Acts – Page 41 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 17, 1404
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Ruprecht
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Wittelsbach Dynasty
4. Text of Act	[…] We, Ruprecht, […] order Meyer von Cronberg to collect half of the Jewish taxes, the annual interests, and the golden penny from all and every Jew and Jewess, man and woman, widow and widower, boy and girl, who are 13 years of age or older and command [the Jews] to meet the aforementioned Meyer’s demands until this order is revoked. […]
5. Source	König Rupercht von der Pfalz in seinen Beziehungen zu den Juden – Ungedruckte Königsurkunden nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken; Gesammelt und mitgeteilt von Moritz Stern; (Kiel, 1898); p. 17; (“King Ruprecht of the Rhineland-Palatinate in his Relations with the Jews - Unpublished Royal Documents along with supplementary files; collected and shared by Moritz Stern”);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 27, 1405
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Archbishop John II of Mainz (Johann II von Mainz)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	Those who belong to us (our subjects), shall settle all debts with our Jews, capital and interests, and our citizens and poor shall be forgiven one-fifth of the debt. The remaining 4 parts shall remain valid over the next year and shall be repaid in the following manner: one-part on Saint Jacob[’s Day] after the harvest (July 25), the second part on the following Saint Andrea’s Day (November 30), and the remaining two-parts [are to be paid] by the following Christmas […].
5. Source	Das Nahethal. Historisch und topographisch dargestellt durch Hofrat A. J. Weidenbach. Fünfter Band. (Coblenz; 1871); (Nahetal[-Waldau]. Historically and topographically presented by Royal Council A. J. Weidenbach. Firth Volume.) Koblenz; 1871;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher It is noteworthy that clergymen and nobles were exempt of this quittance.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 1, 1405
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict, issued by John II, Archbishop of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	With regard to those of our citizens who borrowed money from our Jews and still owe an amount to them today, these citizens shall have one fifth of their debt voided. The other four parts shall be paid as follows: one part by St. Jacob’s Day [July 25], one by St. Andrew’s Day [November 30], and the other two by Christmas Day of next year. The local authorities shall assist the Jews in obtaining any payments still outstanding after next Christmas, as long as no interest on the remaining debt is claimed.
5. Source	Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen (Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs). Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 110.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 31, 1406
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, passed by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	It is hereby ordained by the City Council, that there shall be no Jewish school in Nuremberg, and any Jews who disobey this ordinance shall pay ten guilders for each week of the contravention. Jews who are citizens here may school their children at home, as is their tradition, and may send for their rabbi to assist them with this endeavor.
5. Source	Müller, Johannes (Ed.). Vor- und frühreformatorische Schulordnungen und Schulverträge in deutscher und niederländischer Sprache (German and Dutch School Ordinances and Charters Before and During Early Reformation). Raschke: Zschopau (Germany), 1885. Page 270.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1407
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Concilium Herbipolense, Capitulum 24 (1407 AD)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“They are not to discuss the Catholic faith with the common man; they may not dare to keep unwilling sons or wives from approaching the path of the Christians; they should not visit sick Christians, nor practice medicine around them.”
5. Source	Concilia Germaniae, v.5, 11
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 11, 1410
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ of King Rupert (‘Ruprecht’) addressed to Bishop Rhaban of Speyer
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[King Rupert gives Bishop Raban of Helmstatt (‘Rhaban von Speyer’), his Chancellor and all his [Chancellor’s] successors the Jews of Landau with all of their uses and to tax them] how and whenever they want in the same manner as we or our progeny would do [except the golden Opferpfennig*…].
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters. Bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wiener. Erster Teil. (Regesta regarding the history of Jews in Germany during the Middle Ages. First Part.); (Hannover; 1862)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *The [golden-]Opferpfennig, or “the golden sacrificial-penny” was a specific tax collected from Jews in the Middle Ages

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 24, 1411
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Valladolid Laws” issued by King Juan [John] II of Castile and Leon
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Castile and Leon
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews [are] to differentiate themselves from the Christian by their modest mode of dress; […] to let their hair and beards grow long; […] not to be called by Christian names or addressed by the courtesy title of Don. […] Jews [... are] not to be permitted to engage in tax-farming or to hold posts in the government or at the royal or princely court. 3. Jewish physicians are not allowed to treat Christian patients. Jew[ish] pharmacists and merchants are forbidden to sell drugs or food items to Christians. Jew[ish] blacksmiths, tailors, shoemakers ... are not to serve Christian costumers. Furthermore, Jews are forbidden to act as brokers and money changers on behalf of Christians […] Jews are not allowed to have their estates cultivated by Christian tenant-farmers or farm laborers. […] Jewish doctors are forbidden to treat and operate on non-Jewish patients. [... Jews] forbidden to travel abroad or to move from royal to baronial estates, […] Violation of any of these provisions […] is punishable by confiscation of property and slaves.
5. Source	Baer, Yelzhak: A History of the Jews in Christian Spain, Vol. 2; (Philadelphia; 1961)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1412
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Charter” (‘Freibrief’) of Johann II, Bishop of Würzburg, 1412
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Wurzburg; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“We, Johann, chosen/elected (‘Erwelter’) of the Stift [a territory in the Holy Roman Empire that enjoyed the status of a free imperial state] (Bishopric) of Würzburg by the grace of God, publicly announce with this letter/charter that […] the aforementioned Jews and Jewess may [accept and] loan [money] on all kinds of pledges by day and by night, except on pledges that adhere to mass, namely chalices, church garments, and books - as one is to protect/honor the sacrament - and on wet* garments, in which people have been murdered […] however, the same Jews and Jewess, who want to move far away from us, shall first submit/pay all the taxes/levies (‘czins’) [up until] that same year. […].***”
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher For the most part, Johann grants Jews numerous rights contained in this charter with some exceptions. He does this mostly to profit from the revenue the Jews would generate in his domain. Two years later, he requires that Jews submit their taxes every 6 months. This appears to refer to bloody garments. **This charter is valid for three years.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 12, 1412
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Laws of King John (Juan) II of Castile
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Castile and Leon [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	1. That all Jews of my kingdoms and dominions reside and live apart from Christians, in an enclosure in a part of the city, town or village, where they are resident; and the streets around it shall be closed with gates in such a manner, that all the gates lead to the enclosure […] 2. Furthermore, I ordain and command, that no Jews or Jewesses shall be spice dealers, apothecaries, surgeons, or physicians, or sell bread, wine, flour, oil, butter, or other eatables to Jews or Christians, or keep warehouses, shops, or tables for selling, either publicly or secretly, except for the disposal of grapes, live stock (that they have a license for), as well as fruit and vegetables, the produce of their own or hired gardens...Any Jews or Jewesses whomsoever who act contrary hereto, shall incur the penalty of 500 maravedis for each offence, besides the corporal punishment my pleasure may choose to inflict, that they may learn to perform my order […]. 4. I likewise ordain and command, that the Jews and Jewesses are not to eat with Christians, nor Christians among Jews and Jewesses […]. 7. Furthermore I ordain and order, that no Jews or Jewesses shall be brokers or bankers, or carry swords, daggers, or similar arms, in the cities, towns, and places of my kingdoms; but they may carry knives to cut food. Any Jew or Jewess who acts contrary hereto, or to any part hereof, shall be fined for each time offending 500 maravedis. 11. Furthermore I ordain and command, that no Jew or Jewess shall be styled, either in writing or verbally, don or donna: if by consent they are so called, for each time they are to pay a fine of 500 maravedis, but otherwise they incur no penalty. 13. Furthermore I ordain and command, that all Jews in my kingdoms shall wear over their clothes coats with skirts, and shall not wear cloaks; and in the cities, towns, and places where they reside, they shall wear the customary red sign or badge; but it is my pleasure, that in traveling, as well on the road as in the places they go to, they may wear the clothes they now have, to avoid the dangers they might otherwise encounter. 15. Furthermore I ordain and command, that none of the Jews of my kingdoms and dominions shall shave, or have their beards shaved with razors; but they may cut them with scissors […]. 19. Furthermore I ordain and command, that no Jew is to be a tailor, or make dresses for any Christian woman, of whatever rank or condition she may be […].
5. Source	Lindo, E. H.: The History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, from the Earliest Times to Their Final Expulsion from Those Kingdoms and Their Subsequent Dispersion; (London)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher *The exact date of this law is unknown.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 27, 1413
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Prohibition issued to Jews by the City Council of Freiburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Switzerland
4. Text of Act	Prohibition [for Jews] to use Hebrew [when communicating] among themselves […] and to allow Rabbis to hold court […].
5. Source	Freiburger Geschichtsblätter herausgegeben vom deutschen geschichtsforschenden Verein des Kantons Freiburg. 1. Jahrgang. (Freiburg; 1894); (Historical documents published by the German Research Society of the Canton of Fribourg. First annual edition. (Fribourg; 1894);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1415
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull by Pope Benedict XIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act	2. Jews are to be punished and convicted of blasphemy for reading or listening to slanderous works written about Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary... 3. Jews will be punished who speak ill of our Lord Jesus Christ, his mother the Virgin Mary, any of the saints, any of our sacraments... 5. It is prohibitted to Jews to build new synagogues or repair old ones... 6. Jews of either sex are not permitted to be practicing doctors, surgeons, apothecary, merchant... 7. In order to prevent communion between Jews and Christians, we order that our loyal princes...designate areas for Jews to inhabit...
5. Source	De Los Rios, Historia Social, Politica, y Religiosa de los Judios de Espana y Portugal, v. 2, 1876: 627-653
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1415
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Pope Benedict XIII
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Pope Benedict XIII ordered all copies of the Talmud to be delivered to the bishops and the Italian dioceses and held by them, subject to further instructions. Green, Jonathan and Nicholas J. Karolides (Reviser): Encyclopedia of Censorship; (New York; 2005)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 11, 1415
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull “Etsi doctoris gentium” issued by Antipope Benedict XIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act	[…] prohibit all persons without distinction, publically or privately, to hear, read, or teach the doctrines of the Talmud […] that within one month there is to be collected in the cathedral of every diocese all copies that can be found of the Talmud [… ] and every other writing that has directly or indirectly any relation to such doctrine; and all the diocese and inquisitors are to watch over the observance of this decree, visiting Jews personally or by others, within their jurisdiction every two years, and punishing severely every delinquent […] 2) […]that no Jew may make, repair, or under any pretense have in his possession any crucifix, chalices, or sacred vessels nor bind Christian books in which the name of Jesus Christ or the most Holy Virgin Mary is written. Christians who give any of these articles to Jews […] are to be excommunicated. 4) No Jew may exercise the office of judge, even in causes that may occur among his people. 5) All synagogues recently built or repaired are to be closed. Where there is one, it may remain, provided it is not sumptuous […]but should it proven that any one of the said synagogues has at any time been a church, it is immediately to be closed. 6) No Jew may be a physician, surgeon, or apothecary, shopkeeper, provision’s dealer, or marriage maker, or hold any other office, whereby he has to interfere in a Christian’s affairs; nor may Jewesses be midwives, or have Christian nurses, nor may Jews have Christians to serve them, or sell to, or buy provisions of them, or join them at any banquet, or bathe in the same bath, or be stewards or agents to Christians, or learn any science, art, or trade in their schools. 7) […] in every city, town, or village, where there are Jews, barriers shall be appointed for the residence apart from Christians. 8) […] all Jews and Jewesses shall wear on their clothes a certain red and yellow sign […] men on their breasts of the outward garment, and women in front. 9) […] no Jew may trade, or make any contract; thus to avoid the frauds they practice, and the usuries they charge to Christians. 10) […] all Jews and Jewess converted to the Catholic faith […] may inherit from their unconverted parents and relatives; [we] declare null any testament, codicil, last-will or donation inter vito they may make to prevent any of their property to devolve to Christians. 11) […] in all cities, towns, and villages, where they may be a number of Jews, the diocese may deem sufficient, three public sermons are to be preached annually, one on the second Sunday of Advent; one on the festival of the Resurrection and the other on the Sunday when the Gospel 'And Jesus approached Jerusalem' is chanted. All Jews above 12 years of age shall be compelled to attend to hear these sermons. The subjects are to be the first to show them that the true Messiah has already come, quoting the passages of the Holy Scriptures and the Talud that were argued in the disputation of Jerome of Santa Fe; the second to make them see that the heresies, vanities, and errors of the Talmud, prevent their knowing the truth; and the third, explaining to them the destruction of the Temple of the city of Jerusalem, and the perpetuity of their captivity, as our Lord Jesus Christ and the other prophets had prophesied. And at the end of these sermons this bull is to be read, that the Jews may not be ignorant of any of these decrees. […]
5. Source	AJC Global Jewish Advocacy: Anti-Semitism: An Assault on Human Rights; ajc.org
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 6, 1415
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Privilege, issued by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Art. 13 – For the mercies and the freedoms that We have bestowed on the Jews, they shall be indebted to Us and to Our successors; therefore We have resolved, in the completeness of Roman, royal power, that any and all Jews and Jewesses who have their own business, shall give to Us and pay, annually, a tenth of the worth of their goods, with the exception of their personal and household items, to be paid in two installments, on the days of St. Walpurga [May 1] and Michaelmas [September 29].
5. Source	Altmann, Wilhelm & Bernheim, Ernst. Ausgewählte Urkunden zur Erläuterung der Verfassungsgeschichte Deutschlands im Mittelalter (Selected Documents to Illustrate the Constitutional History of Germany During the Middle Ages). Gaertner: Berlin, 1895. Page 164.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 18, 1418
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Decree of Forli" issued by the Police
3. Geography of Act	Italy
4. Text of Act	in order also to humble our hearts, to walk modestly before our God, and not to show off in the presence of the gentiles […] no male or female Jew of the above-recorded Jewish communities, towns, or villages shall be so arrogant as to wear a fur-lined jacket, unless, of course, it is black. Also the sleeves must not be open, nor be lined with silk, for that would be arrogant. However, fur-lined jackets other than black still be worn, provided that the sleeves and the garments themselves are closed at the sides and the back. Thus the expensive lining will not be seen and not excite envy.
5. Source	Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 18, 1418
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by the Provincial Synod of Salzburg under Archbishop Everard
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We command that [Jewish] women and girls, when they are in public, wear a ringing bell on some part of the body.
5. Source	Kurz, Franz. Oesterreich unter Herzog Albrecht IV. nebst einer Übersicht des Zustandes Oesterreichs während des 14. Jahrhunderts. Linz, Austria: Joseph Fink, 1830. Page 204.
6. Researcher & Translator	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1419
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” addressed directly to Jews
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] that you [Jews] shall no longer be permitted to work, build, construct, smear, sew - or whatever you may call it – for Christians. That means, you may still sew, […], bake bread, ferment beer, forge [metal], cut meat, weave, construct, built, hammer – or whatever you may call it – for yourselves and your kind [coreligionists]. Your elders are to be responsible/liable, so that none of the items/things that you have made are sold to Christians; otherwise, not only will the items that you have made with your hands be taken away, but you will also receive punishment […].”
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 13, 1419
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Document or Writ” of Gerhard von der Mark zu Hamm
3. Geography of Act	County of Mark (Grafschaft Mark); Present-day Germany]
4. Text of Act	We, Gerhard (‘Gerart van Cleve und van der Marke’) do announce […] that no Jews shall live in Hamm, and we do not wish to give them any freedom [to do so…]
5. Source	Veröffentlichungen der historischen Komission für Westfalen. Rechtsquellen. Westfälische Stadtrechte. Abteilung I. Die Stadtrechte der Grafschaft Mark. Heft 2. Hamm, bearbeitet von Dr. A. Overmann, Stadtarchivar in Erfurt. Mit Unterstützung der Stadt Hamm. (“Publishings of the historical Commission for Westphalia. Legal Sources. City Right of Westphalia. Division I. The City Rights of the County of Mark. Issue 2. Hamm, edited by A. Overmann, Phd., city archivist in Erfurt. With the support of the City of Hamm.”); (Münster; 1903)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher *Mark was an independent (and one of the most powerful) county/state of the Holy Roman Empire. (‘bynnen dem Hamme neyne [=keine] joden wonen, und den en sole wij dar neyne vryheit en bynnen geven.)

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 30, 1419
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by Otto von Ziegenhain, Archbishop and Prince-Elector of Tier
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Trier
4. Text of Act	[…] Bishop Otto commands […] that all Jews leave the entire dioceses [of Trier].
5. Source	Pastor Bonus. Zeitschrift für kirchliche Wissenschaft und Praxis herausgegeben von Dr. P. Einig und Dr. A. Müller, Professoren am Bischöflichen Priesterseminar in Trier. 2. Jahrgang 1890. (Pastor Bonus. Periodicals regarding church science and practices edited by P. Einig, PhD and A. Müller, professors at the Episcopal Seminary in Trier. 2. (Annual) issue 1890.);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 24, 1420
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Duke Albrecht V
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews living in the Duchy [of Austria] are to be thrown into prison as of today […]
5. Source	Engelmann, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Österreich und die böhmischen Unruhen. (“The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest”); (Leibzig; 1845)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	Research 2017 Translation
8. Notes	Researcher Albrecht also petitioned the Roman Emperor to exterminate all Jews of the empire by burning.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 3, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of Duke Albrecht
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews that are currently present in the land are to be sentenced to death […].
5. Source	"von Hornau, Philipp: Wien ist anders - ist Wien anders?" (Vienna is different - is Vienna different?); (2012)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher The execution of all remaining Jews of Vienna – 92 men and 120 women - were performed on the very same day in Erdberg.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 12, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Wiener Gesera” decree issued by Albrecht V and announced to the citizens by the Town Hall/City Council ('Rathaus') of Vienna
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] because of their [Jews] actions, which they have unfortunately committed against the holy sacrament [be]for* many years as well as in Enns […], the aforementioned our gracious sir/ruler (‘Herr’) […] has ordered all Jewry [living with]in his land/holdings (‘lanndt’) to be removed through death by fire [as of] today.** […]
5. Source	Pertz, Georg Heinrich: Monumenta Germaniae Historica; (Historical Monuments of Germany; (Hannover; 1851)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	Research 2017 Translation
8. Notes	Researcher Even though the old German text uses “vor” in the original decree which technically translates to “before” in modern German, it is very likely that in this context it was to mean “for” many years. *The execution of the remaining Jews of Vienna (92 men and 120 women) occurred in Erdberg on the same day.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 18, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Announcement” issued by King Sigmund
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Royal City of Znojmo
4. Text of Act	We, Sigmund, Roman King by the grace of God, and furthermore […] of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia […] acknowledge and announce to all who see or hear or read this letter, […] that we remain in debt to the mayor, the [City] Council, and the citizens of the city of Znojmo, our dear faithful followers, and that we shall pay them 905 Hungarian Gulden which they have lent to us. And in order that We satisfy our debt, we have decided to take/require this money from Our Jews, our chamber-servants, living in the cities of Znojmo, Olomouc, Brunn and the entire land of Maehren […]. That is why We order the Jew[ish money exchanger]s who live in Brunn, Olomouc, and Znojmo and all the other Jews in Our lands of Maehren, […] in seriousness and firmly with this letter, that they pay the aforementioned 905 Gulden […] without any objection if retaining Our grace is of importance to them. If they [Jews] don’t do this, we […] order with this letter the mayors, [City] Councils, and citizens of Brunn, Olomouc, and Znojmo that they should stop and force the Jews who reside in their cities […] to pay the 905 Gulden. […]
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); Prague; 1906; p. 912-913.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 6, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Duke Leopold of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Furthermore, no Jew shall be involved in any purchase on commission, except for items he receives as collateral.
5. Source	Chmel, Joseph (Ed.). Der österreichische Geschichtsforscher (The Austrian Historical Researcher). Beck: Vienna, 1838. Vol. I. Page 476.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 30, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Regulations concerning employment, cattle purchasing and slaughtering, and behaviour at the market.
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Ulm
4. Text of Act	(1) Christians may not be employed by Jews; (2) cattle purchased by Jews in the market, or meat sold by them, may be examined only by Christian butchers, and animals may be slaughtered only in the courtyard of the synagogue; (3) Jews are forbidden to touch provisions while purchasing them in the market.
5. Source	Gotthard Deutsch and Schulim Ochser, “Ulm,” jewishencyclopedia.com, accessed Dec. 5, 2024.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.