OAJA Acts

Page 43 of 154

1. Full Date of Act
Jun. 23, 1447
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Prohibition” issued by Pope Nicholas V
3. Geography of Act
Papal States
4. Text of Act

[…] Jews are forbidden to loan money against interested […] Christians are prohibited from paying Jews any [accumulated and] outstanding interest. […]
5. Source
Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
Many historians believe that this prohibition issued by the pope can be traced back to Johann Capistrano, who was an anti-Semite and a rabble-rouser, and the influence of the Spanish royal court on the Papacy.
1. Full Date of Act
Apr. 2, 1448
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Forced Declaration” from Jews held captive by the Magistrate of Constance
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Constance
4. Text of Act

Jews held captive since 1443 by the Magistrate of Constance declare [via this document] not to seek any compensation/restitutions whatsoever after their release.
5. Source
Landesarchiv Baden-Würtemberg – Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe Nr. 5 7701; (“State Archives Baden-Würtemberg – Generallandarchive Karlsruhe No. 7701”);
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
The text also mentions that all Jews present vouch for an absent ill Jew. The above is translation of a summary of the original document. It can be found in its entirely at the Generallandesarchiv (“Main[State]Archive”) Karlsruhe 5 No. 7701.
1. Full Date of Act
Jan. 27, 1449
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Ordinance issued by the City Council of Toledo
3. Geography of Act
Spain
4. Text of Act

We, Pedro Sarmiento, head repostero...of our lord the king...citizens and common people of the said city of Toledo, proclaim and declare that, in as much as it is well known through civil and canon law that conversos... of Jewish lineage, being suspect in the faith of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, frequently belittle it by judaizing, they shall not be allowed to hold office or benefices public or private through which they might cause harm, aggravation, or bad treatment to good old Christians... nor shall they be able to act as witnesses against them….Therefore we find that we ought to declare and do declare that all the said conversos descended from the perverse line of the Jews, in whatever situation they may be... be held as incapable and unworthy to hold public or private office in the said city of Toledo and in its lands, by means of which they would be able to hold lordship over Old Christians believing in the holy Catholic faith of Our Lord Jesus Christ and cause damage, injury, and to be incapable and unworthy of giving testimony and faith as public notaries or as witnesses…
5. Source
“Sentencia-Estatuto de Toledo, 1449.” Kenneth Baxter Wolf. 2008, Online article.
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
2012
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1451 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Decree at Santarem, 1451
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act

"Jews...shall not be permitted to wear silk dresses."
5. Source
Pearlson, Twelve Centuries of Jewish Persecution (1898): 251
6. Researcher & Translator
Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation
2016
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1451
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Papal Bull” issued by Pope Nicholas V
3. Geography of Act
Papal States
4. Text of Act

Commentary from other sources: 1) Prohibits social intercourse with Jews and Saracens. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; The Jewish Encyclopedia
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Mar. 20, 1451
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Official Document of a Papal Legal Representative
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act

[…] just as it had been ruled in previous years*, we want to free the Christians of the blasphemous Jews […] and wish to eliminate all the Jews from these [our] domains […]
5. Source
Zaunmüller, Karl-Heinz: Nikolaus von Cues und die Juden. Zur Stellung der Juden in der christlichen Gesellschaft um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts in den deutschen Landen. (“Nicholas of Kues/Nicolaus Cusanus and the Jews. Regarding the Position of Jews in Christian Society Around the Middle of the 15th Century in German Lands.”); (Trier; 2005);
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
This appropriation of the papal legal representative was addressed to the various monasteries, churches, and chapels and *referred to the 1442 expulsion order of Duke Albrecht III.
1. Full Date of Act
Apr. 30, 1451
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Ordinance” issued by Cardinal Nicholas Cusa/Cusanus at the Council of Bamberg
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act

[…] and hence [we] order the following: Starting on August 1, all those adhering to the Israeli faith, who live and belong to/are part of the aforementioned diocese [Bamberg] are to attach a ring/circle on the left breast of their outer garments or on their coats. This ring/circle must be about as wide as a finger and must be made of saffron-yellow [-colored] threads. Jewesses are obliged to wear two clearly visible blue stripes on their veil/headdress. […] Christians shall not borrow money from Jews on interest or face excommunication […]
5. Source
Nicholas of Cusa – A Medieval Thinker for the Modern Age; edited by Kazuhiko Yamaki; (London/New York; 2002);
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Dec. 3, 1452
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Order” issued by Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa/Cusanus and addressed to the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act

When we spear-headed the Provincial Council of Mainz, the statutes of Jews – the enemies […] of Christ - were renewed […] and it was ordered to ensure that a sign would be adopted [… that would] distinguish [the Jews] from others – […] failure/refusal to do so, will result in […] excommunication. We determine that this sign shall be a ring/circle, movable and hanging from saffron-colored thread having a diameter that is not smaller than an average size finger of a man, to be worn on men’s breast, so that it catches the eye of everyone he meets; and for women, two blue stripes (‘duae rigac blavei coloris’) on their veil, so that they can be distinguishable from Christians.
5. Source
von Heister, Carl: Die Juden. Aufgebürdete Verbrechen.Erlittene Verfolgung. Angethane Schmach. Drei Kapitel aus Geschichtliche Untersuchungen über Israel (The Jews. Attributed/Insinuated Crimes. Suffered Persecution. Inflicted Humiliation. Three Chapters from the Historical Investigations on Israel.); (Naumburg; 1863);
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1453 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Ordinance and Statutes Regarding Jews” issued by Bishop Gottfried of Würzburg, 1453
3. Geography of Act
Archbishopric of Wurzburg; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act

“Gottfried (‘Gotfried’), Bishop of Würzburg and Duke of Frankonia, after we have taken to heart such serious complaints from his* and the subjects in his* Stift [a territory in the Holy Roman Empire that enjoyed the status of a free imperial state] […] regarding the Jews [in his* Stift], we have therefore, written down and decided with this statute: Ordinance And Statute Regarding The Jews 1453. Firstly, the Jews shall henceforth no longer loan money on interests […]. In eight days, after this our statute is made public, those who violate this statute, shall lose their capital. Also, three people in Würzburg […] shall announce this to all Jews and Jewesses who live in villages and elsewhere […] so that they register their debts, may they be [based on] guarantees, loans (on pledges) or trust […] between now and the following Sunday after Saint Kilian's Day […]”
5. Source
Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
In this very long statute Bishop Gottfried also sets a date by which the Jewry are to leave his domain and commands that this statue be announced to “all dukes, lords, knights, and servants in all imperial cities” so that they may follow suit “as his grace no longer wishes to have Jews in his Stift.” *Even though, this statute was drawn up by the Bishop himself, he uses ‘his’ in several sections of the text referring to himself in the third person.
1. Full Date of Act
Jun. 26, 1453
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Writ” of King Ladislaus (the Posthumous)
3. Geography of Act
Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act

King Ladislaus announces to all princes, knights, official agencies, and citizens of Silesia that he has given his three emissaries Sigmund Pottemprunner, Sigmund Vorschouer, and Oswald Reicholf the order and mandate to arrest all Jews, young and old, female and child, who have been guilty of desecrating/damaging the evening meal (‘Hostienschädigung’) in all of the land and to confiscate all of their worldly belongings, and requires that they all aid his three plenipotentiary, when necessary.
5. Source
Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2019
8. Notes
Editor
Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland etc.
Researcher
The above is a translation of a modern German summary of the original, old-German text both of which can be found in the cited source.
1. Full Date of Act
1454
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Stautues von Nieszawa issued by Casimir IV Jagiellon, 11/1454
3. Geography of Act
Poland
4. Text of Act

Commentary from other sources: 1) "Just like the Synod of Breslau and the Synod of Ofen […] it was ordered that Jews of either sex are to wear clothing that will distinguish them from Christians." Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 61
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1454
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
"Expulsion of Jews from Moravia"
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act

Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from the crown cities of Moravia. Dershowitz, Alan: Chutzpah, Online book, p. 187
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Jul. 22, 1454
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Writ” of King Ladislaus (the Posthumous)
3. Geography of Act
Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act

In response to the complaints brought forth by the citizens and community of Olomouc, King Ladislaus orders the Jews who live in the city, young and old, to leave with their movable possessions by Saint Martin’s Day. He gifts the homes, the synagogue, and the cemetery of the Jews to the citizens of Olomouc for which they are to pay the king and his heirs/successors, the Margraves of Moravia the same 40 Schock Groschen [currency] annually which the Jews had paid to the king up until then.
5. Source
Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2019
8. Notes
Editor
Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland
Researcher
The above is a translation of a modern German summary of the original, long, Early New High German text, both of which can be found in the cited source.
1. Full Date of Act
Jul. 25, 1454
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Order of Expulsion for Jews (Znojmo)” issued by King Ladislaus the Posthumous
3. Geography of Act
Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act

We, Ladislaus ('Laßlaw'), by God’s grace, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Duke of Austria and Margrave of Moravia, admit that We have actually noticed, the depravity and burden which Our dear loyal citizens and community of Znojmo ('Znoym') […] have suffered from the hands of the Jews who also live in Znojmo, and that they (the citizens) have experienced immense poverty and ruin and might experience even worse poverty and ruin in the future […] which could lead to mischief/crime ('unfug') before long. In order to remedy this, we have deliberated and have accepted advice [on this matter… and have decided] with the power of this letter, of Royal, Bohemian authority in this matter, that all Jews [and] Jewesses, young and old, with no exception, shall move away […] from Znojmo between now and Saint Martin’s Day, the latest, without delay. […]
5. Source
Juden in Mähren - Judengemeinden in Südmähren. Zusammengetragen und verfasst von Gerhard Hanak (Jews in Moravia - Jewish Communities in Southern Moravia. Compiled and written/drawn up by Gerhard Hanak); Europas-mitte.de.
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
In this order, King Ladislaus also gifts the houses, synagogues etc. of the Jews to the Christian citizens of Znojmo, and tells them to do with those as they see fit so long they pay the taxes that the Jews of Znojmo were required to submit to him.
1. Full Date of Act
Jul. 27, 1454
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Order of Expulsion for Jews (Brünn)” issued by King Ladislaus the Posthumous
3. Geography of Act
Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act

[…] In order to remedy the ruin and burden our dear and faithful Christians, the citizens and community of Brünn, […] in order that they should not be befallen by great poverty and harm, we have deliberated and accepted council […] and have graciously decided […] as King of Bavaria and Margrave of Moravia […] to completely unload/discharge […] the Jews of Brünn […] with the power of this letter and by Bohemian, Royal authority in such matters, that all Jews and Jewesses, young and old, with no exception, shall move away from Brünn with their possessions between now and the upcoming Saint Martin’s Day without delay. […] The Christens shall repay any debts they owe to […] Jews […] so that we are free of any monetary debt we owe to them. We have bestowed upon our citizens of Brünn further grace. Namely, we have turned over all Jewish houses, their synagogue, and cemetery completely over to them to be occupied by Christians and to not allow Jews to return to them, and they should trade or do with these houses according to their and the cities needs […] however, in such a way that these our citizens of Brünn should pay us and our heirs the same interests and rents which the […] Jews of our chamber have given us annually, which is sixty Schock Groschen (currency) of familiar and common coins in our land Moravia […].
5. Source
Juden in Mähren - Judengemeinden in Südmähren. Zusammengetragen und verfasst von Gerhard Hanak (“Jews in Moravia - Jewish Communities in Southern Moravia. Compiled and written/drawn up by Gerhard Hanak”); http://www.europas-mitte.de/JiM-web.htm#Toleranzpatent.
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Jan. 30, 1455
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Writ” of King Ladislaus (the Posthumous)
3. Geography of Act
Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act

We, Ladislaus (‘Lasslw’), […] vow and announce with this letter, to all who see and hear it [… that] because the disloyal Jews and Jewesses have again desecrated the holy sacrament of our beloved lord Jesus Christ in the city of Wroclaw […] no Jew shall ever be allowed to settle or reside in Wroclaw in the future […].
5. Source
Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2019
8. Notes
Editor
Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland etc.
1. Full Date of Act
Mar. 22, 1455
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Writ” of King Ladislaus (the Posthumous)
3. Geography of Act
Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act

We, Ladislaus, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, by the grace of God, […] Duke of Austria and Margrave of Moravia, vow and announce herewith, […] that we have freed the citizens and residents of the city of Brno – who have fallen into deep debt because of the Jews and have often pleaded with us -- of any debt which they may still owe to the aforementioned Jews […] and grant them the power […] with this letter to not only withhold the money they borrowed, but also any interests [they may owe…].
5. Source
Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2019
8. Notes
Editor
Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland
1. Full Date of Act
May 2, 1455
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Order issued by King Ladislaus (the Posthumous)
3. Geography of Act
Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act

[…] all Jewish children under the age of 7 are to be take away from their parents and baptized and be brought up by Christians […] Jews, who have committed the crime of dishonoring the sacramental meal/host ('Hostien-Schädigung') are to be burned and the rest is to be expelled from the land forever.
5. Source
Die früheren und gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse der Juden in den sämmtlichen Landesstellen des Preußischen Staats; eine Darstellung und Revision der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über ihre staats- und privatrechtlichen Zustände. Mit Benutzung der Archive der Ministerien des Innern und der Justiz. Von Ludwig von Rönne, Kammer-Gerichts-Rath und Heinrich Simon, Ober-Landes-Gerichts-Assessor; (Breslau; 1843); (The past and present circumstances of Jews in all parts of the Prussian state; a representation and revision of legal provision regarding their conditions in terms of state and private law. With the use of the archives of the Ministries of the Interior and Justice. By Ludwig von Rönne, Legal Council of the Chamber and Heinrich Simon Upper-State-Court-Assessor) (Wroclaw; 1843)
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2020
8. Notes
Editor
Present-day Poland, Germany, Czech Republic
1. Full Date of Act
1456 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Order” issued by Pope Callixtus III, year 1456
3. Geography of Act
Papal States [Provisional]
4. Text of Act

[Reiterates and confirms most of Pope Eugene’s ‘Dundum ad nostram audientiam’ (papal bull) issued on June 5, 1442 and adds] "the confiscated property of Jews […] can be used for the expedition against the Saracens. […]”
5. Source
System des Katholischen Kirchenrechts mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Deutschland von Dr. Paul Hinschius, Ordentlichem Professor der Rechte an der Universität Berlin. Fünfter Band; Abteilung I; (’Systems of Catholic Church Laws, Especially in Regards to Germany by Paul Hinschius, PhD, Decorated Professor of Law matte University of Berlin’), (Berlin; 1893)
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
Since the church’s war against Islam required a large amount of capital, the church resorted to all sorts of schemes to appropriate land and property in order to advance their mission.
1. Full Date of Act
Oct. 22, 1456
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Order, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act

Jews are hereby told, that they shall let their foreign servants depart from here, unless they pay a weekly fee, as ordered by the City Bailiff.
5. Source
Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 296.
6. Researcher
Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research
2020
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Dec. 7, 1456
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Order, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act

Any Jew who is a citizen here, and who gives overnight shelter to a foreign Jew without the proper authorization, shall pay a fine of one Rhenish guilder for each night.
5. Source
Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 296.
6. Researcher
Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research
2020
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Mar. 16, 1457
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Edict, issued by Theodoric Schenk von Erbach, Archbishop of Mainz, for the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act

Whereas the Jews, whose own guilt has condemned them to eternal servitude, enjoy a benevolent tolerance by rulers and Christians, yet, like evil specters, reward this benevolence with ingratitude, just like they are strangers to the faith, they shall also be different in their appearance, and therefore, the men shall be distinguishable from Christians by rings of cloth on their coats, and the women by bands of cloth on their garments.
5. Source
Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen (Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs). Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 120.
6. Researcher
Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research
2020
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Jun. 30, 1458
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Title 20 of the Roman Imperial Majesty's Order and Reformation of Good Policies, in Promotion of Common Interests, Concerning Jews and Their Usury
3. Geography of Act
Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act

We decree and order that no one should accept or keep any Jews except those who have been authorized by us and hold privileges from the Holy Empire, or are otherwise specifically privileged. … Furthermore, all and every authority under which the Jews live must do their necessary and proper duty, and take reasonable and fair actions, ensuring that both their own subjects and other foreign subjects are not so miserably burdened and harmed by the Jews and their ungodly usury.
5. Source
“Zweyter Theil Reichs-Abschiede von dem Jahr 1495 bis auf das Jahr 1551 [Second Part of the Imperial Decrees from the Year 1495 to the Year 1551],” Franckfurt am Mayn, 1747, p. 599, available from digitale-sammlungen.de.
6. Researcher
Lara Joy Pabst (DLA Piper UK)
7. Year of Research
2024
8. Notes
Researcher
It was enacted at the Reichstag of Augsburg of 1548.
Translator
The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com.
1. Full Date of Act
Sep. 12, 1458
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Order, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act

The Jewish Council of Elders are [hereby] notified, that they, as well as any Jews yet to arrive here, shall wear neither a biretta nor a hat, but a kippah, as is appropriate for them, or that they wear rings, so that they may be distinguished [from Christians].
5. Source
Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 298.
6. Researcher
Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research
2020
8. Notes
Researcher
Here, to “wear rings” refers to palm-sized rings made of yellow cloth, which were to be sewn onto the breast of Jews’ outer garments.
1. Full Date of Act
Nov. 21, 1461
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Writ” issued by the Judge of Pilsen
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act

[…] The Jews are to submit to the judge […] ‘from each table’* a fattened goose on St. Martin’s Day, and a pound of pepper for Christmas, and a Gulden and a pound of pepper for Easter.
5. Source
Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation
2019
8. Notes
Researcher
*From each table probably refers to each household. The original document can be found in the Museum of Pilsen.