Acts – Page 51 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	1545
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Trade Limitations” issued by Prince Petru Raresh
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1545, Jews complained to the Polish King that the Moldavian Prince Petru Raresh prevented them from taking Turkish horses to Poland and Lithuania, a common trade item at the time.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1545 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” (“Landesordnung”) issued by the Moravian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] The Jews are not to/may not live in villages, or hold markets, but only in cities and markets. […]”
5. Source	Scari, von Hieronymus: Systematische Darstellung der in Betreff der Juden in Mähren und in k. k. Antheile Schlesiens Erlassene Gesetze und Verordnungen; (Brünn; 1835); (“Systematic Representation in Regards to the Jews of Moravia and the Laws and Ordinances Issued in the Imperial and Royal[ly Owned] Parts of Silesia”);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher It is unclear from the old original text whether the ordinance meant to say that Jews are only permitted […] to live in the cities and visit markets, or whether it actually meant to say that Jews are only allowed to live in cities and markets (which is much less likely).

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 20, 1545
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict Expelling the Jews from Utrecht
3. Geography of Act	Netherlands
4. Text of Act	It is forbidden to receive the Jews in the province, or to allow them to reside,… they [Jews] are obliged to leave completely, on the 20th of January MDXLV.
5. Source	Jacob Van Poolsum, “Groot Placaatboek Vervattende Alle de Placaten, Ordonnantien en Edicten, der Edele Mogende Heeren Staten’s Lands Van Utrecht [Large Placaatboek Containing All the Placaats, Ordinances and Edicts of the Noble Mighty Lords of the States' Lands of Utrecht],” Volume 1, Utrecht, 1712, p.411, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator Text of the Act and Title of the source, translated from Dutch using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 5, 1545
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” issued by the City of Aachen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Mayors (‘Bürgermeister’), lay-judges (‘Schöffen’)* [City] Council and common citizens of the royal seat […announce and] certify with the power of this […] that the common Jewry in the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation […] the Jews [named] with their wives, children and servants along with all of their possessions are given protection in the City of Aachen for ten years starting on April 1, 1545 [… however,] each family must pay 15 Joachimsthaler (currency) annually to the city; furthermore, they are to wear a sign outside of their clothing, as it is common elsewhere. The city [on the other hand] agrees and commits to not raise any further taxes from the Jews, except those imposed by the empire […].
5. Source	Aus Aachen Vorzeit. Mitteilungen des Vereins für Kunde der Aachener Vorzeit. Im Auftrage des Vorstandes herausgegeben von Heinrich Schnock. Nr. 13. Siebzehnter Jahrgang. 1904. (Of [Pre-]Historic Aachen. Communications/Notifications of the society for the lore/knowledge/science of Aachen’s past (pre-history). Commissioned by the )executive) board and edited by Heinrich Schnock. No. 13. Seventeenth issue. 1904.)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *A Schöffe was a title of an honorary judge in German speaking territories during the Middle Ages and later.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 30, 1545
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Ferdinand I
3. Geography of Act	Habsburg Monarchy; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	King Ferdinand extends the letter of protection/escort (‘Geleitbrief’) to a few Jews and Jewish families, 62 persons in all, for another 3 years starting with Saint George’s Feast and rules that the first seven Jews listed (in the document) are to be seen as the eldest (of the Jewish community), whose function, however, is to only last until the upcoming Saint George’s [Day], at which point, the Bohemian Chamber will renew/determine the office of the eldest.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. *A ‘Geleitbrief’ was a letter that allowed the holder of it to live and move freely in the territory for which it was issued. This document was drafted and signed in Prague.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 5, 1545
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Ferdinand I and addressed to the City Council of Old-Town Prague
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews with the exception of those who hold a letter of protection/escort (‘Geleitbrief’)* are to be expelled in three weeks.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. *A ‘Geleitbrief’ was a letter that allowed the holder to live and move freely in the territory in which it was issued.

1. Full Date of Act	May 5, 1546
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Ferdinand I and addressed to the (members of the) Bohemian Chamber-Councils (‘Kammerräte’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews, who do not have a letter of protection/escort (‘Geleitbrief’)* are to be expelled from Prague.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. The document was drafted and signed in Wroclaw. *A ‘Geleitbrief’ was a letter that allowed the holder to move freely in the territory in which it was issued.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 25, 1546
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of the City Council of Prague and addressed to the Jewish elders/leaders
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews, who do not have a letter of protection/escort (‘Geleitbrief’)* are to leave Prague.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. *A ‘Geleitbrief’ was a letter that allowed the holder to move freely in the territory for which it was issued.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 9, 1546
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Ferdinand I and addressed to the (members of the) Bohemian Chamber-Councils (‘Kammerräte’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews, who do not have a letter of protection/escort (‘Geleitbrief’)* are to be expelled from Prague.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. *A ‘Geleitbrief’ was a letter that allowed the holder to move freely in the territory for which it was issued.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 14, 1546
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King Ferdinand I addressed to the city of Litomerice (‘Leitmeritz’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	King Ferdinand grants the city of Litomerice (‘Leitmeritz’), in response to their request, permission [so that] no Jew may settle and live in the aforementioned city, its suburbs, and surroundings […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. The document was drafted and signed in Prague Castle.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 13, 1546
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Mandate prohibiting borrowing from the Jews
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
4. Text of Act	Our predecessors and us have issued a serious and strict mandate and commandment that you or anyone among you from now on should [not] borrow from the Jews, small or large.
5. Source	Carl Theodor Weiss, “Geschichte und Rechtliche Stellung der Juden im Fürstbistum Strassburg, besorders in dem jetzt badischen teile, nach akten dargestellt [History and Legal Status of the Jews in the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg, especially in the part that is now Baden, presented according to documents],” P. Hanstein, Bonn, 1894, p.129-130, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher This mandate is a reiteration of an earlier mandate dated Dec. 11, 1529. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 15, 1547
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by King Ferdinand I Bohemian Chamber (‘böhemischen Kammer’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	King Ferdinand orders the Bohemian Chamber to prohibit all Jews of Prague the exporting of silver.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. The original document was drafted and signed in Dresden.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 23, 1547
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Blood Purity Statute” passed by the Archbishopric of Toledo
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act	We enact and ordain that from now on and forever, all individuals who in our blessed, holy church come to be incumbents and have entry to it, such as dignitaries, canons, like rationers, chaplains and clerics, are illustrious or noble persons, or sons thereof, or learned, or graduates from a renowned university, along with all of the above-said being Old Christians, and that none of the above-mentioned descend from Jewish lineage […].
5. Source	Martínez, Andrés (Ed.) Catedral Primada de Toledo. Papeles referentes al Estatuto de limpieza de sangre de la Iglesia de Toledo, hecho siendo Arzobispo D. Juan Martínez Silíceo. Casa de Misericordia: La Coruña (Spain), (Primate Cathedral of Toledo. Papers referring to the Blood Purity Law of the Church of Toledo, produced by Archbishop Don Juan Martinez Siliceo) 1895. Page 4.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 3, 1547
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Count John III of Pernstein
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland; County of Kladsko
4. Text of Act	John of Perstein confirms the privileges and freedoms of the city of Trezebicz (‘Trebitsch’), including the assurance that no Jews may [ever] settle there.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. The original document was drafted and signed in Pardubice.

1. Full Date of Act	1548
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Jewish Mandate" Issued by Kaiser Karl V. of Augsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Kaiser Karl V of Augsburg issues a mandate against the usury of Jews in the territory of Worms which the Bishop Dietrich had explicitly confirmed in 1554." Jüdische Geschichte im Alten Reich 1300-1800, Ehrenpreis, Stefan, Andreas Gotzmann, Stephan Wendehorst (2013) p.134
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 3, 1548
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Enactment/decree” issued by the [City] Council of Wroclaw
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	[The decree of 1543 is to be modified in such that …] Jews shall be free to visit the local markets and to collect debts [owed to them]. However, outside of these markets, they may not come to the city [but only send representatives to collect on the debt …].
5. Source	Acta Publica. Verhandlungen und Correspondenzen der schlesischen Fürsten und Stände. Namens des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens herausgegeben von Dr. Julius Krebs, ord. Lehrer des Roalgymnasiums am Zwinger. VI Band: Die Jahre 1626-1627. (Breslau; 1885); (Official/public Acts. Negotiations and correspondence between the Silesian princes and the estates [of the realm]. Name of the Association for History and Antiquity of Silesia edited by Julius Krebs, PhD., proper/full-time teacher at Roalgymnasium at Zwinger. VI volume. The years 1626-1627.) (Wroclaw; 1885);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 25, 1548
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Cornetists’ Regulation, confirming the Society of Trumpeters, Fifers and Lute Players by Count Ulrich
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Württemberg
4. Text of Act	Item, no one in the brotherhood should serve Jews at weddings or other events.
5. Source	“Sammlung der Württembergischen Regierungs-Gesetze, [Collection of Württemberg Government Laws],” Part 2, Tübingen, 1842, pp. 1221-1223, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	1550
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Limitation of Privileges for Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “By the 16th century many Moldavian princes started to limit privileges previously granted to Jews.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1550 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Dice-Tax” (‘Würfelzoll’)* of Tyrol, year 1550
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] each Jew pays 30** dice [when crossing.]
5. Source	Rauscher, Peter: Den Christen gleich sein. Diskriminierung und Verdienstmöglichkeiten von Juden an österreichischen Mautstellen in der Frühen Neuzeit (16./17. Jahrhundert); (“Egal to Christians. Discrimination and Earning-Potential/Opportunity of Jews in Austrian Toll-Crossings”);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary from an authoritative source. The ‘Würfelzoll’ (dice-tax) was a Jewish ‘Leibzoll’ (body tax) in the Middle Ages all the way up to the 17th Century. Its origins of the ‘Würfelzoll’ are obscure. **One of the theories behind requiring Jews to pay 30 dice was to remind Jews of the 30 pieces of silver that Judas took as payment to betray Jesus.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 6, 1550
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Patent” issued the government of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg / Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are no longer to be tolerated in the land/territory.
5. Source	Friedrich Adolph Wolterecks Kurzer Begrif Braunschweig-Wolfebbüttelscher Landes-Ordnungen und Gesetze, welche seit den ältesten Zeiten bis im Monath December des 1750sten Jahres ergangen; (Braunschweig; 1771); (Friedrich Adolph Woltereck’s short-term local ordinances and laws of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, which have been passed since the earliest times until the month of December of 1750) Brunswick; 1771;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 14, 1550
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Letter” of the City of Münster to Prince-Bishop ‘Franz’ von Waldeck
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] we wish to tolerate this just once and to extend [… to the aforementioned] Jew Salmon’s protection permit (‘gleyde’) to match (the expiration date) of the other Jews […] so long as he behaves according to his permit […] properly/obediently […however,] we wish to ask you – his princely grace [Bishop Waldeck] – to no longer bother and burden us with any further protection permits for Jews. […]
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher While the city of Münster gives in to Bishop Waldeck’s request to extend Salmon’s residency/protection, it asks/demands that Waldeck not bother them with such requests for protection permits for Jews in the future.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 8, 1550
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of the Venetian Senate Ordering the Expulsion of the Marranos.
3. Geography of Act	Republic of Venice
4. Text of Act	It must be publicly proclaimed, both in this city, and outside in each of our lands, and places, terrestrial, and maritime, that these Marranos must within the term of two months leave, without any execution, from our state, under penalty of confiscation of all their goods, and of serving two years at the oar… Nor can they under the same penalty return there at any time at any time. Truly those of the nobles, citizens, or our subjects, who after said time are found, who have, have trade, dealings, intelligence of any kind, with any of the aforementioned Maranos, incur immediately the same penalty.
5. Source	David Kaufman, "Die Vertreibung der Marranen aus Venedig im Jahre 1550 [The Expulsion of the Marranos from Venice in 1550]," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Volume 13, 1901, p. 526-527, available at archive.org.
6. Researcher	Emily Ranger-Murdock (Covington)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher According to Britannica.com, the term Marrano, refers to “a Jew who converted to the Christian faith to escape persecution but who continued to practice Judaism secretly.” Translator The text of the Act is available in Latin in the source above. It was translated into English using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1550
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Erhart Dehlin*
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] the previously given freedom (‘Freyheit’)** to Jews [via the order of July 21, 1548 …] refers only to the Jew himself and not to his male heirs and their heirs as well […] and those [heirs] who attempt to illegally attain such [permits] in our domain in the future [are to be turned down completely …].
5. Source	Johann Jacob Mosers Königlich-Dänischen Statsraths, Zusätze in seinem neuen Teutschen Staatsrecht; drinn, nebst vilen ungedruckten, zum Theil sehr wichtigen, Urkunden und Nachrichten, von allen neusten bekannten Deutschen (allgemeinen und besonderen,) Staatsangelegenheiten hinlänglicher Bericht ertheilet wird. Dritter und lezter Band. (Frankfurt und Leipzig; 1782); (Johann Jacob Moser’s Royal-Danish City Council, addition to his new German constitutional law; includes along with numerous unpublished documents and news, a sufficient report of the latest known German (general and special) state affairs. Third and last volume.) (Frankfurt and Leipzig; 1782);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher Dehlin/Döhlin von Frickenhausen was a nobility based in Swabia. *Freyheit refers here to special permits given to Jews to settle and/or to pursue certain trades within a domain.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 6, 1550
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Archduke Ferdinand
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	Archduke Ferdinand prohibits the Jews of Prague to lend anyone horses [that presents a] disadvantage/detriment to the community.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. The original document was drafted and signed in Prague Castle.

1. Full Date of Act	1551
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Imperial/Royal Police Ordinance” issued by Imperial Police Authorities, year 1551
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Jews may not cede/sell their demands they hold on one Christian to another Christian without voiding [the demand]. […]”
5. Source	Sammlung der im Gebiete der inneren Staats-Verwaltung des Königreichs Bayern bestehenden Verordnungen aus amtlichen Quellen geschöpft und systematisch geordnet von G. Döllinger, König. bayer. geheimen Hausarchivar und wirklichen Rath. Sechste Band; (München; 1838); ('Collection of Regulations/Ordinances Existing in the Territories of the Internal State Administration of the Kingdom of Bavaria from official sources and systematically arranged by G. Döllinger, Royal Bavarian Secret House-Archivist and True Advisor; Volume VI'), (Munich; 1838);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance prohibited Jews from selling IOUs or any contract they held with any Christians without voiding them. The ‘Mortgage Law’ of June 1, 1822, established via §53 a exception for mortgages.