Acts – Page 57 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 12, 1583
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by Rudolf II and addressed to Duke Sebastian Schlick
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; House of Habsburg
4. Text of Act	[…] Since it has been brought to Our attention by the local communities and [we have] received numerous complaints about the many Jews living in the city of [Petschau] and around the mines, and considering that more and more (Jews) turn up and set roots [each day], to whom many of the mining folks and locals […] run to in order to borrow money […] and are sucked dry by the Jews via excessive usury to the point that they lose their worldly goods so that they fall further into ruin […] and bring harm and disadvantage to Our royal possessions (‘Kammergut’)* […] that is why we order you herewith graciously, to drive out [all] Jews who live in and around [Petschau] so that they not only avoid the mining town itself, but also leave from everywhere nearby within a month, which we are announcing to you via this mandate […] which is to be publicly announced and displayed […].
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. Ii. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. II. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *A ‘Kammergut’ was the legal possessions of kings, emperors and princes.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 1, 1584
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Sancta Mater Ecclesia” issued by Gregory XIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	We command all the patriarchs, archbishops, bishops, and other prelates of the church...that there be sermons and lectures in which Jews may be exposed to our ancient scripture...in which the virtue of the Christian faith, the visit and embodiment of the son of God, his birth, life, miracles, suffering, death, burial, descent to hell, resurrection, ascension to heaven are explained to them...
5. Source	Bullarium Romanum, v.8: 487-8.
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 1, 1585
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Ordinance, issued by George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	First, the Jews shall swear in the presence of Our officers and the local priest, that they will neither blaspheme Our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, the son of God and the Virgin Mary, nor his godly name, nor Our Christian religion, nor to burden the poor, simple-minded Jews with laws and teachings made up by men. Second, they shall not build any new synagogues, but quietly use the old ones. […] Fourth, while any [Christian] sermons are in progress, whether on workdays or on Sunday and holidays, they shall remain indoors and refrain from working. […] Ninth, any Jew who rapes a Christian woman or virgin, or sleeps with her, shall be arrested by Our officers, and, with Our knowledge beforehand, suffer the death penalty. […] Twelfth, the Jews pay Us, annually, the appropriate protection tax, to Our local tax collector.
5. Source	Günther, Carl Friedrich. Bilder aus der Hessischen Vorzeit (Images from Ancient Hessian History). Jonghans: Darmstadt, 1853. Page 82.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 15, 1585
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Emperor Rudolf II addressed the Jewry of Prague
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; House of Habsburg
4. Text of Act	We, Rudolf, […] announce […] publicly with this letter […] that the Jewry of Prague […] is to obediently pay Us and Our successors/heirs an annual ordinary chamber-tax (‘Kammerzins’) of one thousand Thaler or Schock indefinitely […] in two installments due on Saint George’s Day [April 23] and Saint Gall’s day [October 16] as well as an annual tax of four hundred Thaler to [contribute to] our well-being until ordered otherwise. […]
5. Source	Zur Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620. Herausgegeben von Gottlieb Bondy, em. Präsidenten der Handels - und Gewerbekammer in Prag. Zur Herausgabe vorbereitet und ergänzt von Franz Dworsky, em. Director des Landesarchives des Königreiches Böhmens. Ii. 1577 bis 1620. (Prag; 1906); (Regarding the history of Jews in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from 906 to 1620. Published by Gottlieb Bondy, fo[rmer] President of the Trade and Commerce and Industry in Prague. Prepared for publication and supplemented by Franz Dworsky, fo[rmer] Director of the National Archives of the Kingdom of Bohemia. II. 1577 to 1620.); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 7, 1585
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by Bishop Ernst von Mengersdorf
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
4. Text of Act	[Requires ‘Jews and Jewesses’ who have ‘snuck in to the Prince-Bishopric Bamberg' to leave 'within 4 months' …] primarily because you (Jews) have purchased stolen and looted foreign goods from robbers, murderers, thieves and such harmful rabble and indicated to them by rewarding them that you are further willing to trade with such goods and have therefore promoted and given way to murder, robbery and thievery and have encouraged uncertainly, incitement and cause. […]
5. Source	Schirnaidel – Bis auf die Gegenwart; zugleich ein Rückblick auf das Hochstift Bamberg von Michael Pfister, Domkapitular. (Schirnaidel* – Until the Present; at the same time a review of the Hochstift Bamberg by Michael Pfister, Head or the Cathedral-Chapter); (Bamberg; 1891)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 4, 1586
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of Emperor Rudolf II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] the Jewry of Kuttenplane […] are advised in all seriousness that while the most gracious Emperor’s order permits them to trade and do business (‘Handel and Wandel’) on the annual markets, the most gracious [Emperor], however, completely prohibits them with this order to trade and do business outside of the public annual markets. […]
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 22, 1587
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Fee for [Jewish] Settlement/Establishment” (‘Stättigkeit’) issued by the [City] Council/Senate of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] from now on, whenever a foreign Jew or Jewess gets married to a Jewish doctor or his son and is admitted to the establishment (‘Stättigkeit’), one is (the authorities are) required to take 12 gold-Gulden from each foreign Jew or Jewess […]
5. Source	Der Juden zu Frankfurt Stättigkeit und Ordnung. (1613); (The Settlement/Establishment of Jews of Frankfurt and Ordinance/Order.)(1613));
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 20, 1587
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited from peddling with small [food] items (‘Hockerei’)* and they may not loan money on comestibles (‘Viktualien’).
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *Hockerei is an outdated term that refers to peddling - usually with small food items.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 28, 1587
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews are not to visit the markets before 7am during the summer, and 8am during winter, except when purchasing herbs/cabbage (‘Kraut’), turnip[-like vegetables] (‘Rüben’), garlic, fruit […] they are not to impede on the trading of Christians and not touch anything.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 19, 1587
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews may purchase meat and poultry outside of the city; but they may not send/deliver ('schicken') meat to the countryside.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 4, 1588
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ/Circular” of the City Council
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Lüneburg-Brunswick
4. Text of Act	[…] no one (no Christian) shall trade with Jews.
5. Source	Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter. Herausgegeben von Dr. O. Jürgens. 5. Jahrgang. 1902. (Historical documents/sheets of Hannover. Published by O. Jürgen, PhD. 5th annual issue. 1902.): (Hannover; 1902);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher Shortly after this order was published, Jews were forced to leave the Duchy.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 23, 1589
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Circular” issued by Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
4. Text of Act	[…] Our gracious prince (‘Landesfürst’) and lord will shortly (in a few days) terminate protection[-permits] for all and every single Jew […] and to expel them into other lands/territories […]
5. Source	Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter. Herausgegeben von Dr. O. Jürgens. 5. Jahrgang. 1902. (Historical documents/sheets of Hannover. Published by O. Jürgen, PhD. 5th annual issue. 1902.); (Hannover; 1902);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The citizens are also ordered to settle all debts with Jews to aid in their departure.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 7, 1590
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	In matter pertaining to debt, Jews may not use local citizens as guarantees for subjects from Mainz or Hanau.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1591
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews Exterminated” command given by Prince Emanual Aaron
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In despotic fashion he ordered the decapitation of 19 Jews of Jassy without due process of law. By his command the entire Jewish community of Bucharest was exterminated.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 26, 1591
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews may not hold/have mortgages; whatever may be acknowledged in court to be rightfully their property, they must sell to Christian citizens immediately and with [current] local taxation.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 28, 1591
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Expulsion of Jews from Braunschweig
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	So due to the particular event, we have many types of Christian and highly motivating reasons, and have decided with good, mature advice, to urgently request that henceforth in our loyal region no Jews, whether they have presented letters of protection or not, are not to be tolerated, protected or sheltered in our principalities and lands after Michaelmas of this current ninety-first year. And keeping with this, we, without exception, clearly terminate and retract our protection and shelter herewith at the above mentioned time. And we earnestly order all [Jews] now remaining or otherwise residing in our principalities and lands to move away. That he or she not let themselves be seen in our principality, counties or lands, in no place, be it where it may, after the specified departure time of Michaelmas. Rather, that they [the Jews] leave and abstain from our land entirely and not move about and through this land. But, if they [Jews] are found in our lands and territories, they may be attacked. ...
5. Source	Proclamation signed by Duke Heinrich Julius, Bishop of Halberstadt, revoking all rights of residence for Jews in Braunschweig; Wolfenbuettel, June 28, 1591; Translation received from the Leo Baeck Institute Archive, New York, 6/10/2015
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 28, 1592
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Cum Saepe Accidere” issued by Pope Clement VIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	The Jews of Avignon must not dare to sell or trade new goods, but only used ones, this they are expressly prohibited from doing...
5. Source	Les Juifs dans les Etats Francais du Saint-Siege, 1886:186-7, AND PAGE #
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 30, 1592
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance” of Kur-Cologne issued by (Kur) Prince-Elector Archbishop Ernest (‘Ernst’) of Cologne*
3. Geography of Act	Archbishopric of Cologne; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	By the grace of God, elected and confirmed Archbishop of Cologne (‘Cölln’) of the Holy Roman Empire […] we announce [and let you know] herewith […] that no Jew or Jewess is to settle or be found/seen in our archbishopric without our seal [or those of the lower-lords in the archbishopric (‘unnderherligkheiitt der unnderherrn’)… ] and have agreed to pay the annual tributes. In order that the Jews and Jewesses are not attacked or harmed within our domain by anyone, they shall wear a public sign attached to the front of their clothing, in the form of a clearly visible yellow so that they are also recognizable and distinguishable from the Christians […].
5. Source	Flöcken, Norbert: Von der Ausgrenzung our Integration: Judenordnungen im Rheinland; (“From exclusion/marginalization to integration: Jewish Ordinance in the Rhineland”) (2017), Accessed online.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance also requires that the homes of Jews and Christians be kept separate; that Jews may make loans, except on houses, farms, vineyards, fields, grass-land, land, bushes, pensions etc. and prohibits the purchase any of these; it also prohibits Jews from taking wine or fruits as payment from Christians etc.

1. Full Date of Act	1593
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition” issued by the Cardinal Rusticucci, year 1593
3. Geography of Act	Papal States [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Jews are forbidden to sew/make clothes out of new fabric. […]”
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	Research 0201 Translation 2018
8. Notes	Researcher This prohibition had fallen into obscurity until the Christian tailors and dressmakers in Rome grew envious of the Jewish competition in the early 17th century and demanded from the Rota the strict enforcement of this prohibition. Surprisingly, the holy Rota sided with the Jews years later and this prohibition was revoked.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 25, 1593
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull by Clement VIII, “Caeca et Obdurata” (“The Blind and Obdurate”)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	2. Jews are...perpetually banished from all ecclesiastical cities, lands, and locations, with the exemption of Rome and Ancona...
5. Source	Bullarium Romanum, v. 3: 26
6. Researcher & Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 28, 1593
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Cum Haebraeorum Malitia” issued by Clement VIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	(6) Jews, but also printers and merchants, who…print, read, destribute, sell or give these writings as an example, run the risk of corporal punishment of excommunication and confiscation of property. (7) Those who give advice or offer help to the Jews so that they carry, read, write or print such books, incur the same risks. (8) The Pope orders the inquisitors to find these books, in person or by people they send, strictly in areas inhabited by Jews in synagogues and public places but also in private homes and workshops in libraries or Christian, and to proceed against those who have been convicted by the above or other (as serious) measures in their opinion. (11) states that the Pope will ban for everyone to hit these prohibitions, exceptions and cancellations or conduct contrary to their content. If anyone dared to do, he will incur the indignation of the omnipotent God and the apostles Peter and Paul.
5. Source	“Les Papes et le Talmud.” No author. April 1, 2011, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 24, 1594
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[Jews] may not build in their alley (‘Judengasse’) buildings/homes that are taller than 3 stories high.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 16, 1594
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	All Jewish bride and grooms must pay a levy of 4 gold-Gulden when getting married.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1595
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Constitution of the Jews” issued by the Polish Police
3. Geography of Act	Poland [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"It is forbidden to go through the streets the streets at night playing or musical instruments, nor shall anyone, whether householders, young men, or boys, should or yell in the streets. If a person does such things, or if a fight breaks out at night, or if someone attacks a citizen or damages his home, the night watch are required to awaken one or two of the officials, who are expected to get up immediately and admonish the people to go home. If, however, they have been very violent, the officials have the authority to put them under arrest until the morning, when the chief officials of the community – may their Rock and Redeemer guard them – will settle their cases."
5. Source	Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher Even though the text of the ordinance does not mention the word Jew anywhere, this law was aimed at Jews. The ordinance itself was called “Jewish Ordinance” and was printed in Yiddish.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 3, 1595
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by Bishop Julius
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Würzburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[… because] the Jews mislead and deceive our subjects with the sale and lending of lame/damaged horses (‘Schadhaften’) […] the officers are to inquire about such debts […] and not to dispense justice to the Jews, but instead to arrest [them] without exception, to confiscate and to deem [all contracts] to be expired […] and not to allow the subjects to give the Jews anything. […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None