Acts – Page 43 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 2, 1435
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Government of Sicily
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy; Kingdom of Sicily/Crown of Aragon
4. Text of Act	[…] [Jewish] meat-sellers* (‘Fleischscharren’) in Palermo are to visibly display/post a red cloth/rag on their booths in order to distinguish themselves as Jews from the others. […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte und Literatur. Von Dr. Zunz. Erster Band. (Regarding History and Literature. B Dr. Zunz. First Volume.) Berlin; 1845
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *’[Fleisch]Scharren were booths/stands in the Middle Ages - often inside of markets and or cities - that sold bread, meat, fish etc.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 2, 1436
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Announcement” of Landgrave Frederick of Thüringen and addressed to the cities Erfurt, Mühlhausen, and Nordhausen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…announces that he has expelled all Jews from his domain because…] they bring considerable harm/detriment and plagues/nuisances of many kinds to the land […] which is why he and his Counselors have decided to expel the Jews from the land forever …] to praise God, almighty and his holy Christian belief [… and he will no longer permit any Jews to pass through his land or be given escort. He rescinds all still-valid protection- and escort-letters. The aforementioned cities are to announce this to their Jews.]
5. Source	Lämmerhirt: Maike: Juden in den wettindischen Herrschaftsgebieten. Recht, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft im Spätmittelalter. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Thüringen. Kleine Reihe Band 21. (Köln/Weimar/Wien; 2007); (Jews in the Wettinian territoriales. [Pertaining to] Law, administration, and economy in the Late Middle Ages. Publications of the Historical Commission of Thüringen. Small series. Volume 21.); (Cologne/Weimar/Vienna; 2007)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 20, 1436
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	In an imperial letter, Emperor Sigismund vows to preserve the freedoms of the lords of the city of Prague, the knights, and the nobility […] regarding the collection of debt owed to Jews, and orders that all interests are to fall away and that only the capital without any interests are to be due/paid.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 20, 1436
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Provincial Statute, issued by Archbishop Aslak Bolt for Iceland
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Iceland
4. Text of Act	We forbid with the same punishment mentioned above that anyone shall keep the Sabbath in the Jewish way.
5. Source	Adams, J. & Hess, C. The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism: Continuities and Discontinuities from the Middle Ages to the Present Day. Routledge: London, 2018. Page 111.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The punishment referred to was a fine of two silver solidi.

1. Full Date of Act	1438
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	1438
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"No Jew...shall hold any office in the household of the king, queen, infantes, noblemen, or prelates; Jews shall not have Christian boys or girls in their service for hire of gratis..."
5. Source	Pearlson, Twelve Centuries of Jewish Persecution (1898): 251
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 7, 1438
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decision/Order” (‘Beschluss’) of the City Council of Augsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free City of Augsburg
4. Text of Act	[…] one is no longer to allow Jews to enter this city [Augsburg] starting today and for two years.
5. Source	Israelische Kulturgemeinde Schwaben-Augsburg; Juden in Augsburg: Jüdischen Gemeinde (Israeli cultural community of Swabia-Augsburg; Jews in Augsburg: Jewish community); (http://m.juden.de); Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 21, 1441
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] Wenzel declares to all (sovereign) Lords/rulers that all debts owed to Jews that are more than 10 years old are void.
5. Source	Jurende’s Vaterländischer Pilger im Kaiserstaate Österreichs. Geschäfts- und Unterhaltungsbuch für alle Provinzen des österreichischen Gesammtreiches. 1830. (Brünn; 1830); (Jurende’s patriotic pilgrim in the imperial state of Austria. Business and conversation/entertainment book for all provinces in the Austrian Empire. 1830.) Brno; 1830.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This order comes on the heels of a writ issued by the Bishop Conrad of Olomouc who declared decade-old debts owed to Jews invalid in the Bishopric of Olomouc and publicly requested that the king and other sovereign Lords do the same.

1. Full Date of Act	1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Super Gregem Dominicum” (“Super Shepherd Sunday”) issued by Pope Eugene IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Revokes the privileges of the Castilian Jews and imposes severe restrictions on them. Forbids Castilian Christians to eat, drink, live or bathe with Jews or Muslims and declaring invalid the testimony of Jews or Muslims against Christians. Graetz, H, "History of the Jews", Volume 4, (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894), p. 250
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 5, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Dundum ad nostram audientiam” (Papal Bull) issued by Pope Eugene IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews, who do not obey the [current] regulations [meant/issued for them] regarding associating with Christians and the building of synagogues will be punished with the loss and deprivation of their property [… which will be] put to use according to the discretion of the local Bishops for the factories and cathedrals, churches, and religious endowments. […] Jews found to be guilty will be banned indefinitely from all Christian cities […].
5. Source	System des Katholischen Kirchenrechts mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Deutschland von Dr. Paul Hinschius, Ordentlichem Professor der Rechte an der Universität Berlin. Fünfter Band; Abteilung I; (Systems of Catholic Church Laws, Especially in Regards to Germany by Paul Hinschius, PhD, Decorated Professor of Law matte University of Berlin), (Berlin; 1893)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 20, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regulations” issued by Emperor Louis IV (Ludwig, the Bavarian)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Swabian
4. Text of Act	[…] the Jews are to have two or three meat-banks […] they may slaughter livestock either in their houses or at these meat-banks […] they may sell the meat of slaughtered animals only in their meat-banks, but not at the meat-banks of the Christians. […] No one may sell meat, which the Jews have slaughtered at Christian meat-banks to Christians, either publicly or secretly. […] Anyone who does so, must pay one pound Haller for each cow […] 60 Haller for each calf and 60 Haller for each sheep or goat […] plus a fine of 60 Haller to the Christian township. A butcher, who purchases meat from livestock slaughtered by Jews, cures (salt) it or combines it with other meat and sells it publicly or secretly to Christians and who is found out and convicted by two, three, or four masters, must pay the aforementioned fine and will additionally be expelled from the city for one year. If a foreigner ('gast') introduces/brings in meat to the city from livestock that Jews have slaughtered, he may only sell these at the Jewish meat-banks. Anyone who violates against these provisions must pay the prescribed fine/penalty. […]
5. Source	Nördlingen, StadtA, U 2953, Orig., dt., Perg. (“Nördlingen City Archive, U 2953, Orig[inal], German, [on] parchment paper”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Editor Swabian Imperial City of Nördlingen; Present-day Germany

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 4, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Decree titled Dudum ad Nostrum Audientiam [A While Before Our Audience] by Pope Eugene IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[Jews are] not allowed to live in the same houses with Christians, and … [can] not hold public office.
5. Source	Michael C. Thomsett, “The Inquisition: A History,” McFarland & Company, Inc., London, 2010, p. 118, available from scribd.com.
6. Researcher	Matthew Reese (Goodwin)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The name of this Act was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 8, 1442
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Dudum ad Nostram.” Issued by Pope Eugenius IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	We decree and order that from now on, and for all time, Christians shall not eat or drink with Jews; nor admit them to feasts, nor cohabit with them, nor bathe with them. Christians shall not allow Jews to hold civil honors over Christians, or to exercise public offices in the State. Jews cannot be merchants, Tax Collectors, or agents in the buying and selling of the produce and goods of Christians, nor their Procurators, Computers or Lawyers in matrimonial matters, nor Obstetricians; nor can they have association or partnership with Christians. No Christian can leave or bequeath anything in his last Will and Testament to Jews or their congregations. Jews are prohibited from erecting new synagogues. They are obliged to pay annually a tenth part of their goods and holdings. Against them Christians can testify, but the testimony of Jews against Christians in no case is of any value. All and every single Jew, of whatever sex and age, must everywhere wear the distinct dress and known marks by which they can be evidently distinguished from Christians. They cannot live among Christians, but in a certain street, separated and segregated from Christians, and outside which they cannot under any pretext have houses.
5. Source	“The Talmud Unmasked: The Secret Rabbinical Teachings Concerning Christians.” I.B. Pranaitis. July 30, 2006, Page 89. Online book.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 25, 1444
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Freedom/Privilege” (‘Juden Freyheit’) issued by Bishop Gottfried IV
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Würzburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Gottfried (‘Gotfried’), Bishop of Würzburg (‘Wirtzburg’) by the grace of God, vow and announce with this letter […*]. However, they (Jews) shall lend one Gulden in exchange for [no more than] 3 Heller a week and one Heller in exchange for [no more than] one Pound of Würzburg currency from native citizen (‘jngesessen burger vnd burgerin vnd sunst geystlichen vnd werntlichen zu Wirtzburg’) […] and to outsiders/foreigners they may lend [only] after they have come to an agreement with each other; […] if anyone (Jew) takes more (higher) (‘mere”) interests and is found out and convicted by two reputable Christian and two reputable Jewish witnesses – who may not be [his] enemy - he’s to give it back […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher While Bishop Gottfried IV takes the Jewry under his protection and affords them various privileges with this decree, he also limits the amount of interests Jews may charge locals on loans and/or pledges.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 21, 1444
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Charter" (‘Freibrief’) of Johann II, Bishop of Würzburg
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Würzburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Johann […] announce to all, […] that we have graciously granted the Jewry who [already] live in our land or will settle [here …] and who come or will come to an agreement with us and our successors these freedoms, which will be valid for the next eight years […] and are confirmed with the seal of our chapter: So, we vow with this letter […] that any Jew or Jewess […] who is [already] in our Stift [a territory in the Holy Roman Empire that enjoyed the status of a free imperial state] or moves [here…] that they may be exempt from any levies, except [they must] pay the so-called Jewish tax [every 6 months]. […] We shall and will not hold back the aforementioned Jewry – Jews and Jewesses – who do not or will not come to an agreement with us [from moving away … ] nor will we allow them to live [here] and to enjoy our grace and freedoms […] the aforementioned Jewry must pay and submit to us and our successors their annual levies and taxes (‘gulte vun zinsse’) during the aforesaid eight years starting this Saint Margaret’s Day […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen. (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 24, 1446
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	On [Christian] fast days, Jews are permitted to buy fish two hours before midday [i.e., 10 a.m.], but no earlier, whether in the market or elsewhere.
5. Source	Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 293.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 5, 1447
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Document or Writ” of Duke Johann I
3. Geography of Act	County of Mark (‘Grafschaft Mark); Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We, Johan […] announce to all Jews […] and to our heirs and successors […] via this public letter […] that no Jews shall live within the City of Hamm […].
5. Source	Veröffentlichungen der historischen Komission für Westfalen. Rechtsquellen. Westfälische Stadtrechte. Abteilung I. Die Stadtrechte der Grafschaft Mark. Heft 2. Hamm, bearbeitet von Dr. A. Overmann, Stadtarchivar in Erfurt. Mit Unterstützung der Stadt Hamm. (“Publishings of the historical Commission for Westphalia. Legal Sources. City Right of Westphalia. Division I. The City Rights of the County of Mark. Issue 2. Hamm, edited by A. Overmann, Phd., city archivist in Erfurt. With the support of the City of Hamm.”); (Münster; 1903)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher *Mark was an independent (and one of the most powerful) counties/states of the Holy Roman Empire. According to the cited source, the original document can be found in the City Archive of Hamm, No. 26. (‘und dat bynnen der stad ton Hamm nyne joden wonen sullen nummermer’)

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 23, 1447
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition” issued by Pope Nicholas V
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are forbidden to loan money against interested […] Christians are prohibited from paying Jews any [accumulated and] outstanding interest. […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Many historians believe that this prohibition issued by the pope can be traced back to Johann Capistrano, who was an anti-Semite and a rabble-rouser, and the influence of the Spanish royal court on the Papacy.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 2, 1448
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Forced Declaration” from Jews held captive by the Magistrate of Constance
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Constance
4. Text of Act	Jews held captive since 1443 by the Magistrate of Constance declare [via this document] not to seek any compensation/restitutions whatsoever after their release.
5. Source	Landesarchiv Baden-Würtemberg – Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe Nr. 5 7701; (“State Archives Baden-Würtemberg – Generallandarchive Karlsruhe No. 7701”);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The text also mentions that all Jews present vouch for an absent ill Jew. The above is translation of a summary of the original document. It can be found in its entirely at the Generallandesarchiv (“Main[State]Archive”) Karlsruhe 5 No. 7701.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 27, 1449
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance issued by the City Council of Toledo
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	We, Pedro Sarmiento, head repostero...of our lord the king...citizens and common people of the said city of Toledo, proclaim and declare that, in as much as it is well known through civil and canon law that conversos... of Jewish lineage, being suspect in the faith of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, frequently belittle it by judaizing, they shall not be allowed to hold office or benefices public or private through which they might cause harm, aggravation, or bad treatment to good old Christians... nor shall they be able to act as witnesses against them….Therefore we find that we ought to declare and do declare that all the said conversos descended from the perverse line of the Jews, in whatever situation they may be... be held as incapable and unworthy to hold public or private office in the said city of Toledo and in its lands, by means of which they would be able to hold lordship over Old Christians believing in the holy Catholic faith of Our Lord Jesus Christ and cause damage, injury, and to be incapable and unworthy of giving testimony and faith as public notaries or as witnesses…
5. Source	“Sentencia-Estatuto de Toledo, 1449.” Kenneth Baxter Wolf. 2008, Online article.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2012
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1451 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree at Santarem, 1451
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"Jews...shall not be permitted to wear silk dresses."
5. Source	Pearlson, Twelve Centuries of Jewish Persecution (1898): 251
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1451
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Papal Bull” issued by Pope Nicholas V
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Prohibits social intercourse with Jews and Saracens. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; The Jewish Encyclopedia
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 20, 1451
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Official Document of a Papal Legal Representative
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] just as it had been ruled in previous years*, we want to free the Christians of the blasphemous Jews […] and wish to eliminate all the Jews from these [our] domains […]
5. Source	Zaunmüller, Karl-Heinz: Nikolaus von Cues und die Juden. Zur Stellung der Juden in der christlichen Gesellschaft um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts in den deutschen Landen. (“Nicholas of Kues/Nicolaus Cusanus and the Jews. Regarding the Position of Jews in Christian Society Around the Middle of the 15th Century in German Lands.”); (Trier; 2005);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This appropriation of the papal legal representative was addressed to the various monasteries, churches, and chapels and *referred to the 1442 expulsion order of Duke Albrecht III.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 30, 1451
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by Cardinal Nicholas Cusa/Cusanus at the Council of Bamberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] and hence [we] order the following: Starting on August 1, all those adhering to the Israeli faith, who live and belong to/are part of the aforementioned diocese [Bamberg] are to attach a ring/circle on the left breast of their outer garments or on their coats. This ring/circle must be about as wide as a finger and must be made of saffron-yellow [-colored] threads. Jewesses are obliged to wear two clearly visible blue stripes on their veil/headdress. […] Christians shall not borrow money from Jews on interest or face excommunication […]
5. Source	Nicholas of Cusa – A Medieval Thinker for the Modern Age; edited by Kazuhiko Yamaki; (London/New York; 2002);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 3, 1452
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa/Cusanus and addressed to the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	When we spear-headed the Provincial Council of Mainz, the statutes of Jews – the enemies […] of Christ - were renewed […] and it was ordered to ensure that a sign would be adopted [… that would] distinguish [the Jews] from others – […] failure/refusal to do so, will result in […] excommunication. We determine that this sign shall be a ring/circle, movable and hanging from saffron-colored thread having a diameter that is not smaller than an average size finger of a man, to be worn on men’s breast, so that it catches the eye of everyone he meets; and for women, two blue stripes (‘duae rigac blavei coloris’) on their veil, so that they can be distinguishable from Christians.
5. Source	von Heister, Carl: Die Juden. Aufgebürdete Verbrechen.Erlittene Verfolgung. Angethane Schmach. Drei Kapitel aus Geschichtliche Untersuchungen über Israel (The Jews. Attributed/Insinuated Crimes. Suffered Persecution. Inflicted Humiliation. Three Chapters from the Historical Investigations on Israel.); (Naumburg; 1863);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1453 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance and Statutes Regarding Jews” issued by Bishop Gottfried of Würzburg, 1453
3. Geography of Act	Archbishopric of Wurzburg; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Gottfried (‘Gotfried’), Bishop of Würzburg and Duke of Frankonia, after we have taken to heart such serious complaints from his* and the subjects in his* Stift [a territory in the Holy Roman Empire that enjoyed the status of a free imperial state] […] regarding the Jews [in his* Stift], we have therefore, written down and decided with this statute: Ordinance And Statute Regarding The Jews 1453. Firstly, the Jews shall henceforth no longer loan money on interests […]. In eight days, after this our statute is made public, those who violate this statute, shall lose their capital. Also, three people in Würzburg […] shall announce this to all Jews and Jewesses who live in villages and elsewhere […] so that they register their debts, may they be [based on] guarantees, loans (on pledges) or trust […] between now and the following Sunday after Saint Kilian's Day […]”
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher In this very long statute Bishop Gottfried also sets a date by which the Jewry are to leave his domain and commands that this statue be announced to “all dukes, lords, knights, and servants in all imperial cities” so that they may follow suit “as his grace no longer wishes to have Jews in his Stift.” *Even though, this statute was drawn up by the Bishop himself, he uses ‘his’ in several sections of the text referring to himself in the third person.