles of the Frankish Cities. Nuremberg (Volume 1)]. Hirzel: Leipzig, 1862. Page 114.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Swabian League of Cities (German: Schwäbischer Städtebund) was an alliance between free imperial cities in and around the area now defined as south-western Germany. Its objective was the maintenance of the privileges, rights, and freedoms of its members, and it therefore also opposed the territorial ambitions of surrounding states within the Holy Roman Empire, such as Bavaria, Württemberg, and Austria.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 12, 1385
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“On the Repayment of Jew-Debts,” enacted by the Swabian League of Cities
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	1. If someone borrows money from the Jews within a year of this agreement with our king, the borrower shall pay back the capital only, and all interest shall be waived. 2. If the money was borrowed before this agreement, capital and interest shall be added, and the borrower shall pay back only three quarters of the resulting sum.
5. Source	Historical Commission of the Royal Academy of Sciences (Ed.). Deutsche Reichstagakten (Erster Band) [Documents of the German Imperial Diet (Volume 1)]. Cotta: Munich, 1867. Page 492.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Swabian League of Cities (German: Schwäbischer Städtebund) was an alliance between free imperial cities in and around the area now defined as south-western Germany. Its objective was the maintenance of the privileges, rights, and freedoms of its members, and it therefore also opposed the territorial ambitions of surrounding states within the Holy Roman Empire, such as Bavaria, Württemberg, and Austria.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1385
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Regulations” issued for Coburg by Margrave Katharine and her Sons
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] pawnbroking is permitted to Jews except with chasubles, bloody garments, wet hats, and cuirasses/armor/harnesses ('Harnische') from the castle in Coburg. Jews who wish to move away from Coburg may do so unhindered, but may not owe any outstanding taxes […]”
5. Source	Lämmerhirt, Maike: Juden in den wettinischen Herschaftsgebieten: Recht, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft im Spätmittelalter. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Thüringen; Kleine Reihe Band 21; (Wien/Köln; 2007); (“Jews in the Wettinian Territories/Dominions: Law, Administration, and Economy in the late Middle Ages. Publications of the Historical Commission for Thuringia; Small Series Volume 21; (Vienna/Cologne; 2007)”);
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Margrave is a medieval title of royal, chivalric rank — it was a hereditary title given to nobles who had jurisdiction over a certain domain and whose job it was to oversee and defend a border province during the Holy Roman Empire and/or a kingdom.