Acts – Page 40 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 23, 1398
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Letter* of Protection to Jews (‘Judenschutzbrief’)” issued to Duke Heinrich of Slesia
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Silesia-Wroclaw
4. Text of Act	We, Henry [Heinrich] Duke of Silesia by the grace of God, […] announce publicly to everyone who sees, hears or reads this letter […] that the Jews shall pay us every year - for six [consecutive] years - three Mark (of interest), half of which is to be due on Walpurgis Night (April 30) and the other half on St. Michael’s Day […].
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Slesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Duke’s helm seal (Helmetsiegel) hangs on a strip of parchment paper in dark wax of the original document. *Many of the ordinances and laws in the Early Middle-Ages were issued in the form of "letters."

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 26, 1400
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Ruprecht to (all) Electors, Princes, Custom Officials, and Servants
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Wittelsbach Dynasty
4. Text of Act	We, Ruprecht […] command with this official letter […] and until this order is revoked, that all the Jews of the empire […] pay a tax called the golden penny ('gulden pfennig') due on St. Jacob’s Day […].
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 1; (King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; collected and shared by Moritz Stern);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 6, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Ruprecht to the City of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Wittelsbach Dynasty
4. Text of Act	We, Ruprecht, Roman Emperor by the grace of God, […] command with this official letter to all who see or hear of this, […] 3) Thus should each Jew or Jewess who has come of age, and who lives in the city of Nuremberg or moves into the city, pay a gold coin ('Gulden') into our Royal chambers once a year […]. 5) And Jews who want to move out of the city and want to sell their inheritance or property are only to do so to the citizens of Nuremberg and to no one else. […]
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 3; (“King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; collected and shared by Moritz Stern”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 9, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Rupert, King of Germany, for the City of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Every Jew who is at least thirteen years old shall pay Us, every year on Christmas Day, a righteous tribute of one guilder, and We shall not allow anyone near that money except those whom We deputize to collect it, and it shall not go anywhere but into Our imperial tax chamber.
5. Source	Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen (Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs). Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 108.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 24, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Ruprecht
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Wittelsbach Dynasty
4. Text of Act	We, Rupert, king of the Romans by the grace of God, order the Jews and [Our] chamber-servants of Frankfurt to give 550 gold coins (“Gulden”) to Heinrich Melbecher, the Chancellor to the County Canton of Alzey ('Landschreiber zu Alzey'). […]
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 3; (“King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; collected and shared by Moritz Stern”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 5, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rupert
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	King Rupert (‘Ruprecht’) pawns off to Count Johann von Wertheim the castles in Neuenburg on the Härtsfeld (‘Nuwburg uff dem Hartemfelde’) and the escort[-fees], [customs-]tolls, coins, and the Jews.
5. Source	Regesta Imperii. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz. (Academy of Sciences and Literature of Mainz). [Regg. Pfalzgrafen 2] Ruprecht (Rupert) I. (1400-1410); www.regesta-imperii.de.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher A copy of the original hand-written document can be found in the Austrian online database www.archivinformationssystem.at

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 4, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Ruprecht
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Wittelsbach Dynasty
4. Text of Act	We, Ruprecht, […] order with this letter officially, that the Jews of Cologne […] give Our beloved and faithful Wilhelm Freschin -- provost to the apostles to Cologne -- and Schilling of Flig -- Hofmeister to the venerable Archbishop Friedrich of Cologne and Our beloved nephew -- […] a golden penny ('guldin pfennig') annually for their magnificent service which they have afforded to Us in the past and will do so in the future […] this order goes into effect with this letter […] until it is revoked by Us or Our successor […].
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 4; (King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; collected and shared by Moritz Stern)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 1, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Announcement” by Ludwig (Ludewig) and Hans, Dukes of Palatine (“Pfalzgrafen”)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Rhineland-Palatinate
4. Text of Act	We, Ludewig and Hans, brothers -- and by the grace of God -- Earls of the Palatinate of Rhinepfalz near the Rhine and Dukes of Bavaria, vow […] to the […] Roman King, [… Ruprecht] and Our father, not to permit any Jews and Jewesses to settle in any of the castles and the lands of the Palatinate (“Pfalz”) and in the Dukedom […] and especially not to permit Our heirs […] to allow Jews or Jewesses to settle or live in any of Our castles […].
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 4; (“King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; Collected and shared by Moritz Stern”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 15, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rupert I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	King Rupert grants the city of Nördlingen a Freibrief (letter of freedom)* […] and permits them to keep Jews (settled there) for another 10 years, stipulated that half of the revenues collected from them as well as the golden Opferfennig** from each Jew above the age of 12 [is submitted to him and his chamber …]
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher A Freibrief was a letter which granted a city or a person a number of privileges, including often to function semi-autonomously. *The Sacrifice-Penny (‘Opferpfennig’) was a special tax placed on Jews.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 16, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Rupert (‘Ruprecht’) of Germany
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Augsburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[… permits the Council and citizens of Augsburg to accept, allow, and to keep Jews for 10 years […] and until the permission is revoked]; however, [only if] half of the usage/benefits that […] are reaped from such Jews are submitted to the King and his empire’s chamber [and that] each Jew and Jewess who are older than twelve, must give one Gulden Sacrifice-Penny* every Christmas as it is proper (‘von iglichen Juden vnd Jüdinnen, die über zwölff Jahre alt sin, ein Gulden ‘Opfferpfennig’ jerlich off Wyhennachten alss das gewohlich ist’).
5. Source	Codex Juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi. Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs-und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Dr. Heinrich Gottfried Gengler,Professor der Rechte zu Erlangen. Erster Band. (“Codex of Municipal Laws in Germany. Regests and official documents of the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Collected and edited by Heinrich Gottfried Gengler, PhD., Professor of Laws of Erlangen. First Volume.”); (Erlangen; 1863)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *The Sacrifice-Penny (‘Opferpfennig’) was a special tax placed on Jews.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 20, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rupert I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	King Rupert loans to Ulrich, Lord of Hanau, his fief, among which are the Jews of Babenhausen, Hanau, Wonnegau, Mintzberg, Friedberg, Assenheim, and Nidda.
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 31, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rupert I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	King Rupert commands the cities Nuremberg, Rotenburg, Wimsbeim, and Weißenberg to summit half of the Jewish-taxes and the golden Opferfennig*, which the Jews owe to give to him, to Berthold Pfinzing on Saint Michael’s Day.
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *The Sacrifice-Penny (‘Opferpfennig’) was a special tax placed on Jews.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 4, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict” of King Ruprecht
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Wittelsbach Dynasty
4. Text of Act	[…] the Jews […], are always [to be seen] to be the collateral/fief (‘Pfand’) of our cousin Duke of Bavaria. […]
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 5; (“King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; collected and shared by Moritz Stern”);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 30, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Privileg” issued by King Rupert [Ruprecht] of Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of the Palatinate
4. Text of Act	[… each Jew and each Jewess] who have reached the age of 12 are to be taxed - that is after the age of eleven […]
5. Source	König Ruprecht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden. Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken. Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern. (“King Rupert of Palatinate in his relations to Jews. Unprinted royal documents together with supplemental documents. Collected and shared with Moritz Stern”); (Keil; 1898)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 19, 1401
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Count Palatine Ludwig on half of his father
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of the Palatinate
4. Text of Act	We, Louis (‘Ludwig’) […] announce with this letter of his royal majesty and order that you are to give half of the Jewish-taxes as well as the Gulden oblation/offering/sacrifice-penny (‘Opperphenning’)* which the Jews who live among you are annually obliged to pay to us, or to the state - if so ordered - immediately, which is why we are sending Johannes Kircheim, the royal-scriber of our dear lord and father […] along with this letter …]
5. Source	Deutsche Reichsakten unter König Ruprecht. Zweite Abtheilung 1401-1405. Herausgeben von Julius Weizsäcker. Auf Veranlassung seiner Majestät des Königs von Bayern. Herausgegeben durch die Historische Commission bei der Königlichen Academie der Wissenschaften. (“German imperial documents under King Ruprecht. Second division 1401-1405. Edited by Julius Weizsäcker. Published by the Historical Commission at the Royal Academy of Sciences”); (Gotha; 1885)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Opferpfenning was a poll tax that was initially introduced by Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria which required Jews past the age of 12 to pay a gulden as a “protection fee/tax.” The above has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space. The legal text in its entirety can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 17, 1402
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict” of King Ruprecht
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Wittelsbach Dynasty
4. Text of Act	We Ruprecht […] publicly announce to all electoral princes, princes, dukes, lords, knights, servants, the communities in the cities and everyone else in our holy empire who is a subject and faithful 1) that we have ordered Elya of Winheim and Isaack of Oppenheim – our chamber-servants – with the power of this letter, to collect Our golden penny ('gulden pfennig') for us from all of Our and the empire’s Jews whether they belong to the electoral princes, or other princes, dukes, lords, cities, knights or servants, in cities, markets, or villages […] 2) We have also ordered and authorized the aforementioned Jews Elyan* and Isac* to require and collect fines on crimes committed by Jews or by Christians against Jews** […] in Our name until this order is revoked. 3) And We order each and every Jew living in our holy empire […] who receives this letter, that they are to pay […] Our chamber-servants Elya and Isack* for Our sake […] annually the golden penny […] as mentioned above and that they obey their demands as if We were making these demands ourselves. 4) […] if any Jew or Jewess, one or many, fails to pay the golden penny, and chooses to defy [this order], all the other Jews […] are to stop having any relations with them […]; and whoever does not, falls out of Our and the kingdom’s favor. […]
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 7 f; (“King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; collected and shared by Moritz Stern”);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The names are actually spelled differently in the original text. *Since Jews were considered to be the property of the king, it was required that he be compensated for any “damage” they suffered.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 25, 1403
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Ruprecht
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] King Ruprecht orders his chamber-servants, the Jews Elias von Weinheim […] and Isaak von Oppenheim to collect and deliver [to him] the Guldenpfenning* and half of the Jewish taxes from the Jews of the Palatinate and the empire and to report fraud and heinous deeds/sin among Jews themselves and among Jews and Christians. Should a Jew refuse to give the Guldenpfenning*, all others, who live with him [in the same protective] district (‘frythof’) are to avoid him and not to interact with him. […]
5. Source	Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins. Herausgegeben von dem Landesarchive zu Karlsruhe, durch den Direktor desselben L. J. Mone. Neunter Band. (Periodical of the history of the Upper-Rhine. Edited by the state archive of Karlsruhe by the Director of the same L. J. Mone. Ninth volume); (Karlsruhe; 1858);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Opferpfenning was a poll tax that was initially introduced by Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria which required Jews past the age of 12 to pay a gulden as a “protection fee.”

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 5, 1403
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Ruprecht addressed to the Dukes Bernhard and Heinrich
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] King Ruprecht confirms the dukes’s privileges and agrees to a toll […] as well as half of the annual taxes and the golden sacrifice-penny (‘Opferpfenning’) from the Jews of Saxony […].
5. Source	Deutsche Reichsakten unter König Ruprecht. Zweite Abtheilung 1401-1405. Herausgeben von Julius Weizsäcker. Auf Veranlassung seiner Majestät des Königs von Bayern. Herausgegeben durch die Historische Commission bei der Königlichen Academie der Wissenschaften. (German imperial documents under King Ruprecht. Second division 1401-1405. Edited by Julius Weizsäcker. Published by the Historical Commission at the Royal Academy of Sciences); (Gotha; 1885);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Opferpfenning was a poll tax that was initially introduced by Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria which required Jews past the age of 12 to pay a gulden as a “protection fee/tax." The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	May 18, 1403
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Rupert (‘Ruprecht’), King of Germany addressed to the Schultheiß* and [City] Council of Oppenheim
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Rupert […] announce herewith [… and permit the city of Oppenheim …] with the power of this letter that the Schultheiss and city council may accept/admit as many Jews [as necessary] but not more […] to settle [there] so that the local Burgmannen** can make their annual burg-payments […]
5. Source	König Ruprecht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden. Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken. Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern. (King Rupert of Palatinate in his relations to Jews. Unprinted royal documents together with supplemental documents. Collected and shared with Moritz Stern); (Keil; 1898);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher A Schultheiß in medieval Germany was the head of a municipality, similar to a mayor. *Burgmann sg./Burgmannen pl. were part of the nobility.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 19, 1403
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Archbishop Johann of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	We, Johann, Archbishop of Mainz of the Holy Roman Empire by the grace of God and Arch-Chancellor of the German lands/territories announce and make known with the power of this letter […] 6) that each Jew and Jewess, who are over the age of twelve, owe our aforementioned lord and Roman King Rupert a gulden ‘oblation/offering/sacrifice-penny’ (‘Opferpfenning’)* annually…
5. Source	Deutsche Reichsakten unter König Ruprecht. Zweite Abtheilung 1401-1405. Herausgeben von Julius Weizsäcker. Auf Veranlassung seiner Majestät des Königs von Bayern. Herausgegeben durch die Historische Commission bei der Königlichen Academie der Wissenschaften. (“German imperial documents under King Ruprecht. Second division 1401-1405. Edited by Julius Weizsäcker. Published by the Historical Commission at the Royal Academy of Sciences”); (Gotha; 1885);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Opferpfenning was a poll tax that was initially introduced by Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria which required Jews past the age of 12 to pay a gulden as a “protection fee.”

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 11, 1403
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of the heads/governors (‘Vorsteher’) of Wetterau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] also (‘item’) of each Jew or Jewess, who are twelve years old or older, one ‘alden tornosse’* […],
5. Source	Deutsche Reichsakten unter König Ruprecht. Zweite Abtheilung 1401-1405. Herausgeben von Julius Weizsäcker. Auf Veranlassung seiner Majestät des Königs von Bayern. Herausgegeben durch die Historische Commission bei der Königlichen Academie der Wissenschaften. (German imperial documents under King Ruprecht. Second division 1401-1405. Edited by Julius Weizsäcker. Published by the Historical Commission at the Royal Academy of Sciences); (Gotha; 1885);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Alden tornosse appears to have been a local currency in the Middle Ages.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 10, 1403
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Mayor and the City Council of Worms
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The Jewry of this city shall be permitted to bury foreign Jews, who have died elsewhere, here in our Jewish churchyard, for three full years. After these three years are over, this assembly will no longer allow it, and permission will be denied.
5. Source	Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen (Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs). Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 127.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 4, 1404
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regarding Jews” (‘Umb Juden’) issued by the Mayor and [City] Council of Zurich
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Switzerland
4. Text of Act	We, the Mayor and the [City] Council have come to a unanimous decision regarding an eternal law [namely] that no Jew, man or woman, shall bear witness against a Christian-person (‘Kristenmentschen’) before the [City] Council or in court […]
5. Source	Die Zürcher Stadtbücher des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts. Auf Veranlassung der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zürich. Herausgegeben mit Geschichtlichen Anmerkungen von H. Zeller-Werdmüller. I. Band. (City-ledger of Zurich for the 14th and 15th Century. [Complied/Printed] At the request of the Antiquarian Society in Zurich. Published with historical annotations by H. Zeller-Werdmüller. Volume I.); (Leipzig; 1899);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1404
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of the [City] Council of Cologne
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free City of Cologne
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews and Jewesses, young or old, who live in Cologne or enter as foreigners, shall wear [such] clothing that they can be recognized as Jews […] They shall wear sleeves on their wraps/throws and coats, however, not wider than half an Ell. The collars on [their] coats and hoods/hats may not be wider than a finger. There may be no inlay of pelt seen on their clothing, […] They may not wear laced clothing on top with laces and straps/belts (‘Schnüren und Riemen’) except on their arms or when covered up. […] They may not wear wraps/throws or capes* (‘Kapuzen’) that entirely close on the sides […]; they are to wear long wraps/throws that stop at least one width of a hand above the ground. […] They may not wear gray shoes - may they be gray inside or outside. They may not shave above their upper-lip, unless, they shaved their hair/beard altogether. […] New Jewish girls may not wear a headdress(/headgear/head-jewelry) (‘Kopfschmuck’) that is worth more than 6 Gulden; […] Jewesses may not wear any rings on weekdays that exceeds in weight three Gold-Gulden […].
5. Source	Aus der Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinden im deutschen Sprachraum; Köln/Rhein (Nordrhein-Westfalen); (From the History of Jewish Communities in German Speaking regions; Cologne/Rhine (Nord-Rhine Westphalia); (www.jüdische-gemeinde.de); Accessed Online;
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Jewish Ordinance starts with ‘Item die Jueden ind Juedynnen, jungk ind alt beyde, die bynnen Coelen woynent, ind auch die vremde her koment, soelent alsulge kleydonge dragen, also dat man sy underscheydelichen vor Juden bekennen möge as mit namen […] and contains 24 regulations for Jews in Cologne.’

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 17, 1404
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rupert I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	King Rupert loans among other things, the Jews of Hanau, Wonnegau, Friedberg, Babenhausen Assenheim, Mintzberg, and Nidda to the nobleman Reinhard, Lord of Hanau.
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. Edited by M[eir] Wiener, PhD. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None