Acts – Page 41 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 18, 1418
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by the Provincial Synod of Salzburg under Archbishop Everard
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We command that [Jewish] women and girls, when they are in public, wear a ringing bell on some part of the body.
5. Source	Kurz, Franz. Oesterreich unter Herzog Albrecht IV. nebst einer Übersicht des Zustandes Oesterreichs während des 14. Jahrhunderts. Linz, Austria: Joseph Fink, 1830. Page 204.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1419
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” addressed directly to Jews
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] that you [Jews] shall no longer be permitted to work, build, construct, smear, sew - or whatever you may call it – for Christians. That means, you may still sew, […], bake bread, ferment beer, forge [metal], cut meat, weave, construct, built, hammer – or whatever you may call it – for yourselves and your kind [coreligionists]. Your elders are to be responsible/liable, so that none of the items/things that you have made are sold to Christians; otherwise, not only will the items that you have made with your hands be taken away, but you will also receive punishment […].”
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 13, 1419
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Document or Writ” of Gerhard von der Mark zu Hamm
3. Geography of Act	County of Mark (Grafschaft Mark); Present-day Germany]
4. Text of Act	We, Gerhard (‘Gerart van Cleve und van der Marke’) do announce […] that no Jews shall live in Hamm, and we do not wish to give them any freedom [to do so…]
5. Source	Veröffentlichungen der historischen Komission für Westfalen. Rechtsquellen. Westfälische Stadtrechte. Abteilung I. Die Stadtrechte der Grafschaft Mark. Heft 2. Hamm, bearbeitet von Dr. A. Overmann, Stadtarchivar in Erfurt. Mit Unterstützung der Stadt Hamm. (“Publishings of the historical Commission for Westphalia. Legal Sources. City Right of Westphalia. Division I. The City Rights of the County of Mark. Issue 2. Hamm, edited by A. Overmann, Phd., city archivist in Erfurt. With the support of the City of Hamm.”); (Münster; 1903)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Mark was an independent (and one of the most powerful) county/state of the Holy Roman Empire. (‘bynnen dem Hamme neyne [=keine] joden wonen, und den en sole wij dar neyne vryheit en bynnen geven.)

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 30, 1419
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by Otto von Ziegenhain, Archbishop and Prince-Elector of Tier
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Trier
4. Text of Act	[…] Bishop Otto commands […] that all Jews leave the entire dioceses [of Trier].
5. Source	Pastor Bonus. Zeitschrift für kirchliche Wissenschaft und Praxis herausgegeben von Dr. P. Einig und Dr. A. Müller, Professoren am Bischöflichen Priesterseminar in Trier. 2. Jahrgang 1890. (Pastor Bonus. Periodicals regarding church science and practices edited by P. Einig, PhD and A. Müller, professors at the Episcopal Seminary in Trier. 2. (Annual) issue 1890.);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 24, 1420
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Duke Albrecht V
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews living in the Duchy [of Austria] are to be thrown into prison as of today […]
5. Source	Engelmann, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Österreich und die böhmischen Unruhen. (“The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest”); (Leibzig; 1845)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Albrecht also petitioned the Roman Emperor to exterminate all Jews of the empire by burning.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 3, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of Duke Albrecht
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews that are currently present in the land are to be sentenced to death […].
5. Source	"von Hornau, Philipp: Wien ist anders - ist Wien anders?" (Vienna is different - is Vienna different?); (2012)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The execution of all remaining Jews of Vienna – 92 men and 120 women - were performed on the very same day in Erdberg.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 12, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Wiener Gesera” decree issued by Albrecht V and announced to the citizens by the Town Hall/City Council ('Rathaus') of Vienna
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] because of their [Jews] actions, which they have unfortunately committed against the holy sacrament [be]for* many years as well as in Enns […], the aforementioned our gracious sir/ruler (‘Herr’) […] has ordered all Jewry [living with]in his land/holdings (‘lanndt’) to be removed through death by fire [as of] today.** […]
5. Source	Pertz, Georg Heinrich: Monumenta Germaniae Historica; (Historical Monuments of Germany; (Hannover; 1851)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Even though the old German text uses “vor” in the original decree which technically translates to “before” in modern German, it is very likely that in this context it was to mean “for” many years. *The execution of the remaining Jews of Vienna (92 men and 120 women) occurred in Erdberg on the same day.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 18, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Announcement” issued by King Sigmund
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Royal City of Znojmo
4. Text of Act	We, Sigmund, Roman King by the grace of God, and furthermore […] of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia […] acknowledge and announce to all who see or hear or read this letter, […] that we remain in debt to the mayor, the [City] Council, and the citizens of the city of Znojmo, our dear faithful followers, and that we shall pay them 905 Hungarian Gulden which they have lent to us. And in order that We satisfy our debt, we have decided to take/require this money from Our Jews, our chamber-servants, living in the cities of Znojmo, Olomouc, Brunn and the entire land of Maehren […]. That is why We order the Jew[ish money exchanger]s who live in Brunn, Olomouc, and Znojmo and all the other Jews in Our lands of Maehren, […] in seriousness and firmly with this letter, that they pay the aforementioned 905 Gulden […] without any objection if retaining Our grace is of importance to them. If they [Jews] don’t do this, we […] order with this letter the mayors, [City] Councils, and citizens of Brunn, Olomouc, and Znojmo that they should stop and force the Jews who reside in their cities […] to pay the 905 Gulden. […]
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); Prague; 1906; p. 912-913.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 6, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Duke Leopold of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Furthermore, no Jew shall be involved in any purchase on commission, except for items he receives as collateral.
5. Source	Chmel, Joseph (Ed.). Der österreichische Geschichtsforscher (The Austrian Historical Researcher). Beck: Vienna, 1838. Vol. I. Page 476.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 30, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Regulations concerning employment, cattle purchasing and slaughtering, and behaviour at the market.
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Ulm
4. Text of Act	(1) Christians may not be employed by Jews; (2) cattle purchased by Jews in the market, or meat sold by them, may be examined only by Christian butchers, and animals may be slaughtered only in the courtyard of the synagogue; (3) Jews are forbidden to touch provisions while purchasing them in the market.
5. Source	Gotthard Deutsch and Schulim Ochser, “Ulm,” jewishencyclopedia.com, accessed Dec. 5, 2024.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 2, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Sigismund (‘Sigmund’) to the citizens of [Budweis]
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Sigismund (‘Sigmund’), Roman King by the grace of God, […] Dear Loyalist! Since you have pleaded with us, that we shall free you of the debts which you owe to the Jews – our chamber servants – We let you know herewith, that We have decided to move to Bohemia, [… and to fulfill your wishes …].
5. Source	Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte des Hussitenkreises vom Jahre 1419 an. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Franz Palacky. I Band. Von den Jahren 1419-1428. (Prag; 1873); ([Legally] documented contributions to the history of the Hussites starting from 1419 and on. Collected and published by Franz Palacky. Volume I. From 1419-1428.); (Prague; 1873)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Sigismund continues to say that he will accede to all of their other wishes regarding the Jews and that he will look for other ways to reward them for their loyalty. This document is signed in Bratislava, or what was knows as Pozsony/Pressburg up until 1919. The original can be found in the Archives of the City of [Budweis].

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 25, 1422
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Treaty” signed by Bishop of Würzburg, Johann von Brunn, Bishop of Bamberg, Albrecht von Wertheim, Margraves Friedrich VI von Brandenburg and Johann II von Brandenburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] and henceforth, we want and shall not allow the Jewry to live in our castles, cities, markets, and villages […] and we do not wish to permit them to live and settle in our land here in Franconia. […]
5. Source	Juden in Bamberg: Ein Kurzer historischer Abriss der Geschichte jüdischen Lebens in Fürstbistum Bamberg (“Jews in Bamberg: A Brief Historical Outline of the History of Jewish Life in the Principality/Bishopric of Bamberg”); Accessed online;
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Some historians (Heffner; Fichtl; Müller) believe that part of the agreement was to capture all Jews within their territories, to rob them of their promissory notes and pledges, and to release them only after a (60,000 Gulden) ransom had been paid.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 11, 1422
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and addressed to Margrave of Baden
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] for the purpose of eradicating heresy in Bohemia [Sigismund orders the Margrave of Baden to require] all Jews in the Roman Empire, especially in Swabia, and by Lake Constance, within the confederacy (‘unter den Eidgenossen)*, in Alsace and on both sides of the Rheine [river] all the way up to Cologne, to collect a third [penny] from all of their goods/possessions.
5. Source	Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins. Neue Folge. Band III. (“Repository of the History of the Upper Rhine. New issue. Volume III.”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Eidgenossenschaft – which literally means “oath fellowship” -- appears to have referred to the territory composed of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

1. Full Date of Act	1423
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Sunday Rest” 1423
3. Geography of Act	Sicily
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "The City of Palermo forbids Jews to work on Sundays." Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 58
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 26, 1423
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of the Venetian Senate on the property rights of Jews.
3. Geography of Act	Republic of Venice
4. Text of Act	For the respect of God, and for the benefit and advantage of the states and places, no Jew can buy and acquire in any place a property or a house of any material or lot, or any other stable property.
5. Source	Giambattista Gallicciolli, Delle Memorie Venete Antiche Profane Ed Ecclesiastiche [Of Ancient Venetian Memories, Profane and Ecclesiastical],“ Volume 2, Venice, 1795, p. 291, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher According to the source above, the Jewish population of Venice were given two years to sell their properties. Translator The text and information about the Act is available in Latin and Italian in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	1424
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition of Sexual Relations between Jews and Christians”
3. Geography of Act	Venice
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1424 another decree established that sexual intercourse between Jewish men and Christian women was a criminal offense: the culprit [Jew] had to pay a fine and serve 6 months in prison if the partner was a lower class woman and 12 months in case of a noblewoman." http://veniceapartmentrentals.com/jewish-ghetto
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 13, 1424
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Banning of Jews from Freiburg issued by King Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The mayor and the Council to Freiburg have told us, what they have for troubles with the Jews in the town and how the residents have to suffer […]. So we decided, that by the virtue of this letter, the Jews, who live there, have to leave the city of Freiburg and that no Jews are allowed to be accommodated in the city from now on […].
5. Source	Urkundenbuch der Stadt Freiburg in Breisgau, ed. by H. Schreiber, 1828, vol. II, page 358f, Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 25, 1424
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Settlement/Establishment of Frankfurt” (‘Frankfurter Judenstättigkeit’) issued by the City Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] 1) Council grants Jews settlement [privileges] for 5 years, until July 25, 1429 [… they] are to pay the agreed-upon annual levy due in March of each year. […] 3) Their children and servants must apply for their own ‘Stättigkeit permits’ if they own property or engage in any kind of money trade […] 4) They may not borrow foreign money or money from non-established Jews […] 6) They may not ask for more than one Heller for each Gulden in interests from (local) citizens. […] 7) Jews may not loan money to non-locals […]. 8) They are prohibited to make loans against church or bloody garments; or raw, unprocessed cloth or dyed wool if they belong to other citizens. 9) They may not loan against armor unless it is proven that it does not belong to any locals. 10) They may only sell armor which they have purchased outside of Frankfurt, to citizens only. […]
5. Source	AG Deutsch-Jüdische Geschichte im Verband der Geschichtslehrer Deutschlands - Die Frankfurter Judengasse. Einführung. Dokumente. 1. Erste Stättigkeit der Juden in Frankfurt, 1424. (“AG German-Jewish History from the Society of History-Teachers of Germany - The Jewish-Alley/Gasse of Frankfurt. Introduction. Documents. 1. First Settlement/Establishment of Jews in Frankfurt, 1424.”); www.juedischegeschichte.de.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 3, 1425
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Sedes apostolica” (papal bull) issued by Pope Martin V
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] 3) Jews in Caffa and Canna, as well as others in overseas lands of the Orient, who sell Greek baptized Christians as slaves to the unfaithful/unbelievers – the so-called Saracens – are to face confiscation of their entire assets/wealth in order to buy out the prisoners and possibly for the maintenance of churches and hospitals and for the defense of the Catholic faith. […]
5. Source	System des Katholischen Kirchenrechts mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Deutschland von Dr. Paul Hinschius, Ordentlichem Professor der Rechte an der Universität Berlin. Fünfter Band; Abteilung I; (Systems of Catholic Church Laws, Especially in Regards to Germany by Paul Hinschius, PhD, Decorated Professor of Law matte University of Berlin), (Berlin; 1893)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1426
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Building of Synagogues”
3. Geography of Act	Venice
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews were prohibited from building a synagogue." Venice Italy; Virtual Jewish World; jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1426
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull of Pope Martin V
3. Geography of Act	Papal States; Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Issues bull against Jews." Gotthard Deutsch and Joseph Jacobs: Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes; jewishencyclopedia.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 25, 1426
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by Pope Martin to Bishop von Gerace
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[… give you (‘Bishop von Gerace’) the authority to legally proceed] against all Jews who engage [publicly] in usury, […] do not wear a Jewish sign […] and disobey the orders of the church in any [other] way […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Bishop von Gerace was Pope Martin’s commissioner to whom he gave full authority with this mandate to prosecute Jews who were believed to be in violation of church law. It is noteworthy that - even with these mandates issued - Pope Martin was thought of as a ‘friend of the Jews’ up until the 18th century.

1. Full Date of Act	1429
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by Emperor Sigismund, 1429
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“We, Sigismund, […] permit the city of Schweinfurt to settle Jews and Jewess – our royal chamber servants – for 20 years and to tax and punish them – [… however, in such a way] so that the taxes be used for the benefit of the city […] and for the reduction of its debt. […]”
5. Source	Chronik der Stadt Schweinfurt, herausgegeben von Heinrich Christian Beck, Pfarrer zu Schweinfurt und ordentlichem Mitglied des historischen Vereins für Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg. Zweiter Band. Die Zeiten vom Ausgang des 30jährigen Krieges bis sum gegenwärtigen Jahrhundert; zweiter Abtheilung (“Chronicle of the City of Schweinfurt, edited/published by Heinrich Christian Beck, Pastor and Proper Member of the Historical Association of Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg. Second Volume. The Times from the End of the 30-Year War to the Present Century; second division”); (Schweinfurt; 1841);
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This rescript was issued so that the Jewry could (help) pay off the 30,000 Gulden levy placed on the city in order to be become part of the empire.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 31, 1429
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Legal instruction” issued by the Free-Counts (‘Freigrafen’) of Westphalia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Westphalia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may not be called before the secret court of the empire because they are not Christians and are not born with a claim to the laws of the Holy Empire and because they do not know/understand the secret laws of the empire […].
5. Source	Die Frei- und heimlichen Gerichte Westfalens. Beitrag zu deren Geschichte nach Urkunden aus dem Archiv der freien Stadt Frankfurt. Von Dr. F. Ph. Usener, Senator. (The free- and secret courts of Westphalia. Contribution to their history according to official documents from the archive of the Free City of Frankfurt. By F. Ph. Usener, PhD., Senator.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1832);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1430
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Banning of Jews from Vienna"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews are banned from the City of Vienna […]" "Anti-Semitism in Austria - a historical overview;" anarchismus.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None