Acts – Page 50 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 31, 1540
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Ferdinand I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	King Ferdinand authorizes Wilhelm Klenowsky von Klenowe to collect the fine from the Jews of Bor u Tachova (‘Haid’) for the unauthorized/illegal money lending and orders all, especially the City Council of Klatovy (‘Klattau’), to assist him in this regard.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The document was signed in Prague Castle. The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 11, 1540
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Announcement” issued by the Town-Hall of Kitzingen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] no citizens shall have anything to do with any Jew who lives nearby and under a different domain, nor shall he (citizens) purchase, sell, loan, or accidentally trade with them (Jews), because one does not wish to help one party/side attain his right legally or peacefully against another, but those citizens who violate this order (law), shall be punished severely […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 30, 1540
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Ferdinand I addressed to the Bohemian Chamber
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	Strong/hardworking, earnest, and dear loyal subjects. After the estates in our royal realm in Bohemia have recently obediently agreed to a communal tax, we deem it appropriate, that the Jewry in Prague shall have a tax imposed on them as well […]. So, it is our order, that you shall negotiate and require from the eldest among them (Jews) […] to obediently submit 2000 Gulden for the building/creation of a garden [for Prague Castle.] […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 18, 1540
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Ferdinand I addressed to the Bohemian Chamber
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	Strong/hardworking, earnest, and dear loyal subjects. As it has been reported to us, that our Jewish community in Prague […] have not agreed to pay more than one thousand Gulden […] we order with all seriousness [herewith] that you shall press the eldest of the Jewry in all seriousness and negotiate with them on our behalf so that they give to the already approved 1000 Gulden another 1000 Gulden […] Should they refuse to do this, we will be forced to take further action against them […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 3, 1541
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict, issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, King of Germany, for the Duchy of Württemberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	That no Jew shall reside in the Duchy of Württemberg, nor wander about the land without a letter of safe passage from the Duke; and that no Jew, nor Jewess, no matter their origin, may lend anything to the residents and subjects of the Duchy of Württemberg; and that any demands or actions by Jews for payment of debts shall be declared null and void, and those debts excused; this, We herewith confirm with Imperial power as valid and in force, and all officials, officers and subjects of the empire are ordered to assist and support Duke Ulrich of Württemberg in enforcing these prohibitions, and to refrain from complaining about them, applying for an exemption, or allowing any kind of contravention, under penalty of twenty marks in gold, half of which is payable to Our Imperial Accounting Office, the other half to Duke Ulrich of Württemberg.
5. Source	Riecke, Christian H. Sammlung der württembergischen Gesetze [Collection of the Laws of Württemberg]. Cotta: Stuttgart, 1831. Vol. 4. Page 73.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1541
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Freiheitsrecht [Freedom Law] issued by Charles V.
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Ulm
4. Text of Act	This Jew is not permitted to borrow money. If he does so, he is liable to a fine of 10 marks in gold; and the money, together with interest, shall go to the city of Ulm.
5. Source	Gotthard Deutsch and Schulim Ochser, “Ulm,” jewishencyclopedia.com, accessed Dec. 5, 2024.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 23, 1541
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Emperor Karl V addressed to Delegate/Parliament Member (‘Abgeordnete’) of Constance Konrad Zwick
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Constance
4. Text of Act	Henceforth, no Jew or Jewess may lend to the citizens of Constance, heirs (‘Hinterlassen’), subjects, members of the courts and the administration* (‘Gerichts- und Schirmangehörige’) or their wives or children, may the loans be on immobile or specifically named items/goods – regardless of with or without usury – or [they are to] lose the main capital (‘Hauptgut’) and the loan. In cases where Constancians got involved with Jews (‘mit Juden einlassen’) before such [order], they are to set up a legal contract and pay it off.
5. Source	Badenia oder das badische Land und Volk. Eine Zeitschrift zur Verbreitung der historische-topographisch-statistischen Kenntiniß des Großherzogthums. Herausgegeben von Dr. Joseph Bader, Großherzgl. Archivrath. Zweiter Band. (“Badenia or the Land and Peoples of Baden. A Periodical for the Dissemination of the historical-topographical-statistical knowledge of the Grand Duchy. Edited by Joseph Bader, PhD, Council-Archivist of the Grand-duchy. Second Volume.”); (Heidelberg; 1862)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 12, 1541
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Ferdinand I addressed to the Bohemian Chamber
3. Geography of Act	Habsburg Monarchy; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	King Ferdinand gives the royal emissary whom he sent to the assembly of the members of the estates in Prague Castle the instructions to negotiate with the estates in his royal realm […]*, that if these aforementioned estates in the realm decide to expel all Jews from the Kingdom of Bohemia who do not agree to be baptized to determine a deadline within which they (Jews) can bring all of their affairs in order and collect any outstanding debt in order to leave with all of their possessions, their wives and children from the Kingdom of Bohemia and all other lands.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky,em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The document was signed in Linz. The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. *This order was issued by the king in response to the many complaints he received against the Jews who were said to be serving as spies for the Turks.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 11, 1542
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian government
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; House of Habsburg
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews, who reside here (‘heuslich gesessen’), shall give three Gulden per house, which the empire/state shall give to the poor. Jews, whether male or female, who do not reside here (‘nit heuslich, gesessen’) and who are over the age of twelve, shall pay one Pound of Pennies (‘Phund phening’). Those who are under the age of twelve shall give half a Florin. Jews who are businessmen (pursue trade), shall be especially taxed according to their dealings by the local authorities under whose jurisdiction they reside. […]
5. Source	Beiträge zur Kunde steiermärkischer Geschichtsquellen herausgegeben von historischen Vereine für Steiermark. 15. Jahrgang. (Graz; 1878); [Contributions to the science/lore of historical Styrian sources published by the Historical Associations of Styria. 15th edition. (Graz, 1878)]
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 20, 1542
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decision” of the Cathedral Chapter (‘Domkapital’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] to expel Jews entirely from the Stift* and where that is not possible, to make them wear a ring or sign on their clothes. […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher *A Stift was an independent territory in the Holy Roman Empire.

1. Full Date of Act	May 4, 1542
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decision” issued by the members of the various estates and the King [Ferdinand I]
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	During an assembly of the various estates (‘Landtag’) in Prague which took place in the presence of the king, the territorial estates (‘Stände’)* decided to insist on continuing with the earlier decision, [which said] that no member of [the realm of] the territorial estates (‘Stände’)* may accept or tolerate a Jew in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Should a Jew be found to be present anywhere [there] nevertheless, he shall be given the death penalty. Excluded from this are those Jews who received an extension to their toleration-permit from the king until Saint George’s Day. These (Jews) shall be noted and made public, so that they can collect any outstanding debt and pay off their own. They are also obliged to present a list of all of their claims to the court-master (‘Obersthofmeister’) by Saint John’s Eve.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher “Landstände (singular Landstand) were the various territorial estates or diets in the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages and the modern early period” (Wikipedia). The above is a translation of the German summary of the Czech text.

1. Full Date of Act	May 30, 1542
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Taxation for Assistance with the Turks” issued Prince-Bishop Francis (‘Franz’) von Waldeck
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] Each Jewish person (‘joddenpersoin’), may they be young or old, shall […] give one Gulden, and the rich Jews are to come to the aid of the poor in regards to this tax. Those [Jews] who have assets exceeding 100 Gulden shall owe one gulden per year […] given/signed in Bad Iburg (‘Iborch’), Tuesday during the holy Pentacost (‘dinstages in den hiligen Pinxteren* anno domini) […]
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher A similar order was re-issued on September 5, 1544. *Pinxteren appears to refer to the Christian holy-day of the Pentecost.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 11, 1542
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Bishop Conrad III
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	[…] no outside/foreign Jew or Jewess, young or old, shall walk in or through the city of Würzburg or its suburbs, except if such person pays the mayor/bailiff (‘Schultheißen’) a tariff of one Würzburg-Schilling. […] an outside/foreign Jew or Jewess may also no longer stay overnight [in the city] except if he pays a Schilling for each night […] A fine of 10 Gulden is to be applied to each Jewish violator and equally to those who harbor/house [such Jews. …]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 24, 1542
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of King Ferdinand I
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	King Ferdinand [I] orders the Bishop of Wroclaw to negotiate with the territorial estates (‘Stände’)* in Opole (‘Oppeln’) and Raciborz (‘Ratibor’) as to the amount of money they wish to pay annually to the royal Bohemian chamber for the requested expulsion of the Jews.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary of the original text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	1543
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jewish Regulation" Issued by Philip I of Hessen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Philip I requires that all Jews and their wives and children over the age 8 are to attend church services, and that the priests are to report those who do not attend church. Plus, he orders that all Jewish books that go against Christian beliefs to be gathered and burnt." Philip der Großmütige: Beiträge zu Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Zeit. Hessen. Dietrich, Julius Reinhard, Bernhard Müller (1904) p. 25
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 1, 1543
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Judenordnung (Jewish Regulation) issued by Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.
3. Geography of Act	Landgraviate of Hesse
4. Text of Act	1. “First, the Jews, along with their wives and children, who are over eight years old, must attend all sermons and diligently listen to the word of God. … 2. Secondly, you and the pastor, along with anyone else knowledgeable, must inspect all the Jewish books, and anything that contradicts our Christian faith must be burned immediately. If a pastor cannot read Hebrew, the books must be sent to Marburg for judgment. However, the Bible must not be burned under any circumstances. 3. Thirdly, you must take an oath from the Jews that they will not speak mockingly about our religion and faith, nor dispute with anyone about it. Especially, they must not blaspheme Christ, our Savior, or Mary, or the Christians, nor speak ill or mockingly about them. 4. Fourthly, you must ensure that they take no usury, whether little or much. To ensure nothing is overlooked, our officials must diligently investigate. Any Jew, whether male or female, found guilty of this should be punished with fourteen days in the tower and a fine of ten guilders. … 5. Item, no Jew, whether by himself or his servants, may exchange or break gold or silver coins, or change copper pennies or other mixed coins, or conduct exchange or trade with them. Anyone who does so shall be punished in life and limb. 6. Any Jew who does not want to comply may go to another place to seek his best interest. 7.In order to ensure that this and our previous ordinances are properly and strictly enforced, we will appoint a common inquisitor, who shall travel around our towns and investigate whether the Jews and officials are complying. In places where this is not being followed, he shall punish the Jews as stated above and fine the official, according to his rank, thirty guilders. If the official does not pay, the inquisitor shall report it to us, and we will punish the official or servant accordingly. 8. Those Jews who violate our ordinance and refuse to swear an oath to follow it shall be expelled from the land immediately.
5. Source	“Erläuterung der Judenordnung Landgraf Philipps von 1539, Kassel, 1. April 1543, [Explanation of the Jewish Ordinance of Landgrave Philip of 1539, Kassel, 1 April 1543],“ Apr. 1, 1543, available from digam.net.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German from the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com.

1. Full Date of Act	May 6, 1543
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued by John Frederick I, Electoral Prince of Saxony
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Whereas, in the thirty-sixth year [of this century], we had issued a mandate that no Jew, along with his kin, shall be suffered and tolerated in our lands and principalities, [and] that they shall not be granted any trade license in or pass through our lands, we nevertheless, upon a multitude of requests and pleadings, often from the Jewdom itself, used our mandate and, by way of several missives, allowed them a measure of admittance, notwithstanding our right to reserve cancelation of said privileges at any time. Now that we have attained credible information that the Jews not merely used their permission to pass through our lands, but abused it by way of overnight stays, trading and practicing medicine […[, we feel compelled to revoke all passes and furthermore renew our previous mandate, that no Jew nor Jewess shall reside in our lands, nor trade, wander, weave or pass through, but instead stay away from our country entirely.
5. Source	Burckhardt, D. Die Judenverfolgungen im Kurfürstentum Sachsen von 1536 an (The Persecution of the Jews in the Principality of Saxony). In: Theologische Studien und Kritiken: Beitr. zur Theologie u. Religionswissenschaft (Theological Studies and Critiques: Contributions to Theology and Religious Sciences). University of Tübingen Press: Leipzig, 1828, Pp. 593-598.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 15, 1543
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ/Royal Pardon” issued by King Ferdinand
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	King Ferdinand returns honor to/pardons the City of ��atec/Zatec (‘Saaz’) for the violent riots against the Jews. [Singed in the] Prague Castle […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the Czech text both of which can be founded in the cited source. According to Dr. Seifert in his book Geschichte der Stadt Saaz (“History of the City of ��atec/Zatec (‘Saaz’)“), a general unrest and intolerance against the Jews had been festering for many years, before finally, a small mob of citizens, craftsmen, and journeymen entered the homes of the Jews on November 13, 1541, and killed a number of Jews and caused a lot of damage. The king sent a royal judge to preside over this case and ultimately two of the worst offenders were beheaded. However, with this writ, the king pardons the city and everyone else who was involved in the pogrom.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 28, 1543
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Enactment/decree” issued by the (City) Council of Wroclaw
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	[…] Henceforth, no Jew […] is to be tolerated inside or outside of the annual market in Wroclaw […] and anyone who accommodates one publicly or secretly is to receive serious punishment.
5. Source	Acta Publica. Verhandlungen und Correspondenzen der schlesischen Fürsten und Stände. Namens des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens herausgegeben von Dr. Julius Krebs, ord. Lehrer des Roalgymnasiums am Zwinger. VI Band: Die Jahre 1626-1627. (Breslau; 1885); (Official/public Acts. Negotiations and correspondence between the Silesian princes and the estates [of the realm]. Name of the Association for History and Antiquity of Silesia edited by Julius Krebs, PhD., proper/full-time teacher at Roalgymnasium at Zwinger. VI volume. The years 1626-1627.) (Wroclaw; 1885);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 17, 1543
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	General Mandate of Ferdinand I
3. Geography of Act	Habsburg Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We Ferdinand […] since it has come to our attention that Jews roam in and out [of the country] occasionally and dare to do business in the annual and weekly markets […] We are issuing a general mandate that, if Jews who arrive without a passport issued by Our Lower-Austrian government, are to be taken in immediately and questioned vigorously […] as to what they are intending to do in Our country […]. We suggest this to you with all seriousness and wish that you follow this mandate obediently […] and absolutely prohibit Jews from doing business on annual and weekly markets […] so that other citizens do not have to face any hardship. This is Our earnest will and opinion. […]
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918. p. 5-6.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 31, 1544
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Deportation of Jews,” order issued by Emperor Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Whereas […] we […] mercifully consider that the poor, common man is being cornered and burdened by the visits and usurious contracts of the Jews, and that less-than-scrupulous persons are given much cause by this to commit thievery, embezzlement and similarly disadvantageous acts […], it is therefore not our feeling, will and opinion to let the Jews remain in our lands at this time. Thus, we order you and everyone […] that from this hour forward, in the face of this letter […], you will remove them from these lands, and […] not let them settle down, nor allow them to stay in any other way.
5. Source	von Guarint, Frantz Anton (ed.). Codex Austriacus: Zu Gemeinsamen Nutzen mit besondern Fleiß zusammen getragen Und das Erstemahl in Druck gelassen, Volume 1. Voigt & Koll: Vienna, 1704. P. 559.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 3, 1544
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Privilege” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Carl V
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…Jews] may neither have immobile goods (real estate), nor pursue or have any other stately jobs, positions, and doings with the Christians.
5. Source	Wolgast, Eike: Aufsätze zur Reformations- und Reichsgeschichte. (Essays on the History of the Reformation and the Empire); (Tübingen; 2016)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher While Carl’s edict renews the privileges given to Jews and afford them various rights and protection via this privilege, the above excerpt reaffirms certain restrictions according to this source.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 30, 1544
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by City Council of Prague
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews who do not have letters of protection/escort (‘Geleitbrief’)* shall leave Prague within 14 days as of April 30.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *A ‘Geleitbrief’ was a letter that allowed the holder to live and move freely in the territory in which it was issued.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 5, 1544
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Taxation of Jews to help with the Turks” (City) Council of Münster
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	Also Jews shall be required to help with the Turks (‘turckenhulp’), so that each Jewish person, may he be young or old, gives one Gulden tax and the rich Jews [shall] help the poor in their community with this tax/levy (’anslage’). From now on, each Jew who has assets exceeding 100 Gulden shall owe one Gulden per year.
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher A similar order was issued on May 30, 1542.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 25, 1544
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Land-Mandate” (‘Landmandat’) issued by Bishop Melchior of Zobel
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] all [practices of] usury by Jews is to be put an end to immediately, because many [Jews] have snuck into the Hochstift in recent years […] and the usurious Jews are not to receive any protection […] or any legal assistance to collect the usurious debt […] Jews of all ages must wear in public a visible yellow ring on their hats, caps, veils, coats or skirts […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None