Acts – Page 42 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 17, 1430
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	1. Jews may make repairs to their synagogues, but they are prohibited from enlarging or embellishing them, let alone erect new ones. 2. Prayer in the synagogue shall be conducted without undue volume. 3. The Jews are to reside only in their own quarter and may not leave from there between sunset and sunrise, as well as during Passion Week and between 9 a.m. on Thursday until 10 a.m. on the Sabbath, during which time their doors and windows are to remain shut. 4. All Jews and Jewesses must wear a yellow rag on their clothing, easily seen. 5. Jewish children may not have any Christian wet-nurses. 6. If a Jew should insult any articles of Christian worship, he shall be pilloried for three hours and then whipped; a second offense is punishable by a whole day in the pillory, with the Jew being pierced through his tongue with a needle for three hours.
5. Source	Cara, Pietro (ed.). Decreta Sabaudie ducalia (Ducal Decrees of Savoy). Jean Fabre: Langres (France), 1477. Page 12.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 5, 1430
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Hungary
4. Text of Act	We, Sigmund […] since it was brought to our attention [by the citizens of Eger] that the Jewry […] is graciously endowed with freedoms* [and] that they do not suffer in the same way as the [other Christian] citizens of our aforementioned city […] and neither partake in keeping watch or digging [trenches] or other such work […] and because [the citizens] wish that none of these Jews remain in the city of Eger nor live here […] And so, we give power [to the citizens] to expel the aforementioned Jewry […and while they] may the take all of their [movable] possessions, pledges, and goods […but not] their houses, court-yards/farms (‘Hof’), the synagogue, and the Jewish cemetery which shall remain with our faithful, those of Eger, so that they make good use of it […] and [turn] a [part of] the synagogue into a chapel and gift it in honor and praise of God and Our dear mother/women* (‘Gott und Unsere lieben Frauen* zu Lob stiften sollen').
5. Source	Geschichte des Egerlandes (bis 1437) von Heinrich Gradl. Mit Unterstützung der Gesellschaft zur Förderung deutscher Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur in Böhmen. (Prag; 1893); (History of Eger [land] (until 1437) by Heinrich Gradl. With support of the society for the advancement of German science, art, and literature in Bohemia.); (Prague; 1893);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher It’s unclear just from the text itself whether Sigismund refers to God and Mary or whether he’s referring to other women.

1. Full Date of Act	1431
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Privilege” issued by Emperor Sigismund, 1431
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“We, Sigismund, Roman King […] grant our dear and loyal mayor (‘Burgermeister’) and [city] council of Heidingsfeld (‘Haidingsfeld’)* and Mainbernheim (‘Bernheim’) for their great service which they have bestowed upon us in the past and will do so in the future [… permission] to accept and settle Jews and Jewess – our chamber servants – and that they shall use and benefit from them (‘gebrauchen und geniessen’) like those other imperial cities who have and use and benefit from such Jews and Jewesses […]. And we order therefore, all princes, clergymen, secular [judges], lords, noble knights, servants, […], in all communities, cities, markets, villages and all other places, […] that they do not hinder the aforementioned mayor (‘Burgermeister’) and city council of the city of Heidingsfeld (‘Heydingsfeld’)* and their successors to take advantage of our gracious permission, but rather allow them to use and enjoy them (Jews) if they want to avoid our deep displeasure and that of the empire. […]”
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Heidingsfeld – a city in Germany - seems to have been spelled two different ways in the original text (‘Haidingsfeld/Heydingsfeld.'

1. Full Date of Act	May 2, 1432
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Decree of Valladolid" issued by the Jewish Castilian Assembly
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	No Jewish male aged fifteen or more shall wear any cloak of gold-thread, olive-colored material or silk, or any cloak trimmed with gold or olive-colored material or silk, nor a cloak with rich trimmings nor with trimmings of olive-colored or gold cloth. […]
5. Source	Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance, originally in Castilian, is an abstract from a legislation enacted on May 2, 1432, by the national Jewish Castilian Assembly at Vallodolid.

1. Full Date of Act	1434
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Council of Basle
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"So that an excessive amount of conversations with the Jews may be avoided, they are compelled to live in certain places of the cities and towns, separated from the homes of Christians and as far away from churches as is possible."
5. Source	Conciliarum omnium generalium et provincialium Collectio Regia Vol. XIV, p. 207
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 7, 1434
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued by the Council of Basel
3. Geography of Act	Switzerland
4. Text of Act	… renewing the sacred canons, we command both diocesan bishops and secular powers to prohibit in every way Jews and other infidels from having Christians, male or female, in their households and service, or as nurses of their children; and Christians from joining with them in festivities, marriages, banquets or baths, or in much conversation, and from taking them as doctors or agents of marriages or officially appointed mediators of other contracts. They should not be given other public offices, or admitted to any academic degrees, or allowed to have on lease lands or other ecclesiastical rents. They are to be forbidden to buy ecclesiastical books, chalices, crosses and other ornaments of churches under pain of the loss of the object, or to accept them in pledge under pain of the loss of the money that they lent. They are to be compelled, under severe penalties, to wear some garment whereby they can be clearly distinguished from Christians. In order to prevent too much intercourse, they should be made to dwell in areas, in the cities and towns, which are apart from the dwellings of Christians and as far distant as possible from churches. On Sundays and other solemn festivals they should not dare to have their shops open or to work in public…Converts should be forbidden, under pain of severe penalties, to bury the dead according to the Jewish custom or to observe in any way the Sabbath and other solemnities and rites of their old sect…If converts fail to correct themselves after a canonical warning, and as Judaizers are found to have returned to their vomit, let proceedings be taken against them as against perfidious heretics in conformity with the enactments of the sacred canons.
5. Source	“Council of Basel 1431-45 A. D.” Norma P. Tanner, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 23, 1434
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Ordinance, issued by the City Council of Augsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The Jews of Augsburg shall wear a yellow [cloth] ring, which is to measure a span in width, and a thumb in breadth, on their coat or jacket, where it shall not be covered. Foreign Jews who come to the City shall do the same. Contraventions shall be fined with three guilders, as well one month of exile from the City.
5. Source	Wiener, Morris (Ed.). Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters [Regests on the History of the Jews in Germany During the Middle Ages]. Hahn: Hannover, 1862. Page 193.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1435
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jews required to wear a patch"
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Sicily
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) King Alfonso orders the Jews of Sicily to attach a round patch to their clothing and over their shops. "Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;" sullivan-county.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 5, 1435
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of expulsion issued by King Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	The council is compelled to banish the Jews; but it has no designs upon their lives or their property: it only revokes their rights of citizenship and of settlement. Until Nov. 11 they are at liberty to go whither they please with all their property, and in the meantime they may make final disposition of their business affairs.
5. Source	“Speyer; Final Expulsion.” No author, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 2, 1435
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Government of Sicily
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy; Kingdom of Sicily/Crown of Aragon
4. Text of Act	[…] [Jewish] meat-sellers* (‘Fleischscharren’) in Palermo are to visibly display/post a red cloth/rag on their booths in order to distinguish themselves as Jews from the others. […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte und Literatur. Von Dr. Zunz. Erster Band. (Regarding History and Literature. B Dr. Zunz. First Volume.) Berlin; 1845
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *’[Fleisch]Scharren were booths/stands in the Middle Ages - often inside of markets and or cities - that sold bread, meat, fish etc.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 2, 1436
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Announcement” of Landgrave Frederick of Thüringen and addressed to the cities Erfurt, Mühlhausen, and Nordhausen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…announces that he has expelled all Jews from his domain because…] they bring considerable harm/detriment and plagues/nuisances of many kinds to the land […] which is why he and his Counselors have decided to expel the Jews from the land forever …] to praise God, almighty and his holy Christian belief [… and he will no longer permit any Jews to pass through his land or be given escort. He rescinds all still-valid protection- and escort-letters. The aforementioned cities are to announce this to their Jews.]
5. Source	Lämmerhirt: Maike: Juden in den wettindischen Herrschaftsgebieten. Recht, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft im Spätmittelalter. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Thüringen. Kleine Reihe Band 21. (Köln/Weimar/Wien; 2007); (Jews in the Wettinian territoriales. [Pertaining to] Law, administration, and economy in the Late Middle Ages. Publications of the Historical Commission of Thüringen. Small series. Volume 21.); (Cologne/Weimar/Vienna; 2007)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 20, 1436
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	In an imperial letter, Emperor Sigismund vows to preserve the freedoms of the lords of the city of Prague, the knights, and the nobility […] regarding the collection of debt owed to Jews, and orders that all interests are to fall away and that only the capital without any interests are to be due/paid.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 20, 1436
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Provincial Statute, issued by Archbishop Aslak Bolt for Iceland
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Iceland
4. Text of Act	We forbid with the same punishment mentioned above that anyone shall keep the Sabbath in the Jewish way.
5. Source	Adams, J. & Hess, C. The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism: Continuities and Discontinuities from the Middle Ages to the Present Day. Routledge: London, 2018. Page 111.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The punishment referred to was a fine of two silver solidi.

1. Full Date of Act	1438
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	1438
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"No Jew...shall hold any office in the household of the king, queen, infantes, noblemen, or prelates; Jews shall not have Christian boys or girls in their service for hire of gratis..."
5. Source	Pearlson, Twelve Centuries of Jewish Persecution (1898): 251
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 7, 1438
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decision/Order” (‘Beschluss’) of the City Council of Augsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free City of Augsburg
4. Text of Act	[…] one is no longer to allow Jews to enter this city [Augsburg] starting today and for two years.
5. Source	Israelische Kulturgemeinde Schwaben-Augsburg; Juden in Augsburg: Jüdischen Gemeinde (Israeli cultural community of Swabia-Augsburg; Jews in Augsburg: Jewish community); (http://m.juden.de); Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 21, 1441
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] Wenzel declares to all (sovereign) Lords/rulers that all debts owed to Jews that are more than 10 years old are void.
5. Source	Jurende’s Vaterländischer Pilger im Kaiserstaate Österreichs. Geschäfts- und Unterhaltungsbuch für alle Provinzen des österreichischen Gesammtreiches. 1830. (Brünn; 1830); (Jurende’s patriotic pilgrim in the imperial state of Austria. Business and conversation/entertainment book for all provinces in the Austrian Empire. 1830.) Brno; 1830.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This order comes on the heels of a writ issued by the Bishop Conrad of Olomouc who declared decade-old debts owed to Jews invalid in the Bishopric of Olomouc and publicly requested that the king and other sovereign Lords do the same.

1. Full Date of Act	1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Super Gregem Dominicum” (“Super Shepherd Sunday”) issued by Pope Eugene IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Revokes the privileges of the Castilian Jews and imposes severe restrictions on them. Forbids Castilian Christians to eat, drink, live or bathe with Jews or Muslims and declaring invalid the testimony of Jews or Muslims against Christians. Graetz, H, "History of the Jews", Volume 4, (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894), p. 250
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 5, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Dundum ad nostram audientiam” (Papal Bull) issued by Pope Eugene IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews, who do not obey the [current] regulations [meant/issued for them] regarding associating with Christians and the building of synagogues will be punished with the loss and deprivation of their property [… which will be] put to use according to the discretion of the local Bishops for the factories and cathedrals, churches, and religious endowments. […] Jews found to be guilty will be banned indefinitely from all Christian cities […].
5. Source	System des Katholischen Kirchenrechts mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Deutschland von Dr. Paul Hinschius, Ordentlichem Professor der Rechte an der Universität Berlin. Fünfter Band; Abteilung I; (Systems of Catholic Church Laws, Especially in Regards to Germany by Paul Hinschius, PhD, Decorated Professor of Law matte University of Berlin), (Berlin; 1893)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 20, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regulations” issued by Emperor Louis IV (Ludwig, the Bavarian)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Swabian
4. Text of Act	[…] the Jews are to have two or three meat-banks […] they may slaughter livestock either in their houses or at these meat-banks […] they may sell the meat of slaughtered animals only in their meat-banks, but not at the meat-banks of the Christians. […] No one may sell meat, which the Jews have slaughtered at Christian meat-banks to Christians, either publicly or secretly. […] Anyone who does so, must pay one pound Haller for each cow […] 60 Haller for each calf and 60 Haller for each sheep or goat […] plus a fine of 60 Haller to the Christian township. A butcher, who purchases meat from livestock slaughtered by Jews, cures (salt) it or combines it with other meat and sells it publicly or secretly to Christians and who is found out and convicted by two, three, or four masters, must pay the aforementioned fine and will additionally be expelled from the city for one year. If a foreigner ('gast') introduces/brings in meat to the city from livestock that Jews have slaughtered, he may only sell these at the Jewish meat-banks. Anyone who violates against these provisions must pay the prescribed fine/penalty. […]
5. Source	Nördlingen, StadtA, U 2953, Orig., dt., Perg. (“Nördlingen City Archive, U 2953, Orig[inal], German, [on] parchment paper”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Editor Swabian Imperial City of Nördlingen; Present-day Germany

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 4, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Decree titled Dudum ad Nostrum Audientiam [A While Before Our Audience] by Pope Eugene IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[Jews are] not allowed to live in the same houses with Christians, and … [can] not hold public office.
5. Source	Michael C. Thomsett, “The Inquisition: A History,” McFarland & Company, Inc., London, 2010, p. 118, available from scribd.com.
6. Researcher	Matthew Reese (Goodwin)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The name of this Act was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 8, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Dudum ad Nostram.” Issued by Pope Eugenius IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	We decree and order that from now on, and for all time, Christians shall not eat or drink with Jews; nor admit them to feasts, nor cohabit with them, nor bathe with them. Christians shall not allow Jews to hold civil honors over Christians, or to exercise public offices in the State. Jews cannot be merchants, Tax Collectors, or agents in the buying and selling of the produce and goods of Christians, nor their Procurators, Computers or Lawyers in matrimonial matters, nor Obstetricians; nor can they have association or partnership with Christians. No Christian can leave or bequeath anything in his last Will and Testament to Jews or their congregations. Jews are prohibited from erecting new synagogues. They are obliged to pay annually a tenth part of their goods and holdings. Against them Christians can testify, but the testimony of Jews against Christians in no case is of any value. All and every single Jew, of whatever sex and age, must everywhere wear the distinct dress and known marks by which they can be evidently distinguished from Christians. They cannot live among Christians, but in a certain street, separated and segregated from Christians, and outside which they cannot under any pretext have houses.
5. Source	“The Talmud Unmasked: The Secret Rabbinical Teachings Concerning Christians.” I.B. Pranaitis. July 30, 2006, Page 89. Online book.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 25, 1444
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Freedom/Privilege” (‘Juden Freyheit’) issued by Bishop Gottfried IV
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Würzburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Gottfried (‘Gotfried’), Bishop of Würzburg (‘Wirtzburg’) by the grace of God, vow and announce with this letter […*]. However, they (Jews) shall lend one Gulden in exchange for [no more than] 3 Heller a week and one Heller in exchange for [no more than] one Pound of Würzburg currency from native citizen (‘jngesessen burger vnd burgerin vnd sunst geystlichen vnd werntlichen zu Wirtzburg’) […] and to outsiders/foreigners they may lend [only] after they have come to an agreement with each other; […] if anyone (Jew) takes more (higher) (‘mere”) interests and is found out and convicted by two reputable Christian and two reputable Jewish witnesses – who may not be [his] enemy - he’s to give it back […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher While Bishop Gottfried IV takes the Jewry under his protection and affords them various privileges with this decree, he also limits the amount of interests Jews may charge locals on loans and/or pledges.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 21, 1444
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Charter" (‘Freibrief’) of Johann II, Bishop of Würzburg
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Würzburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Johann […] announce to all, […] that we have graciously granted the Jewry who [already] live in our land or will settle [here …] and who come or will come to an agreement with us and our successors these freedoms, which will be valid for the next eight years […] and are confirmed with the seal of our chapter: So, we vow with this letter […] that any Jew or Jewess […] who is [already] in our Stift [a territory in the Holy Roman Empire that enjoyed the status of a free imperial state] or moves [here…] that they may be exempt from any levies, except [they must] pay the so-called Jewish tax [every 6 months]. […] We shall and will not hold back the aforementioned Jewry – Jews and Jewesses – who do not or will not come to an agreement with us [from moving away … ] nor will we allow them to live [here] and to enjoy our grace and freedoms […] the aforementioned Jewry must pay and submit to us and our successors their annual levies and taxes (‘gulte vun zinsse’) during the aforesaid eight years starting this Saint Margaret’s Day […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen. (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 24, 1446
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	On [Christian] fast days, Jews are permitted to buy fish two hours before midday [i.e., 10 a.m.], but no earlier, whether in the market or elsewhere.
5. Source	Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 293.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 5, 1447
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Document or Writ” of Duke Johann I
3. Geography of Act	County of Mark (‘Grafschaft Mark); Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Johan […] announce to all Jews […] and to our heirs and successors […] via this public letter […] that no Jews shall live within the City of Hamm […].
5. Source	Veröffentlichungen der historischen Komission für Westfalen. Rechtsquellen. Westfälische Stadtrechte. Abteilung I. Die Stadtrechte der Grafschaft Mark. Heft 2. Hamm, bearbeitet von Dr. A. Overmann, Stadtarchivar in Erfurt. Mit Unterstützung der Stadt Hamm. (“Publishings of the historical Commission for Westphalia. Legal Sources. City Right of Westphalia. Division I. The City Rights of the County of Mark. Issue 2. Hamm, edited by A. Overmann, Phd., city archivist in Erfurt. With the support of the City of Hamm.”); (Münster; 1903)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher *Mark was an independent (and one of the most powerful) counties/states of the Holy Roman Empire. According to the cited source, the original document can be found in the City Archive of Hamm, No. 26. (‘und dat bynnen der stad ton Hamm nyne joden wonen sullen nummermer’)