Acts – Page 56 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 16, 1571
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Emperor Maximilian II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Highborn, […], honorable, dear, faithfuls. We have heard and taken into consideration your obedient report and council regarding the Jews of Kolin […] and since a previously issued mandate prohibits all Jews to be [present] in mining-towns their plea [to be allowed] the city of Kolin to collect on their debt […] is not granted and the previous prohibition is herewith upheld […] and that you are graciously ordered to remind Jews again that they are strictly prohibited to be [present] in mining towns and that any violator will be duly punished […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This order was in response to a written plea of the Bohemian Chamber addressed to the Emperor in which they ask him to turn down requests of Jews to be allowed to enter Kolin to settle any outstanding debt owed to them — which the emperor concedes to with this writ.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 3, 1572
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree restricting the leather and tanning trade.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	[The] Tanners' Guild has reported numerous grievances concerning their craft, as well as the hardships faced by them, their wives, and children. These hardships are mainly due to various disturbances caused by butchers, foreign traders, and Jews who are continually interfering in their trade,… since we are deeply inclined to support the Tanners' Guild, we have granted them the following articles for their practice, and we command their strict enforcement, as follows: Foreigners are permitted to buy rough hides and skins at open markets and butcher stalls, but they are strictly prohibited from peddling or selling them door to door or within homes,… Some foreign tanners and even some from our own diocese have been selling leather on feast days in or near the churches, particularly during sermons and church services. We prohibit this practice, and no leather may be sold on such days in or around the churches, under penalty of confiscation. Should any masters or workers of the leather trade report disturbances, particularly caused by Jews, we instruct you to provide them with proper assistance and help ensure that violators are punished and the appropriate penalties applied.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances]," Part 1, Franz Sebastian Sartorius, Wurzburg, 1776, p. 22, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher This Act was reiterated in a law dated June 13, 1615. See the above source, pp. 42-43. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com and Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 22, 1572
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by Maximilian II addressed to the city of Vienna
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] the citizens [of Vienna] are ordered to allocate a different house to the Jews to live in, where they can live among [themselves and] the different Jewish families/parties, with wives and children and [their] relatives (‘gütlin’). In this house, there shall also live an honest burgher (‘Bürgermann’) and a Christian Lord/estate owner (‘Hofherr’) with his own [family]. […]
5. Source	Wolf, Gerson: Geschichte der Juden in Wien (1156-1876); [Wien, 1876); (Wolf, Gerson: History of the Jews in Vienna (1156-1876); (Vienna, 1876)]
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher The term “house” in this mandate might have referred to an estate with several adjoining small houses facing a court-yard.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 31, 1572
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Emperor Maximilian II addressed to the Old-Town Prague
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[Emperor Maximilian commands Old-Town Prague (‘Altstadt Prag’) to order Jews to submit the thirtieth penny (1/30) of each sold good as per the parliamentary decision (‘Landtagsbeschlusse’); the imperial judges are to collect any fines for non-payment of such taxes as determined by the parliament (‘Landtag’). […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher Document was signed in Vienna. The above is a translation of a German summary of the Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	May 20, 1572
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by the Bohemian Chamber (‘böhmische Kammer’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews in the Kingdom of Bohemia must submit those taxes which were approved by the parliament (‘Landtag’) to the Jewish elders [for collection] […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. I. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This writ was signed in Prague Castle. The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 3, 1572
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Imperial Mandate” (‘De Mandato per imperatorem’) on behalf of Emperor Maximilian II addressed to the Lower-Austrian government and chamber
3. Geography of Act	Grand-Duchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] His royal majesty, our all-gracious lord, wishes to remind the Lower-Austrian government and chamber […] that he intends to expel all local, city-dwelling and free Jews from the city […]
5. Source	Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847 (1849). Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von A. F. Pribram. Erster Band. (Wien und Leipzig; 1918); (Official documents and files regarding the history of Jews in Vienna. First section, General part 1526-1847 (1849). Published and introduced by A. F. Pribram. First volume.); (Vienna and Leipzig; 1918)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 1, 1572
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Imperial Order” of Emperor Maximilian II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews shall have left the land by Palm Sunday of 1573. […] Those who have abstained from their erroneous Jewish beliefs [and] have turned to Christianity and have converted to the true Christian faith and want to continue to remain Christians […] those shall receive Royal grace and shall have Christian love bestowed upon them. […]
5. Source	Wolf, Gerson: Geschichte der Juden in Wien (1156-1876); (Wien, 1876); (Wolf, Gerson: History of the Jews in Vienna (1156-1876); (Vienna, 1876)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher The Jews were able to get several extension for the expulsion order; however, on December 22, 1575, all Jews were ordered to leave the land for good. Before they could leave, they were asked to pay the “Urbar-Tax” in full; and the Jew Chaim was asked to pay the debts of all Jews who were deceased.”

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 10, 1573
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the [City] Council/Senate of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Since it has come to the Council’s attention that numerous foreign and local Jews hire rotten/corrupt boys (‘verdorbene Buben’) and instruct them to borrow cloth/fabric and all sorts of merchandize from the [local] businessmen and then turn them over to Jews for little money and then take off and disappear […] that is why the Council has decided to strictly order the local Jewry […] to completely refrain from all scams/fraud […] or receive corporal punishment […].
5. Source	Der Juden zu Frankfurt Stättigkeit und Ordnung. (1613); (The Settlement/Establishment of Jews of Frankfurt and Ordinance/Order. (1613));
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher This original document is dated February 10 and August 25.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 20, 1573
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Extract of the Privilege of Emperor Maximilian II"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Nuremberg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	We, Maximilian, the other, elected Roman Emperor by the grace of God […] expand and extend to the city of Nuremberg [… and all its citizens …] with the announcement of this [given] liberty, not to permit a Jew or Jewess, or one of their kind, to make loans [to anyone in Nuremberg …] without the prior knowledge and permission of the mayor and the [City] Council […] or to engage in barter or exchanges or such loans and other contracts, whatever they may be called, named or unnamed, [… and Jews who contravene are to lose their capital and all interests … If Jews are found with stolen items, they are to return them to the rightful owner without compensation …]
5. Source	Des Reichs-Stättischen Hand-Buchs. Zweyter Theil. (Hand-book of the Imperial Cities. Second part.); (Tübingen; 1733);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above privilege of Maximilian II is several pages long and has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space. The full extract with the pertinent passages relating to Jews can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 23, 1576
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance” issued by the City Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Frankfurt; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews can sell a pound of beef – which did not turn out kosher – for no more than 7 pennies; […] there must not be more than 6 Jewish butchers in Frankfurt […] who must appear in front of the council annually to ask/apply for this perk/privilege […] Between [St.] Gall’s and [St.] Martin’s [Day], Jew may not slaughter more than two oxen and one cow. [… outside of this time] Jews may slaughter two cows and one oxen if both pieces turn out not to be kosher (‘es ware denn, dass beide Stücke nicht kosher ausfallen’) they may slaughter one more […]. […] In addition to a calf, Jews may not slaughter more than two of the following: mutton, sheep, goats, and buck. […] During the time of the markets, each is allowed to slaughter either no more than three cows or one oxen and one cow – and if either turned out to be non-kosher, they may slaughter one in its place […].
5. Source	Chronik vom ehrbaren Metzgergewerk. Nach den Rechtsquellen und historischen Ueberlieferungen des deutschen Mittelalters bearbeitet und in den Druck gegeben von Herman Alexander von Berlepsch; (“Chronicle of the Respectable butcher’s trade. According to Legal Sources and Historical Customs of the Middle Ages in Germany edited and given to print by Herman Alexander von Berlepsch”); (St. Gallen)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher This is an extension to the “Fleischordnung” (Meat-Ordinance) for Jews issued in 1433.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 9, 1576
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Announcement” of the [City] Council of Münster
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] the desires/wishes/pleas of Jews to receive protection in the Stift has been turned down by the government; they are only permitted to enter during the time of the free markets.
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 1, 1577
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Vices Ejus Nos,” issued by Pope Gregory XIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	[…] all patriarchs, archbishops, bishops and other prelates of the church shall ensure that in their areas, lands and towns, where there are a sufficient number of Jews to found a synagogue, they shall call them to assemble at a predetermined place, on the sabbath or any other specific day of each week, but not on hallowed ground or at a place where mass is usually celebrated. There, a Master of Theology or another suitable man, who should be paid by the Hebrews, or in any other way agreeable to him, shall preach or lecture to them. Therewith, the scriptures of the Old Testament shall be explained to them, namely Moses and the prophets.
5. Source	Franco, Sebastian & Dalmazzo, Henrico (eds.). Bullarum: diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum taurinensis [Diplomatic Bulls and Privileges of the Holy Roman Pontiffs -- Torino Edition], Volume 8. Turin, Italy, 1863. Pp. 188ff. 9/1/19.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 9, 1577
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Imperial Police Ordinance, issued by Emperor Rudolf II, King of Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Title XX. Of Jews and their usury. – Whereas many towns in the German nation contain Jews who not only lend against high promissory notes, but also against stolen and robbed goods, it can be assumed that they will burden the poor and needy populace and suck it dry, causing it to commit many evil deeds. Therefore, we hereby order that henceforth, nobody is required to take in any Jews, except for those whom We have given special privileges. […] And so that all fraud in their loans may be prevented, the Jews shall write their loan contracts not in the Jewish language, but in German, indicating both the loan amount and a description of the collateral. In addition, no Christian shall buy a claim against a Christian from a Jew, nor may a Jew transfer such a debt to another Christian in any other way, as this shall make the contract null and void. […] However, so that the Jews may make a living, they shall be allowed to charge no more than five percent in usury. […]
5. Source	Weber, Matthias. Die Reichspolizeiordnungen von 1530, 1548 und 1577 (The Imperial Police Ordinances of 1530, 1548 and 1577). Klostermann: Frankfurt, 2002. Page 247.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1579
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” issued by Prince Peter Schiopul
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1579, Prince Peter Schiopul (Peter the Lame) ill-treated Jews and expelled Polish born Jewish merchants from Moldavia.” 2) “On January 8, 1579, the sovereign of Moldavia, Peter Schiopul (Peter the Lame), ordered the banishment of the Jews on the grounds that they are ruining the merchants and had a total monopoly on Moldavian commerce.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 9, 1579
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Taxation” issued by the General Assembly/Parliament (‘Generallandtag’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	The Jews who live in Prague or other cities and markets […] villages, or on the countryside in the kingdom […] shall each give 2 Ducats or 1 1/2 Schock Bohemian Gr. [currency] at two different times […] if they are 20 years or older or married […]. Those younger than 20 and older than 10 shall each give one-half on the determined days […]. The Jewish eldest are to keep a list of every Jew who is between the age of 10 and 20 (by name) […] to collect these taxes properly at the mandated dates […] to turn over [the sums to] the tax collectors at the Prague Castle along with the list […] If the Jewish elders do not obey this ordinance […] they are to be jailed […] and legally persecuted […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. II. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher This assembly met on February 9, 1579, and concluded on April 14 of the same year.

1. Full Date of Act	May 25, 1579
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Archbishop of Mainz, for the County of Rheingau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Whereas it is not a hidden fact that the Jews are a burden to public welfare, pushing the poor into depths of despair with their shameful, cunning interest and usury, in an affront to God, honor and justice; thus, henceforth, no Jew shall be allowed to reside or to settle down in our County of Rheingau, nor shall they be allowed any activity as traders or merchants; and those who fail to comply shall be punished severely and without mercy. In addition, we also forbid our subjects, if they want to avoid mandatory punishment, to borrow anything from the Jews, to socialize with them, or to enter into any usurious contract with them.
5. Source	Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen (Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs). Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 188.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 2, 1579
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews may not build in their alley (‘Gasse’) without permission […] outside [of this alley] they are prohibited from building all together.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The ‘Frankfurter Judengasse’ was one of the first Jewish ghettos established in Germany and lasted until 1811.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 16, 1579
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Phillip Ludwig, Duke of Bavaria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We hereby order all of our subjects to refrain from any business with Jews, be it usurious dealings or any other kind. Any contraventions of this decree shall incur a fine or corporal punishment, both for the subject and the Jew; the latter shall also lose all of the money or goods involved.
5. Source	Lamm, Louis. Zur Geschichte der Juden im bayerischen Schwaben (On the History of the Jews in Bavarian Swabia). Louis Lamm: Berlin, 1915. Page 43.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 25, 1579
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Vratislav von Pernstein (Wratislaw von Pernstein/Vratislav z Pernštejna) addressed to his officers
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Vratislav (‘Wratislaw’) […] orders this officer of Litomyšl/Liyomysl (‘Leitomischl’), Wenzel Hubryk, to prohibit Jews from settling/inhabiting Christian houses.
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels- und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. II. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. I. 1577 to 1620.) (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The Pernstein family (Pernštejn) was one of the seven (and most important of the) Moravian dynasties. The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Czech text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	1580
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Toll/Tax” Ordinance (Zollordnung) of Seefeld, year 1580
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"A Jew passing through pays one Gulden*."
5. Source	Studien zur Geschichte und Gesellschaft Vorarlbergs. Regionalstudie zur Geschichte einer Weltanschauung [-] Antisemitismus in Vorarlberg. Herausgegeben von Werner Dreier in Zusammenarbeit mit der Johann-August-Malin-Gesellschaft. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Wissenschaft und Forschung in Wien, des Landes Voralberg, der Landeshauptstadt Bregenz sowie der Stadt Hohenems. (“Studies Regarding the History and Society of Voralberg. A Regional study Regarding the History of a Weltanschauung [-] Anti-Semitism in Voralsberg. Published by Werner Dreier in Cooperation with the Johann-August-Malin-Society. Printed with the support of the Federal Ministry for Science and Research in Vienna, the State of Voralberg, State Capital of Bregenz and the City of Hohenems.”); (Bregenz; 1988);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher It appears that there was no attempt made to distinguish between Jews on foot and those on horseback in Seefeld in terms of the payment that was required. *A Gulden was a historical German and Dutch gold coin. 1 Gulden was worth about 300 Pfennigs/pennies at the time, making Seefeld one of the more expensive border/toll crossing in the region for Jews.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 30, 1581
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull issued by Gregory XIII on Jewish doctors
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Jewish doctors and unbelievers are not allowed to treat the diseases of Christians.
5. Source	Christoph Heinrich Freiesleben, “Corpus Juris Canonici Academicum [Academic Body of Canon Law],” Richter and Heinsius, 1728, p. 105, available from books.google.co.uk.
6. Researcher	Matthew Reese (Goodwin)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher The text of the Act was available in Latin in the source above. Translator It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 1, 1581
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull of Gregory XIII, "Antiqua Judaeorum improbitas" (Ancient Jewish Dishonesty)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	1. Regarding the Jews...we decree and declare that Inquisitors are freely permitted to proceed against the following: 3. If they should call upon and receive messages from demons... 4. If they should be accustomed to speaking blasphemies against the Christian faith... 9. If they should possess heretical books or the Talmud or other condemned Jewish literature...
5. Source	Bullarium (Cherubini vol 2 ff 361-490): 450-1 AND PAGE #
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 26, 1582
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Rudolph II
3. Geography of Act	Bohemian crown lands; Duchies of Silesia; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] the Jewry is to leave/clear out of Silesia as per the decision of the Silesian princes and the estates of the realm (‘Stände’)* or lose all of their property and belongings […]; however, they may be permitted to continue to do business on public annual markets as in the past […]
5. Source	D. Anthon Balthasar Walthers königl. Preußischen Kriegs- und Domainen-Raths Silesia Diplomatica, Oder Verzeichnis derer gedruckten Schlesischen Diplomatum, Privilegiorum, Landes-Gesetze, Statuten, Päpstlichen Bullen, Ober-Amtlichen Patenten, Gerichtlichen Bescheide, Beschlüsse, Gutachten, Rechtlichen Ausführungen, Beschwernüsse, Vergleiche, Friedens-Schlüsse, und andere zur Schlesischen Historie und Rechtsgelahrsamkeit gehörigen Uhrkunden und Nachrichten. Nebst einem Verzeichnis der Autorum worinnen dieselben zum Theil befindlich und einem Register über die vornehmsten Sachen. Zweyter Tomus. Enthält die zum weltlichen Zustande Schlesiens gehörige Uhrkunden. (Breslau; 1742); (D. Anthon Balthasar Walther’s royal, reproduction of the Prussian war- & domain-council [laws] of Silesia; Or directory/register of printed Silesian official documents, privileges, state laws, statutes, papal bulls, official patents, court announcements, decisions, expert opinions, legal declarations, complaints, comparisons/settlements, peace agreements, and other legal documents and news pertaining to the History of Silesia and its legal scholarship. In addition to a list of authors some of which are included, and a register of the most noble matters. Second volume. Contains documents belonging to the worldly state of Silesia.) (Wroclaw; 1742)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *The estates of the realm (‘Stände’) were a broad social hierarchy during the medieval and early modern period in Europe.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 7, 1582
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Emperor Rudolph II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews together with their wives and children are to be completely banned from Silesia […]
5. Source	Die früheren und gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse der Juden in den sämmtlichen Landesstellen des Preußischen Staats; eine Darstellung und Revision der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über ihre staats- und privatrechtlichen Zustände. Mit Benutzung der Archive der Ministerien des Innern und der Justiz. Von Ludwig von Rönne, Kammer-Gerichts-Rath und Heinrich Simon, Ober-Landes-Gerichts-Assessor; (Breslau; 1843); (The past and present circumstances of Jews in all parts of the Prussian state; a representation and revision of legal provision regarding their conditions in terms of state and private law. With the use of the archives of the Ministries of the Interior and Justice. By Ludwig von Rönne, Legal Council of the Chamber and Heinrich Simon Upper-State-Court-Assessor) (Wroclaw; 1843)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 20, 1583
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by Wolfgang von Dalberg, Archbishop of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	To all of our officers, public servants, customs officials, bailiffs and inspectors, as well as city governments and township councils, we hereby give our most earnest order that you shall do everything in your power to enforce our will and not allow any of our subjects to enter into installment purchases, loans, or any other such usurious contracts with Jews, while contraventions shall result in a complete loss of the Jew’s claim, in addition to merciless punishment for both offenders. You shall enforce this order strictly among all of our subjects, so that you will not suffer any punishment yourselves.
5. Source	Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen (Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs). Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 189.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None