Acts – Page 44 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	1462 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jew” issued by the Parliament
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria; Present-day Slovenia [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] henceforth, no Jews shall be tolerated in Austria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Styria ('Österreich, Kärnthen, Krain und der Steyermark') […]”
5. Source	Engelman, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Oesterrich und die böhmischen Unruhen (“The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest”); (Leipzig; 1845)9/28/2017
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1, 1462
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Writ" of King George of (Podebrady)
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] Also, Jews have the obligation to register their pledges with the judge (‘rychta’). Whoever sells a pledge that a Jew had not registered, shall lose the item or that for which he sold it for, but always [in a manner] that does not damage our royal laws because it was reported to us by credible people, that this benefit* has always belonged to and were due to the judges (‘rychta’). […]
5. Source	History of Jews in Pilsen. Bearbeitet von Rb. Prof. Dr. Max Hoch Pilsen. (“History of Jews in Pilsen. Edited by Rb. Professor Max Hoch, PhD. Of Pilsen”); www.hugogold.com.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of an authoritative German translation of the passage with a few words from the original Czech text. *This appears to refer to fees that Jews had to pay in order to have their pledges registered.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 12, 1462
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued the Venetian Senate
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy; Republic of Venice
4. Text of Act	Jews may not engage in trade without permission from the Senate […] in the countryside, this permission must be granted by the local authority (first).
5. Source	Hebraeische Bibliographie. Blätter für neuere und ältere Literatur des Judenthums. Unter Mitwirkung von J. Benjakob, N. H. v. Biema, A. Geiger […] herausgegeben von M. Steinschneider. Band VI. (Hebrew bibliography. Papers regarding modern and ancient literature of Judaism. With the participation of J. Benjakob […], edited by M. Steinschneider. Volume VI.); (Berlin; 1863);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 14, 1462
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Confirmation of Privileges for the City of Hamm” issued by Duke Johann I
3. Geography of Act	County of Mark (‘Grafschaft Mark); Present-day Germany]
4. Text of Act	We, Johan, by the grace of God Duke of Cleve and Duke of Mark announce to all people: that this our city [of Hamm] is not required to take on Jews if they do not wish to do so […]
5. Source	Veröffentlichungen der historischen Komission für Westfalen. Rechtsquellen. Westfälische Stadtrechte. Abteilung I. Die Stadtrechte der Grafschaft Mark. Heft 2. Hamm, bearbeitet von Dr. A. Overmann, Stadtarchivar in Erfurt. Mit Unterstützung der Stadt Hamm. (“Publishings of the historical Commission for Westphalia. Legal Sources. City Right of Westphalia. Division I. The City Rights of the County of Mark. Issue 2. Hamm, edited by A. Overmann, Phd., city archivist in Erfurt. With the support of the City of Hamm.”); (Münster; 1903)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher According to the cited source, the original can be found in the City Archive of Hamm, Nr. 32.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 7, 1462
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Papal Permission” issued by Pope Pius II to the City of Frankfurt at Main
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Frankfurt; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[We,] Bishop Pius, servant of God, chosen son and captain of […] the citizens and […] diocese of the [free] imperial city of Frankfurt […] give permission to the city of Frankfurt to relocate the apartments/housings and the synagogue of the Jews [to a remote location …] since their current location – near [Saint] Bartholomew church – is an insult to the Christian faith. […]
5. Source	Stern, Moritz: Urkundliche Beiträge über die Stellung der Päpste zu den Juden. Mit Benutzung des Päpstlichen Geheimarchivs zu Rom (“Officially Documented Contributions on the Positions of the Popes to the Jews. With the Utilization of the Pontifical Secret Archives in Rome’); (Kiel; 1893)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 27, 1463
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King George of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	We, George (‘Jorg’), King of Bohemia by the grace of God, Margrave of Moravia, […] transfer the Jews over to our beloved, loyal mayor (and the city of Eger) […] the Jews, our chamber-servants, […] are to serve the citizens of Eger in the same manner as they have served us as they belong to (and can be sold/given away by) the royal crown. We announce this and place a seal on this letter […] signed in Prague […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 29, 1463
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“City Ledger of Eger” issued by the City Council of Eger
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Hungary
4. Text of Act	A number of Jews are permitted to settle back in Eger for 6 years in exchange for an annual payment of 150 fl. Rhenish Guilder.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The full, original text in Early New High German can be found in the cited source. And white this writ of the City of Eger appears to be pro-Jewish, it is in fact a reminder that Jews were not allowed to settle in certain regions without the explicit permission of the local authorities; and often only in exchange for paying exorbitant levies/taxes.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 2, 1463
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	The Jewish Council of Elders are [hereby] charged by the City Council, and notified, that they shall no longer bring any dead Jews here, and they are urged to let this be known among the other Jews outside of the city, as the penalty [for contraventions] is one hundred guilders.
5. Source	Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 299.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 13, 1463
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Whereas our gracious lord, King Albrecht, in his commendable wisdom, exiled the Jews from the land, with good cause and noblest intentions, they shall never again be allowed to settle down in Austria, nor have any business in this country whatsoever.
5. Source	Chmel, Joseph. Auszug aus den im k.k. geheimen Haus-, Hof- und Staats-Archive zu Wien sich befindenden Reichsregistraturbüchern vom Jahre 1440 – 1493 (Excerpts from the Imperial Legal Registers from the years 1440 through 1493, located in the Imperial-Royal Court and State Archive at Vienna). Carl Gerold’s Sohn: Vienna, 1859. Page 160.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 20, 1464
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King George
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	King Georg prohibits Jews to settle in or within a mile of [the city of] Most for which the city is to pay [him] annually […] a tax of 6 Schock of Prague groschen [currency].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the Latin text both of which can be found in the cited source. In 1482, King Vladislaus II freed the city of the tax.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 20, 1465
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III to Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Since the Jews often burden our subjects inappropriately and unbearably with usury, you are hereby ordered to ensure that in response to their transgressions, and following a complaint, you will, in Our stead and in Our name, and after a timely interrogation, authorize a punishment sufficient to effect that their offense is not repeated, be it by way of trial, or by your own decree. You are likewise mandated to not only ensure the punishment of such Jews and Jewesses, but also to report their names, as well as your findings and actions, to Our imperial court of law.
5. Source	Chmel, Joseph. Auszug aus den im k.k. geheimen Haus-, Hof- und Staats-Archive zu Wien sich befindenden Reichsregistraturbüchern vom Jahre 1440 – 1493 (Excerpts from the Imperial Legal Registers from the years 1440 through 1493, located in the Imperial-Royal Court and State Archive at Vienna). Carl Gerold’s Sohn: Vienna, 1859. Page 436.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 7, 1466
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Mandate, issued by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria and King of Germany
3. Geography of Act	Austria; Germany
4. Text of Act	We, in response to many a complaint, about the Jews in Our Holy Empire burdening Our dear subjects with their unbearable usury, have tasked Our brother-in law Ulrich, Count of Württemberg, with putting an end to this by acting on Our behalf and in Our name, pronouncing judgments in these cases. Whereas we have received credible information that the Jews remain insubordinate, refusing to comply with Our order and claiming that they are the burdened ones, we therefore now mandate all Jews to obey the Count of Württemberg, under penalty of 40 marks in gold, as well as the loss of all privileges.
5. Source	Chmel, Joseph. Auszug aus den im k.k. geheimen Haus-, Hof- und Staats-Archive zu Wien sich befindenden Reichsregistraturbüchern vom Jahre 1440 – 1493 (Excerpts from the Imperial Legal Registers from the years 1440 through 1493, located in the Imperial-Royal Court and State Archive at Vienna). Carl Gerold’s Sohn: Vienna, 1859. Page 484.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 9, 1467
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict, issued by Adolf II, Archbishop of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We hereby declare that Our Jews in the City of Mainz may use the Jewish graveyard outside the city for three years, beginning this Christmas Day. To that end, any Jew who dies before the age of thirteen years shall pay one guilder, whereas a dead Jew over the age of thirteen shall pay two guilders, with the exception of those Jews who had subsisted on alms. In addition, the Jewish elders of Mainz shall pay twenty Rhenish guilders to Our tax chamber for each of the aforementioned three years.
5. Source	Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen [Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs]. Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 124.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1468
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued by Bishop Mathias
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “…in the years 1464-78, under Bishop Mathias, the Jews of Landau were required to make an annual payment of 120 pounds heller for the right of retaining their ghetto. The same bishop ordered all the Jews of his diocese to submit to baptism, and upon their refusal to comply he issued (Oct. 21, 1468) a decree containing, among others, the following provisions: All male Jews over five years old were required to wear on their breasts, as a distinctive badge, a piece of yellow cloth in the shape of a wheel; all Jewesses of similar age, two blue stripes on their veils. Jews might take no part in public gatherings or entertainments; they might keep no Christian servants; nor might they have schools or synagogues of their own. They might not occupy dwellings in various portions of the city, but should live close together; on high Christian festivals they were not to appear upon the streets; and they were forbidden to engage in monetary transactions. Any person violating these rules was to be summoned before the bishop at Udenheim.” “Speyer; Restrictions.” Online article,
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 26, 1469
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Archbishop Adolph II of Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	We Adolph (‘Adolf’), announce, that our Jews of Mainz […] are to pay us twenty Rhine Gulden annually on the holy-day of the first day of the year in addition to the levy they owe us to a different time of the year […] given in the city of Mainz on Sunday, Saint Elizabeth’s Day […] 1469.
5. Source	Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in the verschiedenen Epochen. Aus größtenteils ungedruckten Urkunden bearbeitet von K. A. Schaab, b. R. Dr., Vicepräsident des vormaligen Großh. Kreisgerichts zu Mainz, Ritter des Großh. Hessen Ludwigsordens 1r Klasse. (Mainz; 1855); (Diplomatic History of Jew in Mainz and its surroundings, taking into account their legal standing in the various eras. From mostly unpublished documents edited by K. A. Schaab. […] PhD, Vice President of the former Grandd[uchy]’s district court of Mainz, Knight of the Grand Duchy of Hesse’s Ludwig Order of the first class.) Mainz; 1855;
6. Researcher	None
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8. Notes	Researcher This writ came after the Jews of Mainz had already submitted 50 Rhine Gulden to the Archbishop.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 12, 1470
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Archbishop Adolph II of Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	[…gives a number of named Jews permission to stay until Saint Michael’s Day…] however, in that year, the aforementioned Jews may not lend money on interest […] nor pursue any trade and must leave the city of Mainz before the stated deadline […]
5. Source	Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in the verschiedenen Epochen. Aus größtenteils ungedruckten Urkunden bearbeitet von K. A. Schaab, b. R. Dr., Vicepräsident des vormaligen Großh. Kreisgerichts zu Mainz, Ritter des Großh. Hessen Ludwigsordens 1r Klasse. (Mainz; 1855); (Diplomatic History of Jew in Mainz and its surroundings, taking into account their legal standing in the various eras. From mostly unpublished documents edited by K. A. Schaab. […] PhD, Vice President of the former Grandd[uchy]’s district court of Mainz, Knight of the Grand Duchy of Hesse’s Ludwig Order of the first class.) Mainz; 1855;
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 5, 1470
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Archbishop Adolph II of Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	We, Adolph (‘Adolf’) have decided […] to revoke our good-will and protection/escort (‘Trostunge und Gleyde uff- und abgesagt haben’) from our Jewish citizens, their children, and their servants, that means that starting with Saint Micheal’s Day [September 29] no Jew may live, cross, or be present in any of our cities, castles, towns, villages, lands or territories.
5. Source	Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in the verschiedenen Epochen. Aus größtenteils ungedruckten Urkunden bearbeitet von K. A. Schaab, b. R. Dr., Vicepräsident des vormaligen Großh. Kreisgerichts zu Mainz, Ritter des Großh. Hessen Ludwigsordens 1r Klasse. (Mainz; 1855); (Diplomatic History of Jew in Mainz and its surroundings, taking into account their legal standing in the various eras. From mostly unpublished documents edited by K. A. Schaab. […] PhD, Vice President of the former Grandd[uchy]’s district court of Mainz, Knight of the Grand Duchy of Hesse’s Ludwig Order of the first class.) Mainz; 1855;
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1472
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of Jews” issued by Pope Sixtus IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Orders taxation of Roman Jews at a tithe during the Turkish war, and the carnival tax of 1,100 gulden. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; The Jewish Encyclopedia
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 12, 1473
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Archbishop Adolph II of Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Mainz
4. Text of Act	[…] orders the conversion of the synagogue in Mainz into a Christian church […] and announces that he has finally managed to bring the city of Mainz which has so rebelled against his church under his command, and that he wishes to emulate Popes Boniface who had inaugurated the Pantheon of Rome, which was built for the heathen Gods of the Romans, in honor of all saints, that is why he wishes to inaugurate the school/synagogue of the Jews in Mainz, in which the perfidious Jews (‘perfidi Judei’) had performed their ceremonies, in honor of all saints, and to ensure that these are forever secured for this purpose, he establishes a spiritual beneficium and substantiates it with the two adjacent chapels and the houses that are built against [Saint] Quintins-church and the nearby gardens with exception of the [little] house which contained the hospital and the butchery of the Jews […]
5. Source	Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in the verschiedenen Epochen. Aus größtenteils ungedruckten Urkunden bearbeitet von K. A. Schaab, b. R. Dr., Vicepräsident des vormaligen Großh. Kreisgerichts zu Mainz, Ritter des Großh. Hessen Ludwigsordens 1r Klasse. (Mainz; 1855); (Diplomatic History of Jew in Mainz and its surroundings, taking into account their legal standing in the various eras. From mostly unpublished documents edited by K. A. Schaab. […] PhD, Vice President of the former Grandd[uchy]’s district court of Mainz, Knight of the Grand Duchy of Hesse’s Ludwig Order of the first class.) Mainz; 1855;
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8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 9, 1475
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Parliamentary Decision” of the Assembly/Parliament of Marburg (‘Landtag’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Landgraviate of Hesse/Kassel
4. Text of Act	[…] The Jewry (‘Jüdischayt’) of the three-lands* shall submit taxes [of 4000 fl. [Gulden] as imposed by imperial order.
5. Source	Die Rechtsverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern. Mit einer Einleitung über die Prinzipien der Judengesetzgebung in Europa während des Mittelalters. Von Dr. J. E. Scherer. (The legal conditions of Jews in German-Austrian territories. With an introduction on the principles of Jewish legislation in Europe during the Middle Ages.); (Leipzig; 1901)
6. Researcher	None
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8. Notes	Researcher *The term three-lands (‘drei Lande’) most likely refers to Silesia, Moravia, and Bohemia.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 9, 1477
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Freiheitsbrief [Letter of Freedom] of Count Eberhard V, later Eberhard I of Württemberg, Establishing the University of Tübingen [Tüwingen ]
3. Geography of Act	County of Württemberg
4. Text of Act	[We] strictly command the people of Tüwingen not to force or allow any Jews … to remain in the city or in their possession.
5. Source	Rudolph von Roth (ed.), “Urkunden zur Geschichte der Universität Tübingen aus den Jahren 1476 bis 1550 [Documents on the History of the University of Tübingen from the Years 1476 to 1550],” H. Lauppschen Bookstore, Tübingen, 1877, p. 36, available from opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de and archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
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8. Notes	Researcher A Freiheitsbrief, or Letter of Freedom, was mainly issued by royal heads of state in the Middle Ages. They conferred freedoms, privileges or restrictions on their subjects. In the present-day, Tübingen, is a city in Germany. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 1, 1478
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull “Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus” (Sincere Devotion Is Required) Issued by Pope Sixtus IV
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Spain
4. Text of Act	We learn that in various cities, sections and regions of the Spanish Kingdoms, many of those who of their own accord were born anew in Christ in the sacred waters of Baptism, while continuing to comport themselves externally as Christians,… have secretly adopted or returned to the religious observances and customs of the Jews, and are living according to the principles and ordinances of Judaical superstition and falsehood,… And because of their continued crimes, … we therefore, wishing to grant your petitions and to apply to these things the suitable remedies, are desirous of granting your supplications and permitting three—or at least two—bishops or archbishops, or other men of good reputation … to take action straightway concerning those accused of crimes, and those who conceal or aid and abet them, under the usual jurisdiction and authority that law and custom allow to Ordinaries and Inquisitors of heretical depravity.
5. Source	William Thomas Walsh, “Characters of the Inquisition,” Tan Books and Publishers Inc., Illinois, 1940, p. 149-150, available at archive.org.
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8. Notes	Translator The text of this Papal Bull is also available in Latin in the “Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia [Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History],” Vol. XV, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Fortanet, Madrid, 1889, p. 450-452, also available at archive.org.

1. Full Date of Act	1481 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	King John II, 1481
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"As to the clothes of Jews...they are to wear the customary sign of a star...on the pit of the stomach."
5. Source	Pearlson, Twelve Centuries of Jewish Persecution (1898): 251
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1482
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Numquam Dubitavimus" issued by Sixtus IV
3. Geography of Act	Aragon
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Numquam dubitavimus by Sixtus IV in 1482, empowered Ferdinand of Aragon to appoint inquisitors to extirpate heresy and to prevent Jewish practices among those who had been converted to Christianity.” Solomon Grayzel: “Bulls, Papal.” Online article
5. Source	None
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 29, 1482
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull “Numquam dubitavimus” (“Never Doubt”) issued and addressed to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Sicily by Pope Sixtus IV
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Never doubt that […] the assignments of the Inquisitors against heresy has helped us in other kingdoms such as Castile and Leon, […] and that the work of those who have professed their faith in Christ and have no fear of the Jews’ religion of superstition […] keep the precepts of the law, and introduce the way of the truth […] and with the deputation of such an edict, we order that the same campaign to be done through edicts in your name […] and we urge that you allow the Inquisitors to carryout such ordinaries to safeguard the Catholic faith, as it is seeming for a king, […] and with the support of the priests, to attain the merits of God and be recommended. Signed in Rome, at Saint Peter’s under the ring of the Fisherman on 29, January 1482, Pontificate, Our 11th year.
5. Source	Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia – Real Academia de la Historia (Spain), (“Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History”) Volume XV; Letters 1-3; (Madrid; 1889)
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None