Acts – Page 46 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	1492
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance issued by Emperor Askia Mohammad
3. Geography of Act	Songhai Empire
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “[Aksia Mohammad I prohibit[s] Jews to live or trade in his Kingdom on urging from Al-Maghili.” "C. 1490 MUHAMMAD AL-MAGHILI (Tlemcen, North Africa);" jewishhistory.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1492
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by King John II
3. Geography of Act	Portugal
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “…the vast majority of the Jews who left Spain in 1492 went to Portugal. King John II made them pay for the privilege of settling in his kingdom. He charged each individual for the right to stay in the country for eight months. When that time was up, the person had to go elsewhere or convert to Christianity. Wealthier Jews paid even more money for the right to settle permanently in the country.” Phyllis Goldstein: “A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism.” p. 110 2) “King John II did not extend his anger against the Abarbanels to the other Jews of Spain. He invited the expelled Jews [from Spain in 1492] to come to Portugal, over 150,000 of them. Portugal with a population at that time of a million and a half now had more than 300,000 Jews. Lots of pressure was put on the king to either convert the Jews or expel them. By the time he died in 1495 he began to treat the Jews brutally, even enslaving some of them and sending Jewish children to the Island of Sao Tome in West Africa where most died or were never heard from again. Fortunately for the Jews he died and was succeeded by his cousin and brother in law, Manuel I.” “The Abarbanel Family’s Sojourn in Portugal.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 31, 1492
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict of the Expulsion of the Jews” (also known as the "Alhambra Decree") issued by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	(1) King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God…dioceses of our kingdom and lordships…and to all Jews and to all individual Jews of those places…(3) Notwithstanding that we were informed of the great part of this [interaction between Jews and Christians] before now and we knew that the true remedy for all these injuries and inconveniences was to prohibit all interaction between the said Jews and Christians and banish them from all our kingdoms, ...(4) ...resolve to order the said Jews and Jewesses of our kingdoms to depart and never to return or come back to them or to any of them. ...that by the end of the month of July next of the present year, they depart from all of these our said realms ...under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and other inheritances, and beyond this of losing whatever financial grants they hold from us by our Chamber of Finance…(7) Given in our city of Granada, the XXXI day of the month of March, the year of the birth of our lord Jesus Christ one thousand four hundred and ninety-two years. I, the King, I the Queen, I, Juan de Coloma, secretary of the king and queen our lords, have caused this to be written at their command…
5. Source	"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews (1492).” Edward Peters, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1493
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by the Council of Donauwoerth
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Orders applicable to Jews issued by the Council of Donauwoerth, which included restrictions in the trading of grain, prohibiting the setting up market stalls, prohibiting adult male Jews leaving the 'Judengasse' (Jews' alley) on Sundays and on many church holy days, remaining on top of the town wall only when on guard duty, compulsory wearing of a skull cap and a coat to which a yellow ring was affixed, prohibiting gambling with Christians.” H. Peter Sinclair: “Chronology of the History of the Jews in Bavaria 906-1945." Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1493
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jews expelled from Sicily
3. Geography of Act	Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews expelled from Sicily Around 1492-1493 Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 3, 1493
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Administration of Pilsen ('Schöffen') and Community Elders (“Gemeindeältesten”)
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] all local and foreign Jews, in order that they are recognizable among others, shall wear Jewish caps and their wives shall wear veils with yellow borders; in case of non-observance/violation [of this order], a fine of 5 pennies ('Groschen') is to be paid. […]
5. Source	Steinherz: Samuel: Jahrbuch – Der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Cechoslovakischen Republik; III Jahrgang; (2008); (Yearbook – The Society for the History of the Jews in the Czech Republic, III Year; (2008)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Poland

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 2, 1493
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I addressed to his General-Treasurer
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	Maximilian orders his general-treasurer (‘Genralschatzmeister’) to confiscate all the properties/goods of Jews in Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola for their crimes.
5. Source	Müller, Jörg: Maximilian I. und die Juden - Schlaglichter. (Maximilian I. and the Jews. Highlights.); www.medieval-ashkenaz.org.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria and Slovenia Researcher According to Jörg Müller, his order may have never been fully actually executed.

1. Full Date of Act	1494
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews"
3. Geography of Act	Tuscany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Tuscany. Armstrong, Karen: The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (New York); p. 8
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 24, 1494
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” issued by the Bohemian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	[…] if someone finds a stolen item in the Jewish city/quarters on a Jew, the latter is to return the item without arguing or requiring payment […] Jews are only to lend money on pledges, not on documents or registries because otherwise some confusions may arise. If a Jew lends money on a stolen item and the person who is robbed suffers harm/damages because of it, the Jew is to replace such without a dispute or to point out the thief to the victim. If the Jew does not do this, the one robbed can place a claim on his belongings and life.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the old Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	May 7, 1494
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ/Letter issued by John III (of Schönburg), Bishop of Naumburg
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Naumburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[Bishop John (‘Johannes III.’) vows to fulfill his princely duties and to be useful and to protect his subjects …]. The Council, councils, craftsmen, and treasurer (‘Kassenmeister’) had complained against the Jews many times - the enemies of the Cross of Christ, blasphemers of his worthy mother, ridiculers of the Christian belief. Considering the[ir] stark increase and the damage they have done to the inhabitants, Bishop wants/agrees to vacate (‘vrlauben’) the Jews from all of the domains and jurisdictions […] which the Cathedral senior administration have agreed to as well and committed not to admit or tolerate any Jews willingly or unwillingly - nor to permit their heirs - for eternity […]. No Israeli is to be permitted to enter Naumburg or its suburbs or in the open [fields/countryside] in order to do business […]. If a subject enters into such dealings [with a Jew], he’s to be denied legal assistance.
5. Source	Anzeiger Für Kunde der Deutschen Vorzeit. Neue Folge. Organ des Germanischen Museums. Dreizehnter Band. Jahrgang 1866. (Nürnberg; 1866); (Journal regarding the science/knowledge of Germany’s past. New edition. [Vital] Part of the Germanic Museums. Thirteenth volume. Annual issue 1866.); (Nuremberg; 1866);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher This writ is dated: Monday after Vocem jucunditalis 1494. The above is a translation of a German summary of the original old text.

1. Full Date of Act	1495
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews and Confiscation of Property”
3. Geography of Act	Lithuania
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews expelled and their property confiscated and distributed among local Christians.” [Jews were allowed to return 1501 and some of the properties were returned.] Morgan, Howard: So Deeply Scarred: A History of “Christian” Antisemitism. (2017)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 28, 1495
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decretal by Alexander VI to Bishop of Catanzaro
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	The suppression of the Jewish synagogue of Catanzaro (must be completed), with the erection of a church in your parish...
5. Source	Shlomo Simonsohn, The Apostolic See and the Jews, 1991:13
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	Researcher This mandate refers to the conversion of a Jewish synagogue in Catanzaro into a Christian church and its incorporation into the parish of the city's bishop, Stephen Goffredi.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 15, 1495
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of the Council of Venice on the wearing of the Jewish Badge.
3. Geography of Act	Republic of Venice
4. Text of Act	By this Council,… all the concessions made to the Jews about not wearing the O [Jewish badge] are revoked. It is true that many irregularities are admitted every day by the Jews who go without the O [Jewish badge], any Jew, whoever he is, he cannot go through this city, nor through our lands and places without the said O [Jewish badge].
5. Source	Giambattista Gallicciolli, Delle Memorie Venete Antiche Profane Ed Ecclesiastiche [Of Ancient Venetian Memories, Profane and Ecclesiastical],“ Volume 2, Venice, 1795, p. 296, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of the Act is available in Latin in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 7, 1495
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by the Commissioners of the Territorial Estates (‘Landstände’) of Styria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The commissioners of the territorial estates (‘Landstände’) of Styria, Abby Wolfgang von Rein, Otto von Stubenberg, Jakob Windischgrätzer, Christoph von Radmannsdorf, and Lienhard Harracher order in the name of the territorial-estates and his royal majesty a tax-patent for all priestly and worldly estates [who own land and property in the land] to come up with 38,000 Pounds Pennies ('Pfund Pfennigen’) as compensation for his royal majesty for the expulsion of Jews [from the land] and to pay service-members for the war with Hungary. The people of Styria ('steiermärkische Landschaft’) have agreed during the last parliamentary meeting in Graz with the permission of his royal majesty to expel all Jews forever from Styria, (Viennese) Neustadt, and Neunkirchen for their misdeeds by the next Day of Epiphany […].
5. Source	Regesta Imperii. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz; (Regesta of the Empire. Academy of the Sciences and Literature Mainz); RI XIV Maximilian I. (1486/1493-1519) - RI XIV,1 (www.regesta-imperii.de)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 5, 1495
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Privilege” of Emperor Charles (‘Caroli’) IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] The City of Reutlingen may vacate the currently residing Jews and Jewesses from the city and force them to move out and not [owe to] admit any (Jews) as citizen or resident for the next 10 years.
5. Source	Haupt-Register über das Teutsche Reichs-Archiv auch dessen constinuationes und Spicilegia, in welchem alles darinnen befindliche Materien mit leichter Mühe nachgeschlagen und aufgesuchet Weden können. Vier und Zwanzig Voluminubus. By Johann Christian Lünig. Lejpzig; 1722); (Main register of the archive of the German Empire and its continuation and specification in which all contained materials can be looked up and easily found. Twenty-fourth volume. By Johann Christian Lünig. (Leipzig; 1722);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 11, 1495
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“National Ordinance” (‘Landesordnung’) issued by Duke Eberhard I of Württemberg
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Württemberg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Similarly, no Jew shall be permitted to charge interests or [engage in] usury […] and also, no one [Christians] may lend/give or sell (‘Verschreibung oder Versetzung’) his immobile goods (‘liegenden gütter’) to the Jews [if one wishes] to avoid corporal punishment and fines (‘by vermydung Straff an leyb und gutt.’).
5. Source	Verhandlungen der Württembergischen Kammer der Abgeordneten in den Jahren 1862 bis 64. Amtlich Herausgegeben. Erster Beilagen-Band. Zweite Abtheilung. (“Hearing/Trials of the Chamber of Delegates/Deputies of Württemberg during the years 1862-42. Officially published. First Supplemental Volume. Second section.”); (Stuttgart; 1863)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1496
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews from Naples”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews were expelled from Naples." Kingdom of Naples "The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];" history.ac.uk
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 9, 1496
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” issued by Maximilian I for the Jews in Carinthia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	His Royal Majesty promised the territorial estates (‘Landstände’) in Carinthia to expel the Jews within the next 6 months from the land for their crimes against the sacrament, against Christian children and the various frauds/scams they are involved in, and to punish them for any such crime […] furthermore, he promises to never allow Jews into the domain again […]
5. Source	Regesta Imperii. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz; (Regesta of the Empire. Academy of the Sciences and Literature Mainz); RI XIV Maximilian I. (1486/1493-1519) - RI XIV,2; www.regesta-imperii.de.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original text.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 18, 1496
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion Decree” issued by Maximilian I for the Jews in Styria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	His Royal Majesty promises the territorial estates (‘Landstände’) of the Duchy of Styria to [expel] all Jews for their crimes against the sacrament, and against Christian children, and for their various scams from Styria, Viennese Neustadt and Neunkirchen for eternity and to no longer permit any Jew to return/settle in this region. The citizens (‘Landschaft’) are to make up for the resulting loss of Jewish-taxes with a one-time payment of 38,000 flRh ['local currency’]
5. Source	Regesta Imperii. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz; (Regesta of the Empire. Academy of the Sciences and Literature Mainz); RI XIV Maximilian I. (1486/1493-1519) - RI XIV,2 www.regesta-imperii.de; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original text.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 5, 1496
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Expulsion decree, issued by King Manuel I of Portugal
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Portugal
4. Text of Act	That the Jews of these regions neither dwell, nor be in them. We determine and order to be published as our law, that through the month of October of the year of Our Lord one thousand four hundred and ninety-seven, all Jews and Jewesses in our realms shall leave them, under penalty of death, and lose their farms to those who accuse them. By this same decree, anyone who during said time has hidden any Jew, shall also lose his farm to his accuser.
5. Source	[Kingdom of] Portugal. Ordenações De El-Rey D. Manuel (Ordinances of King Dom Manuel). Valentim Fernandes: Lisbon, 1513. Second Book, Title 48, fol.43v..
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 11, 1496
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews who have been expelled from Styria and Carinthia are to live in Marchegg. […] Christians are to permit them to live in their houses for quite (‘ziemlich’) an interest/fee. […]
5. Source	Hebräische Bibliographien, III. Jahrgang. Redigiert von Dr. M. Steinschneider (“Hebrew Biographies, Volume III. Edited by M. Steinschneider (PhD.)”); Volume 3, Issues 13-18.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This law was issued by Maximilian on the urging of the Prelates, who had paid 38000 Pf. pennies for the expulsion.

1. Full Date of Act	1497
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Secret Baptism of Jewish Children" issued by King Manuel of Portugal 3/19/1497
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Portugal
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "King Manuel I, in an effort to prevent Jews from fleeing the persecutions, secretly ordered the baptism of all children between the ages of four and fourteen." "1497 March 19, PASSOVER IN PORTUGAL;" jewishhistory.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 27, 1497
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by the City Council of Nuremberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	A Jew who has inherited a house in the city and sold it, shall be subjected to an additional tax assessment of ten percent.
5. Source	Stern, Moritz. Die isrealitische Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte [The Israelite Population of the German Cities]. H. Fiencke: Kiel, 1896. Page 312.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1498
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Banning of Jews from Vienna"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Archbishop of Salzburg issues a 'Judenverbot' [ban on Jews]." "Anti-Semitism in Austria - a historical overview;" anarchismus.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 14, 1498
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental-Ordinance” issued by the Councils, Prelates, Knights […] as per Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg’s will
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Württemberg
4. Text of Act	[…] the accepting of usury by Jews […] does not only spur and displeases God by nature but also the Christian order, and basically destroys the poor-men and [Our] subjects […] that is why we wish in honor of God […] that Jews shall not be kept/tolerated in Württemberg [… and that subjects shall not borrow money from Jews on any immovable property…].
5. Source	Geschichte der Juden in Württemberg in ihrem Verhältniß zum Staat, bis 1806. von Johannes Fallati. (History of Jews in Württemberg in their relationship to the state, until 1806.) (Tübingen; 1852)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above governmental ordinance was issued according to Eberhard I’s will after his death.