Acts – Page 42 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 2, 1421
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Sigismund (‘Sigmund’) to the citizens of [Budweis]
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Sigismund (‘Sigmund’), Roman King by the grace of God, […] Dear Loyalist! Since you have pleaded with us, that we shall free you of the debts which you owe to the Jews – our chamber servants – We let you know herewith, that We have decided to move to Bohemia, [… and to fulfill your wishes …].
5. Source	Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte des Hussitenkreises vom Jahre 1419 an. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Franz Palacky. I Band. Von den Jahren 1419-1428. (Prag; 1873); ([Legally] documented contributions to the history of the Hussites starting from 1419 and on. Collected and published by Franz Palacky. Volume I. From 1419-1428.); (Prague; 1873)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher Sigismund continues to say that he will accede to all of their other wishes regarding the Jews and that he will look for other ways to reward them for their loyalty. This document is signed in Bratislava, or what was knows as Pozsony/Pressburg up until 1919. The original can be found in the Archives of the City of [Budweis].

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 25, 1422
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Treaty” signed by Bishop of Würzburg, Johann von Brunn, Bishop of Bamberg, Albrecht von Wertheim, Margraves Friedrich VI von Brandenburg and Johann II von Brandenburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] and henceforth, we want and shall not allow the Jewry to live in our castles, cities, markets, and villages […] and we do not wish to permit them to live and settle in our land here in Franconia. […]
5. Source	Juden in Bamberg: Ein Kurzer historischer Abriss der Geschichte jüdischen Lebens in Fürstbistum Bamberg (“Jews in Bamberg: A Brief Historical Outline of the History of Jewish Life in the Principality/Bishopric of Bamberg”); Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Some historians (Heffner; Fichtl; Müller) believe that part of the agreement was to capture all Jews within their territories, to rob them of their promissory notes and pledges, and to release them only after a (60,000 Gulden) ransom had been paid.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 11, 1422
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and addressed to Margrave of Baden
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] for the purpose of eradicating heresy in Bohemia [Sigismund orders the Margrave of Baden to require] all Jews in the Roman Empire, especially in Swabia, and by Lake Constance, within the confederacy (‘unter den Eidgenossen)*, in Alsace and on both sides of the Rheine [river] all the way up to Cologne, to collect a third [penny] from all of their goods/possessions.
5. Source	Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins. Neue Folge. Band III. (“Repository of the History of the Upper Rhine. New issue. Volume III.”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Eidgenossenschaft – which literally means “oath fellowship” -- appears to have referred to the territory composed of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

1. Full Date of Act	1423
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Sunday Rest” 1423
3. Geography of Act	Sicily
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "The City of Palermo forbids Jews to work on Sundays." Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 58
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 26, 1423
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of the Venetian Senate on the property rights of Jews.
3. Geography of Act	Republic of Venice
4. Text of Act	For the respect of God, and for the benefit and advantage of the states and places, no Jew can buy and acquire in any place a property or a house of any material or lot, or any other stable property.
5. Source	Giambattista Gallicciolli, Delle Memorie Venete Antiche Profane Ed Ecclesiastiche [Of Ancient Venetian Memories, Profane and Ecclesiastical],“ Volume 2, Venice, 1795, p. 291, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Emily Ranger-Murdock (Covington)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher According to the source above, the Jewish population of Venice were given two years to sell their properties. Translator The text and information about the Act is available in Latin and Italian in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	1424
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition of Sexual Relations between Jews and Christians”
3. Geography of Act	Venice
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1424 another decree established that sexual intercourse between Jewish men and Christian women was a criminal offense: the culprit [Jew] had to pay a fine and serve 6 months in prison if the partner was a lower class woman and 12 months in case of a noblewoman." http://veniceapartmentrentals.com/jewish-ghetto
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 13, 1424
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Banning of Jews from Freiburg issued by King Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The mayor and the Council to Freiburg have told us, what they have for troubles with the Jews in the town and how the residents have to suffer […]. So we decided, that by the virtue of this letter, the Jews, who live there, have to leave the city of Freiburg and that no Jews are allowed to be accommodated in the city from now on […].
5. Source	Urkundenbuch der Stadt Freiburg in Breisgau, ed. by H. Schreiber, 1828, vol. II, page 358f, Accessed online
6. Translator	Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 19, 1424
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of the Venetian Senate on the prohibition of sexual relations between Jews and Christians.
3. Geography of Act	Republic of Venice
4. Text of Act	If a Jew has been found with a Christian woman, or it has been proved that he has lain with her,… he falls under a penalty of 500 libras, and must stand for six months in one of the lower prisons: on the other hand, if the woman is not from the same place in Rivoalti, he must stand for one year in one of the lower prisons, and pay 500 libras.
5. Source	Giambattista Gallicciolli, Delle Memorie Venete Antiche Profane Ed Ecclesiastiche [Of Ancient Venetian Memories, Profane and Ecclesiastical],” Volume 2, Venice, 1795, pp. 293-294, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of the Act is available in Latin in the source above. It was translated into English Latin using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 25, 1424
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Settlement/Establishment of Frankfurt” (‘Frankfurter Judenstättigkeit’) issued by the City Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] 1) Council grants Jews settlement [privileges] for 5 years, until July 25, 1429 [… they] are to pay the agreed-upon annual levy due in March of each year. […] 3) Their children and servants must apply for their own ‘Stättigkeit permits’ if they own property or engage in any kind of money trade […] 4) They may not borrow foreign money or money from non-established Jews […] 6) They may not ask for more than one Heller for each Gulden in interests from (local) citizens. […] 7) Jews may not loan money to non-locals […]. 8) They are prohibited to make loans against church or bloody garments; or raw, unprocessed cloth or dyed wool if they belong to other citizens. 9) They may not loan against armor unless it is proven that it does not belong to any locals. 10) They may only sell armor which they have purchased outside of Frankfurt, to citizens only. […]
5. Source	AG Deutsch-Jüdische Geschichte im Verband der Geschichtslehrer Deutschlands - Die Frankfurter Judengasse. Einführung. Dokumente. 1. Erste Stättigkeit der Juden in Frankfurt, 1424. (“AG German-Jewish History from the Society of History-Teachers of Germany - The Jewish-Alley/Gasse of Frankfurt. Introduction. Documents. 1. First Settlement/Establishment of Jews in Frankfurt, 1424.”); www.juedischegeschichte.de.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 3, 1425
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Sedes apostolica” (papal bull) issued by Pope Martin V
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] 3) Jews in Caffa and Canna, as well as others in overseas lands of the Orient, who sell Greek baptized Christians as slaves to the unfaithful/unbelievers – the so-called Saracens – are to face confiscation of their entire assets/wealth in order to buy out the prisoners and possibly for the maintenance of churches and hospitals and for the defense of the Catholic faith. […]
5. Source	System des Katholischen Kirchenrechts mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Deutschland von Dr. Paul Hinschius, Ordentlichem Professor der Rechte an der Universität Berlin. Fünfter Band; Abteilung I; (Systems of Catholic Church Laws, Especially in Regards to Germany by Paul Hinschius, PhD, Decorated Professor of Law matte University of Berlin), (Berlin; 1893)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1426
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull of Pope Martin V
3. Geography of Act	Papal States; Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Issues bull against Jews." Gotthard Deutsch and Joseph Jacobs: Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes; jewishencyclopedia.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1426
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Building of Synagogues”
3. Geography of Act	Venice
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews were prohibited from building a synagogue." Venice Italy; Virtual Jewish World; jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 25, 1426
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by Pope Martin to Bishop von Gerace
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[… give you (‘Bishop von Gerace’) the authority to legally proceed] against all Jews who engage [publicly] in usury, […] do not wear a Jewish sign […] and disobey the orders of the church in any [other] way […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Bishop von Gerace was Pope Martin’s commissioner to whom he gave full authority with this mandate to prosecute Jews who were believed to be in violation of church law. It is noteworthy that - even with these mandates issued - Pope Martin was thought of as a ‘friend of the Jews’ up until the 18th century.

1. Full Date of Act	1429
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by Emperor Sigismund, 1429
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“We, Sigismund, […] permit the city of Schweinfurt to settle Jews and Jewess – our royal chamber servants – for 20 years and to tax and punish them – [… however, in such a way] so that the taxes be used for the benefit of the city […] and for the reduction of its debt. […]”
5. Source	Chronik der Stadt Schweinfurt, herausgegeben von Heinrich Christian Beck, Pfarrer zu Schweinfurt und ordentlichem Mitglied des historischen Vereins für Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg. Zweiter Band. Die Zeiten vom Ausgang des 30jährigen Krieges bis sum gegenwärtigen Jahrhundert; zweiter Abtheilung (“Chronicle of the City of Schweinfurt, edited/published by Heinrich Christian Beck, Pastor and Proper Member of the Historical Association of Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg. Second Volume. The Times from the End of the 30-Year War to the Present Century; second division”); (Schweinfurt; 1841);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This rescript was issued so that the Jewry could (help) pay off the 30,000 Gulden levy placed on the city in order to be become part of the empire.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 31, 1429
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Legal instruction” issued by the Free-Counts (‘Freigrafen’) of Westphalia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Westphalia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may not be called before the secret court of the empire because they are not Christians and are not born with a claim to the laws of the Holy Empire and because they do not know/understand the secret laws of the empire […].
5. Source	Die Frei- und heimlichen Gerichte Westfalens. Beitrag zu deren Geschichte nach Urkunden aus dem Archiv der freien Stadt Frankfurt. Von Dr. F. Ph. Usener, Senator. (The free- and secret courts of Westphalia. Contribution to their history according to official documents from the archive of the Free City of Frankfurt. By F. Ph. Usener, PhD., Senator.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1832);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1430
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Banning of Jews from Vienna"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews are banned from the City of Vienna […]" "Anti-Semitism in Austria - a historical overview;" anarchismus.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 17, 1430
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	1. Jews may make repairs to their synagogues, but they are prohibited from enlarging or embellishing them, let alone erect new ones. 2. Prayer in the synagogue shall be conducted without undue volume. 3. The Jews are to reside only in their own quarter and may not leave from there between sunset and sunrise, as well as during Passion Week and between 9 a.m. on Thursday until 10 a.m. on the Sabbath, during which time their doors and windows are to remain shut. 4. All Jews and Jewesses must wear a yellow rag on their clothing, easily seen. 5. Jewish children may not have any Christian wet-nurses. 6. If a Jew should insult any articles of Christian worship, he shall be pilloried for three hours and then whipped; a second offense is punishable by a whole day in the pillory, with the Jew being pierced through his tongue with a needle for three hours.
5. Source	Cara, Pietro (ed.). Decreta Sabaudie ducalia (Ducal Decrees of Savoy). Jean Fabre: Langres (France), 1477. Page 12.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 5, 1430
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Hungary
4. Text of Act	We, Sigmund […] since it was brought to our attention [by the citizens of Eger] that the Jewry […] is graciously endowed with freedoms* [and] that they do not suffer in the same way as the [other Christian] citizens of our aforementioned city […] and neither partake in keeping watch or digging [trenches] or other such work […] and because [the citizens] wish that none of these Jews remain in the city of Eger nor live here […] And so, we give power [to the citizens] to expel the aforementioned Jewry […and while they] may the take all of their [movable] possessions, pledges, and goods […but not] their houses, court-yards/farms (‘Hof’), the synagogue, and the Jewish cemetery which shall remain with our faithful, those of Eger, so that they make good use of it […] and [turn] a [part of] the synagogue into a chapel and gift it in honor and praise of God and Our dear mother/women* (‘Gott und Unsere lieben Frauen* zu Lob stiften sollen').
5. Source	Geschichte des Egerlandes (bis 1437) von Heinrich Gradl. Mit Unterstützung der Gesellschaft zur Förderung deutscher Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur in Böhmen. (Prag; 1893); (History of Eger [land] (until 1437) by Heinrich Gradl. With support of the society for the advancement of German science, art, and literature in Bohemia.); (Prague; 1893);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher It’s unclear just from the text itself whether Sigismund refers to God and Mary or whether he’s referring to other women.

1. Full Date of Act	1431
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Privilege” issued by Emperor Sigismund, 1431
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“We, Sigismund, Roman King […] grant our dear and loyal mayor (‘Burgermeister’) and [city] council of Heidingsfeld (‘Haidingsfeld’)* and Mainbernheim (‘Bernheim’) for their great service which they have bestowed upon us in the past and will do so in the future [… permission] to accept and settle Jews and Jewess – our chamber servants – and that they shall use and benefit from them (‘gebrauchen und geniessen’) like those other imperial cities who have and use and benefit from such Jews and Jewesses […]. And we order therefore, all princes, clergymen, secular [judges], lords, noble knights, servants, […], in all communities, cities, markets, villages and all other places, […] that they do not hinder the aforementioned mayor (‘Burgermeister’) and city council of the city of Heidingsfeld (‘Heydingsfeld’)* and their successors to take advantage of our gracious permission, but rather allow them to use and enjoy them (Jews) if they want to avoid our deep displeasure and that of the empire. […]”
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Heidingsfeld – a city in Germany - seems to have been spelled two different ways in the original text (‘Haidingsfeld/Heydingsfeld.'

1. Full Date of Act	May 2, 1432
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Decree of Valladolid" issued by the Jewish Castilian Assembly
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	No Jewish male aged fifteen or more shall wear any cloak of gold-thread, olive-colored material or silk, or any cloak trimmed with gold or olive-colored material or silk, nor a cloak with rich trimmings nor with trimmings of olive-colored or gold cloth. […]
5. Source	Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance, originally in Castilian, is an abstract from a legislation enacted on May 2, 1432, by the national Jewish Castilian Assembly at Vallodolid.

1. Full Date of Act	1434
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Council of Basle
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"So that an excessive amount of conversations with the Jews may be avoided, they are compelled to live in certain places of the cities and towns, separated from the homes of Christians and as far away from churches as is possible."
5. Source	Conciliarum omnium generalium et provincialium Collectio Regia Vol. XIV, p. 207
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 7, 1434
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued by the Council of Basel
3. Geography of Act	Switzerland
4. Text of Act	… renewing the sacred canons, we command both diocesan bishops and secular powers to prohibit in every way Jews and other infidels from having Christians, male or female, in their households and service, or as nurses of their children; and Christians from joining with them in festivities, marriages, banquets or baths, or in much conversation, and from taking them as doctors or agents of marriages or officially appointed mediators of other contracts. They should not be given other public offices, or admitted to any academic degrees, or allowed to have on lease lands or other ecclesiastical rents. They are to be forbidden to buy ecclesiastical books, chalices, crosses and other ornaments of churches under pain of the loss of the object, or to accept them in pledge under pain of the loss of the money that they lent. They are to be compelled, under severe penalties, to wear some garment whereby they can be clearly distinguished from Christians. In order to prevent too much intercourse, they should be made to dwell in areas, in the cities and towns, which are apart from the dwellings of Christians and as far distant as possible from churches. On Sundays and other solemn festivals they should not dare to have their shops open or to work in public…Converts should be forbidden, under pain of severe penalties, to bury the dead according to the Jewish custom or to observe in any way the Sabbath and other solemnities and rites of their old sect…If converts fail to correct themselves after a canonical warning, and as Judaizers are found to have returned to their vomit, let proceedings be taken against them as against perfidious heretics in conformity with the enactments of the sacred canons.
5. Source	“Council of Basel 1431-45 A. D.” Norma P. Tanner, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 23, 1434
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Ordinance, issued by the City Council of Augsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The Jews of Augsburg shall wear a yellow [cloth] ring, which is to measure a span in width, and a thumb in breadth, on their coat or jacket, where it shall not be covered. Foreign Jews who come to the City shall do the same. Contraventions shall be fined with three guilders, as well one month of exile from the City.
5. Source	Wiener, Morris (Ed.). Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters [Regests on the History of the Jews in Germany During the Middle Ages]. Hahn: Hannover, 1862. Page 193.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1435
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jews required to wear a patch"
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Sicily
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) King Alfonso orders the Jews of Sicily to attach a round patch to their clothing and over their shops. "Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;" sullivan-county.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 5, 1435
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of expulsion issued by King Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	The council is compelled to banish the Jews; but it has no designs upon their lives or their property: it only revokes their rights of citizenship and of settlement. Until Nov. 11 they are at liberty to go whither they please with all their property, and in the meantime they may make final disposition of their business affairs.
5. Source	“Speyer; Final Expulsion.” No author, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None