Acts – Page 55 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 17, 1565
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Imperial Writ” issued by the Bohemian Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	As per imperial writ […] the deadline for Jews to emigrate out of Opole (‘Oppeln’) and Glogow (‘Grossglogau’) is extended until June 10, 1565.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. The original was drafted and signed in Vienna. It is entirely unclear why this additional writ was needed as a pervious “imperial order” issued on November 6, 1564 had granted Jews a full year to take the necessary precautions to leave. This writ in fact appears to be rather shortening the deadline.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 18, 1565
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Imperial Order” issued by Maximilian II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews of Prucise are to move out/leave the city.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 4, 1565
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Imperial Writ” issued by the Bohemian Chancellery in Vienna
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	[…] As per the plea/intercession of the Jews from Opole (‘Oppeln’) and Glogow (‘Grossglogau’) it is permitted that two Jews remain behind in each of these cities in order to collect on any outstanding debt [to any Jew] until St. George’s Day.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchivs des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 906 bis 1576. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 906 to 1576.); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source. The original was drafted and signed in Vienna.

1. Full Date of Act	1566
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Act issued by King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland & Grand Duke of Lithuania
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Lithuania [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians.
5. Source	“Lithuania; The Act of 1566.” No author, Accessed online article 8/30/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 4, 1566
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Kaiser Maximilian II addressed to Cardinal Mark Sittich, Bishop of Constance (‘Konstanz’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Constance
4. Text of Act	Emperor Maximilian II orders Mark Cardinal Sittich, Bishop of Constance, that no Jew or Jewess is to have any contact with any members of the Hochstift* Constance whatsoever without the prior knowledge of the Bishop or be fined 40 Marks of Lötigen-Gold.
5. Source	Landesarchiv Baden-Würtemberg; Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (“State Archive of Baden-Würtemberg; Main-State-Archive Karlsruhe." No/Nr. 5 - 133; www.landesarchiv-bw.de.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary of the original text. This document was issued in Augsburg; the original can be found at the Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe 5 Nr. 133 – Archivalieneinheit (“Main-State-Archive Karlsruhe 5 Nr. 133 – Archive-Unit”).

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 19, 1566
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Romanus Pontifex” issued by Pope Pius V
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	…In order to make an end to all doubt concerning the colour of the cap and the sign of the women, we declare that the colour must be yellow…All worldly princes, lords and judges do we exhort, and implore for the mercy of Jesus Christ’s sake and utter to them for this forgiveness of their sins, to support in all the foregoing the patriarchs, primates, archbishops and bishops and to further them, and the transgressors with worldly punishments and judgements.
5. Source	“Chapter Forty-Two Popes, Church Fathers and Saints Combat and Condemn the Jews.” No Author. Page 646; Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	Editor Author’s footnote dates this law April 19, 1566

1. Full Date of Act	May 29, 1566
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Diet Resolution including on the Jewish Tax issued by Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.
3. Geography of Act	Landgraviate of Hesse
4. Text of Act	The Jews, who live under our gracious prince and lord or the nobility, shall be taxed as follows: Each Jewish person, whether young or old, shall first pay one guilder for immediate aid, and the wealthy Jews shall assist the poor with this payment. In the second instance, for immediate aid, each Jew with a principal estate of one hundred guilders, regardless of the property they own, shall pay half a guilder, and thus the tax shall rise and fall, while ensuring that usury remains prohibited. For the long-term, three-year aid, each Jew with a principal estate of one hundred guilders shall pay nine albus for each year, amounting to three guilders in total from the hundred for the three years.
5. Source	“Landtagsabschied, u. a. über die Judensteuer, Treysa, 29. Mai 1566, [Diet Resolution, including on the Jewish Tax, Treysa, May 29, 1566],” May 29, 1556, available from digam.net.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German from the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 19, 1567
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Cum Nos Nuper” issued by Pope Pius V
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	With full understanding and in exercising of the apostolic powers, we withdraw from the Jews and their rule (and recognize no right or claim) all properties, which the Jews have in their possession in this city Rome or other places of our domain of rule.
5. Source	“Les Papes et le Talmud.” No author. 4/1/2011; Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	Editor Original webpage is in French, Google translate was used on 9/13/2011 to change text to English.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 11, 1567
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Emperor Maximilian II and addressed to the Bohemian Chamber (‘böhmische Kammer’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] Finally, in matters regarding the living conditions/upkeep (‘Unterhaltung’) of baptized Jews, it is our gracious order that you should submit your obedient report, council, and opinion as to whether he (they) has turned to studying or whether to expect anything terrible of him (them). And so it shall be as per our gracious will and opinion. Given in Our royal Prague Castle on April 14 […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 14, 1567
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Constitution of Koenigsberg" issued by Duke Albrecht I
3. Geography of Act	Prussia / Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	Jews are no longer to be tolerated in the Princedom of Koenigsberg and are to leave the country within 4 weeks [of issuance of this edict]; those who are still found to be present in the country are to be considered a price and no letter or seal will be considered to serve as a protection.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (1962) (The Prussian State and the Jews) p. 148, Berliner Staats Archiv R7 - 106 I., Online book.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 31, 1567
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Patent” of Archduke Ferdinand II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] all [persons] who have jurisdiction over Jews, who reside in their district, are ordered to prohibit these Jews from taking excessive and usurious interests from the[ir] subjects’ lands, goods/possessions and harvest […] those [Jews] in violation of this proscription are to face confiscation of the [amount they have] loaned […] physical punishment and [finally] expulsion.
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	Research 2017 Translation
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 28, 1568
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Order” of Maximilian II and addressed to the Bohemian Chamber (‘böhmische Kammer’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] Since the nearby residing Jews in and around Kutna Hora (‘Kuttenperg’) have so ruined the poor mining folks and craftsmen with their Jewish (com-)petitions/offers (‘Gesuech’), which could potentially cause the devaluation […] of ore and partially silver […]. We no longer wish to see this happen, that is why we order that you should prohibit all Jews to be [present] in a mining town right away, and if one or the other enters [the town] past this prohibition, they shall be seized and prosecuted. […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 12, 1568
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“General Mandate” issued by Maximilian II
3. Geography of Act	Grand-Duchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We, Maximilian, the other, by the grace of God, Roman emperor […] order all and every prelate, count, lord, knight […] in Our Lower-Austrian domains […] not to permit Jews to take excessive [… and] usurious interests on loans from Our (Christian] subjects […] but to rather put an end [to such dealings …]. [Henceforth] Jews in the domain are to be completely and strictly prohibited to make usurious money loans, and only engage in modest trade with [actual] merchandize […]. Those who act in violation of this order are to receive a fine or corporal punishment in accordance with their transgression. […]
5. Source	Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847 (1849). Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von A. F. Pribram. Erster Band. (Wien und Leipzig; 1918); (Official documents and files regarding the history of Jews in Vienna. First section, General part 1526-1847 (1849). Published and introduced by A. F. Pribram. First volume.); (Vienna and Leipzig; 1918)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 26, 1568
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order by the Captain of Famagusta expelling Jews from Famagusta.
3. Geography of Act	Cyprus
4. Text of Act	On 26th July 1568 the captain [of Famagusta] ordered all the Jews that had not been born in Famagusta to leave the city within fifteen days.
5. Source	Lukasz Burkiewicz, "The Cypriot Jews Under Venetian Rule (1489-1571)," Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, Vol. 6, 2008, p. 56, available from academia.edu.
6. Researcher	David Diesbach (Covington)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher We have been unable to find a copy of the original order but it is footnoted in the above source as “ASV. Lettere, B. 290. Nos. 271-73.”

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 6, 1568
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Peddling Prohibition for Jews in Mining-Towns (“Bergstädten”) issued by Emperor Maximilian II
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are prohibited from entering mining-towns and from trading and doing business in them, […] Jews, who dwell in mining-town of the Kingdom of Bohemia and its domains, are to be removed without further ado within a month, and those who have been found to have violated this decree and entered the mines after the [above] allocated time period, or even found to be present there, are to be arrested immediately and punished in seriousness - physically and materially (‘an Leib und Gut’). […]
5. Source	Systematische Darstellung aller über den Hausir-Handel bestehenden kaiserl. Königl. österreichischen Gesetze und Verordnungen verfaßt on Friedrich Selner (“Systematic Representation of all Imperial Royal Austrian Laws and Ordinances regarding Peddling written/compiled by Friedrich Selner”; (1847).
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary Researcher Similar decrees were re-issued on Nov. 22, 1796, June 18, 1802* and May 10, 1815. *In the mandate of 1802, it is determined that if a Jew is found to violate the ban on peddling, he is to – aside of being imprisoned – be fined 5 Gulden the first time; 10 fl. the second time and 20 Reichsthaler with his 3rd offence. It is also determined that should the mining officials and magistrate in charge of this mandate fail to oversee and implement this mandate, they shall be fined 10 Reichsthaler – on a case by case basis – payable to the Institute of the Poor (‘Armeninstitute’).

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 12, 1568
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Instruction/Commission” of the Bohemian Chamber Councils (‘böhmischen Kammerräte) addressed to the City Council of Kolin
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] to publicly post the royal mandate which prohibits Jews to trade in Kutna Hora (‘Kuttenperg’) and other mining towns at the town-hall so that everyone can read it and no Jew can use ignorance as an excuse.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This order was signed at Prague Castle.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 12, 1568
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of Rudolf II
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] as far as the Jews are concerned, who live in Petschau, Elbogen and other places near the city of Perg and its surroundings and whose numbers are increasing with each day […], We no longer deem to tolerate this […] which is why they are to be banned from Perg henceforth […]. […] and We […] order Schlicken* the pledge-holder (“Pfand-Inhaber) of the dominion of Petschau as well as Elbogen to abolish the Jews [from these places] henceforth. […]
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher *The text reads “Schlicken” though the text may be referring to the Count Schlick.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 9, 1569
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order/Instruction/Commission” of Emperor Maximilian II addressed to the Bohemian Chamber (‘böhmische Kammer’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[We] Maximilian […] Roman Emperor […] wish to maintain [the implemented] prohibition of Jews (and their trading) in the mining towns in our kingdom of Bohemia in all earnestness […] and that David Leo’s wish to pass and do business in Krásno (‘Schönfeld/Synfelt) and Horní Slavkov/Horni Slavokv (‘Schlaggenwald) […] should be rejected and that he should be prohibited [to enter these mining towns] just like all other Jews […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 26, 1569
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Hebraeorum Gens” issued by Pope Pius V
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	… Besides usury, through which Jews everywhere have sucked dry the property of impoverished Christians, they are accomplices of thieves and robbers; and the most damaging aspect of the matter is that they allure the unsuspecting through magical incantations, superstition, and witchcraft to the Synagogue of Satan and boast of being able to predict the future. We have carefully investigated how this revolting sect abuses the name of Christ and how harmful they are to those whose life is threatened by their deceit. On account of these and other serious matters, and because of the gravity of their crimes which increase day to day more and more, We order that, within 90 days, all Jews in our entire earthly realm of justice -- in all towns, districts, and places -- must depart these regions.
5. Source	“List of Papal Bulls on Jewish Question.” No Author, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 9, 1570
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Bishop John (‘Johann von Hoya’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	To all officers of the Stift* of Münster. John (‘Johnn’) by the Grace of God […] Since we have been asked by the parliament of Münster […] to get rid of the Jews […] who are occasionally found to be present (‘erhalten teten’) in our Stift, and to no longer to tolerate them […] it is therefore our order that all Jews in Your jurisdiction (in Euweren befolhenem ambt’) whether they have received the aforementioned permit or any other […] are expelled with all earnestness within the next 14 days and […] to no longer permit them [to settle…] which we rely/depend on you to enforce.
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. ("Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia."); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Stifts were independent territories within the Holy Roman Empire.

1. Full Date of Act	May 17, 1570
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict issued by King Philip prohibiting the settlement of Jews in the Netherlands.
3. Geography of Act	Netherlands
4. Text of Act	To strictly forbid all … to receive or maintain any Jews.
5. Source	W. van Loon, "Groot Gelders Placaet-boeck, I," Nymegen 1701, columns 442-444, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Mia Neafcy (Covington)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher Further information about this Act can be found in A.H. Huusen Jr., “Legislation on the Position of the Jews in the Dutch Republic, C. 1590-1796," Legal History Review, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, Antwerp, London, Boston, 2001, p. 47, available from heinonline.org. Additional research by Kate Wraith. Translator The text of this Act was translated from Dutch using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 6, 1570
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish-Ordinance” issued in Worms
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Worms; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[… Jews may not] sell or transfer their debts* (the debts they hold) to a foreign Jew or Christian (‘ire Schulden keinem außlendischen Juden oder Christen ver- kaufen oder ufftragen’). […]
5. Source	Regional Geschichte Bibliothek. III. 2 Erwerbsmöglichkeiten der Mainzer Juden in 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. (“Regional History. Library. III. 2. Work opportunities of the Jews of Mainz during the 16th and 17th century.”); www.regionalgeschichte.net.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The term "ire Schulden" [= their debts] most like refers to the IOUs they hold and not to debts they owe themselves.

1. Full Date of Act	1571
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of Jews” issued by the Landgraviate of Hesse, year 1571
3. Geography of Act	Landgraviate of Hesse; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Also, a Jew – as often as he passes through [the City of Gemünden] – gives each time 1 Albus* (‘alb’) [and] 3 dice [in the form of] tariffs/customs/tolls (‘Würfelzoll’) […]”
5. Source	Hecker, Horst: Jüdisches Leben in Frankenberg (“Jewish Life in Frankenberg by Horst Hecker"), 2011; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher "…item ein Jud, so oft er Furzeucht [=durchzieht] gibt allemahl 1 alb 3 wurffell Zoll" ... The word ‘alb’ refers to the Albus, which was a common currency in that region. It was common for Jews to pay a monetary fee when crossing a toll/bridge and (usually 3) valuable dice. This practice had morphed into a sick sport in later years – which still occurred all the way up to the 18th century – in which traveling Jews were asked to turn over any valuable dice when encountered. If they did not have any, they had to either pay a ransom or were beaten.*

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 25, 1571
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Wilhelm Prusinovsky, Bishop of Olomouc
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Bishopric of Olomouc
4. Text of Act	Vilém Prusinovský z Víckova (Wilhelm Prusinovsky), Bishop of Olomouc reprieves the Jews of (‘Kremsier’) from the obligation of having to lend him or his successors any horses for four years.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This writ was signed in the Moravian town of Kromeriz (‘Kremsier’). The above is a translation of a German summary of the Czech text, both of which can be found in the sited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 5, 1571
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Order” issued by Emperor Maximilian II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are to be permitted to live in the city and shall wear a (little) yellow hood (‘gelbes Häube’) instead of a yellow patch. In order to protect them from ambushes, they shall live in one house (in the current ‘Himmelpfortgasse’, which is to have only one entrance, […] the windows and the doors shall be well protected, so that during the night (‘nächtlicher Weil’) nobody can leave or enter the home from a secret passage. There shall be a keeper/watcher (‘Zuseher’) in the house, who shall keep an eye on things day and night as to what the Jews are doing. […] Foreign Jews who come to Vienna must report to the authorities immediately as to where they come from and who they will live with and these persons who make these reports shall be reliable/trustworthy.
5. Source	Wolf, Gerson: Geschichte der Juden in Wien (1156-1876); (Wien, 1876); (Wolf, Gerson: History of the Jews in Vienna (1156-1876); (Vienna, 1876)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None