Acts – Page 58 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 19, 1587
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews may purchase meat and poultry outside of the city; but they may not send/deliver ('schicken') meat to the countryside.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 4, 1588
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ/Circular” of the City Council
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Lüneburg-Brunswick
4. Text of Act	[…] no one (no Christian) shall trade with Jews.
5. Source	Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter. Herausgegeben von Dr. O. Jürgens. 5. Jahrgang. 1902. (Historical documents/sheets of Hannover. Published by O. Jürgen, PhD. 5th annual issue. 1902.): (Hannover; 1902);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher Shortly after this order was published, Jews were forced to leave the Duchy.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 23, 1589
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Circular” issued by Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
4. Text of Act	[…] Our gracious prince (‘Landesfürst’) and lord will shortly (in a few days) terminate protection[-permits] for all and every single Jew […] and to expel them into other lands/territories […]
5. Source	Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter. Herausgegeben von Dr. O. Jürgens. 5. Jahrgang. 1902. (Historical documents/sheets of Hannover. Published by O. Jürgen, PhD. 5th annual issue. 1902.); (Hannover; 1902);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The citizens are also ordered to settle all debts with Jews to aid in their departure.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 7, 1590
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	In matter pertaining to debt, Jews may not use local citizens as guarantees for subjects from Mainz or Hanau.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1591
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews Exterminated” command given by Prince Emanual Aaron
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In despotic fashion he ordered the decapitation of 19 Jews of Jassy without due process of law. By his command the entire Jewish community of Bucharest was exterminated.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 26, 1591
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews may not hold/have mortgages; whatever may be acknowledged in court to be rightfully their property, they must sell to Christian citizens immediately and with [current] local taxation.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 28, 1591
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Expulsion of Jews from Braunschweig
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	So due to the particular event, we have many types of Christian and highly motivating reasons, and have decided with good, mature advice, to urgently request that henceforth in our loyal region no Jews, whether they have presented letters of protection or not, are not to be tolerated, protected or sheltered in our principalities and lands after Michaelmas of this current ninety-first year. And keeping with this, we, without exception, clearly terminate and retract our protection and shelter herewith at the above mentioned time. And we earnestly order all [Jews] now remaining or otherwise residing in our principalities and lands to move away. That he or she not let themselves be seen in our principality, counties or lands, in no place, be it where it may, after the specified departure time of Michaelmas. Rather, that they [the Jews] leave and abstain from our land entirely and not move about and through this land. But, if they [Jews] are found in our lands and territories, they may be attacked. ...
5. Source	Proclamation signed by Duke Heinrich Julius, Bishop of Halberstadt, revoking all rights of residence for Jews in Braunschweig; Wolfenbuettel, June 28, 1591; Translation received from the Leo Baeck Institute Archive, New York, 6/10/2015
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 28, 1592
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Cum Saepe Accidere” issued by Pope Clement VIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	The Jews of Avignon must not dare to sell or trade new goods, but only used ones, this they are expressly prohibited from doing...
5. Source	Les Juifs dans les Etats Francais du Saint-Siege, 1886:186-7, AND PAGE #
6. Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 30, 1592
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance” of Kur-Cologne issued by (Kur) Prince-Elector Archbishop Ernest (‘Ernst’) of Cologne*
3. Geography of Act	Archbishopric of Cologne; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	By the grace of God, elected and confirmed Archbishop of Cologne (‘Cölln’) of the Holy Roman Empire […] we announce [and let you know] herewith […] that no Jew or Jewess is to settle or be found/seen in our archbishopric without our seal [or those of the lower-lords in the archbishopric (‘unnderherligkheiitt der unnderherrn’)… ] and have agreed to pay the annual tributes. In order that the Jews and Jewesses are not attacked or harmed within our domain by anyone, they shall wear a public sign attached to the front of their clothing, in the form of a clearly visible yellow so that they are also recognizable and distinguishable from the Christians […].
5. Source	Flöcken, Norbert: Von der Ausgrenzung our Integration: Judenordnungen im Rheinland; (“From exclusion/marginalization to integration: Jewish Ordinance in the Rhineland”) (2017), Accessed online.
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance also requires that the homes of Jews and Christians be kept separate; that Jews may make loans, except on houses, farms, vineyards, fields, grass-land, land, bushes, pensions etc. and prohibits the purchase any of these; it also prohibits Jews from taking wine or fruits as payment from Christians etc.

1. Full Date of Act	1593
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition” issued by the Cardinal Rusticucci, year 1593
3. Geography of Act	Papal States [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Jews are forbidden to sew/make clothes out of new fabric. […]”
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This prohibition had fallen into obscurity until the Christian tailors and dressmakers in Rome grew envious of the Jewish competition in the early 17th century and demanded from the Rota the strict enforcement of this prohibition. Surprisingly, the holy Rota sided with the Jews years later and this prohibition was revoked.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 25, 1593
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull by Clement VIII, “Caeca et Obdurata” (“The Blind and Obdurate”)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	2. Jews are...perpetually banished from all ecclesiastical cities, lands, and locations, with the exemption of Rome and Ancona...
5. Source	Bullarium Romanum, v. 3: 26
6. Translator	Joan Paez
7. Year of Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 28, 1593
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Cum Haebraeorum Malitia” issued by Clement VIII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	(6) Jews, but also printers and merchants, who…print, read, destribute, sell or give these writings as an example, run the risk of corporal punishment of excommunication and confiscation of property. (7) Those who give advice or offer help to the Jews so that they carry, read, write or print such books, incur the same risks. (8) The Pope orders the inquisitors to find these books, in person or by people they send, strictly in areas inhabited by Jews in synagogues and public places but also in private homes and workshops in libraries or Christian, and to proceed against those who have been convicted by the above or other (as serious) measures in their opinion. (11) states that the Pope will ban for everyone to hit these prohibitions, exceptions and cancellations or conduct contrary to their content. If anyone dared to do, he will incur the indignation of the omnipotent God and the apostles Peter and Paul.
5. Source	“Les Papes et le Talmud.” No author. April 1, 2011, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 24, 1594
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[Jews] may not build in their alley (‘Judengasse’) buildings/homes that are taller than 3 stories high.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 16, 1594
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	All Jewish bride and grooms must pay a levy of 4 gold-Gulden when getting married.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1595
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Constitution of the Jews” issued by the Polish Police
3. Geography of Act	Poland [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"It is forbidden to go through the streets the streets at night playing or musical instruments, nor shall anyone, whether householders, young men, or boys, should or yell in the streets. If a person does such things, or if a fight breaks out at night, or if someone attacks a citizen or damages his home, the night watch are required to awaken one or two of the officials, who are expected to get up immediately and admonish the people to go home. If, however, they have been very violent, the officials have the authority to put them under arrest until the morning, when the chief officials of the community – may their Rock and Redeemer guard them – will settle their cases."
5. Source	Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Even though the text of the ordinance does not mention the word Jew anywhere, this law was aimed at Jews. The ordinance itself was called “Jewish Ordinance” and was printed in Yiddish.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 3, 1595
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mandate” issued by Bishop Julius
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Würzburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[… because] the Jews mislead and deceive our subjects with the sale and lending of lame/damaged horses (‘Schadhaften’) […] the officers are to inquire about such debts […] and not to dispense justice to the Jews, but instead to arrest [them] without exception, to confiscate and to deem [all contracts] to be expired […] and not to allow the subjects to give the Jews anything. […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855)
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1598
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish-Ordinance” issued by the Council of the Imperial City of Wimpfen,* year 1598
3. Geography of Act	Imperial City of Wimpfen; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] the honorable, guarded/careful, and wise council of Wimpfen have felt/noticed (‘befunden’) that foreign Jews are seen in and around Wimpfen and often appear in the city, especially during market days, trade/act/bargain (‘hanndlen/), do all sorts of business such as buying and selling and exchanging money, and commit all sorts of other forbidden actions/contracts ('anndere verbottene Contrect treiben’) and numerous [of them] stay here day and night and become a burden to the citizens and those in the community. Therefore, the […] honorable council has deemed it good to issue an ordinance for them […]. Firstly, no Jew is to live in ‘Unndern-‘ or ‘Oberneyseßhaim, Kochendorff, Neckhersulm, Hainßen, Grundelßhaim, Wagenbach, Kirchhausen, Rappenaw, Bonfeldt, Hüpfelbower Hoff’ or anywhere near there, or stay overnight, [so] a Jew found to be housing one over night shall pay 3 batzen** and the harbored one (‘der beherbergte’) shall pay a fine of 3 batzen as well. […]”
5. Source	Jüdisches Leben Kraichgau e. V. : Dem Vergessen entrissen. Jüdisches Leben im Kraichgau. Ausstellungskatalog zur Wanderausstellung Eppingen 2011 (Jewish Life in Kraichgau e. V.: Snached (away) from Oblivion. Jewish Life in Kraichgau. Exhibition catalog for the traveling/hiking exhibition [of] Eppingen [in] 2011);
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The Imperial City of Wimpfen is now called Bad Wimpfen and is located in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. *A batzen was a Swiss coin used in and around that region as a form of payment. This Jewish ordinance was renewed and expanded upon in 1626; 1630; 1756; 1760. The names of the cities have been copied from the text verbatim.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 29, 1598
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews may not collect on their debt in the countryside on Sundays and holidays.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 8, 1598
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews shall not be permitted to have Christians arrested on the Jewish Sabbath.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 18, 1599
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited to purchase church items […and they] may sell weapons only to local sword-makers.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 14, 1599
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by Archduke Mattias addressed to the Vidame* and Kriegszahlmeister**
3. Geography of Act	Grand-Duchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The annual poll/head/capitation tax (‘Kopfsteuer’) of 1 fl. [per head] offered by the Viennese Jews is too little. They must pay 15,000 fl. or at least 10,000 fl., otherwise they will all be expelled from Vienna.
5. Source	Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847 (1849). Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von A. F. Pribram. Erster Band. (Wien und Leipzig; 1918); (Official documents and files regarding the history of Jews in Vienna. First section, General part 1526-1847 (1849). Published and introduced by A. F. Pribram. First volume.); (Vienna and Leipzig; 1918)
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher Vidame is an old title of nobility. *Kriegszahlmeister was the heads of the military treasury.

1. Full Date of Act	1600
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree concerning Jews entering the City of Kaufbeuren around 1600
3. Geography of Act	Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	"No Jew or Jewess shall be allowed into the city, unless he pays a guardian at the city gate. They are to go with the Jews and pay attention to what they do. For every hour the Jews must pay a crown to the guardian. The city council will make sure the guardians are carefully observing what the Jews do."
5. Source	R. Ledermann, History of the Jews in the City of Kaufbeuren (Geschichte der Juden in der Reichsstadt Kaufbeuren), published in: Monatsschrift fuer Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums 48, issue 11/12 (November/ December 1904), page 727. Translation by Franziska Wagener 2/2017
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 5, 1600
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews” decree issued by Archduke Matthias to the Court Chancellors
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] after We had give the order to the commissioners to permit Jews to remain in the country during the hardships of the war [in hopes] that they would give at least some kind of assistance [to the state]. Instead, however, they have gone against the Christians whose work they have managed to take away from them under the protection of the city and have brought damage and destruction to all Christians without making any contributions whatsoever. […] and no matter how many times we have asked them to change their ways, nothing was achieved, because they have proven to be rather stubborn and spiteful. That is why Your Highly Regarded Y. P. H. (Your Princely Highness) has graciously decided and ordered that all Jews - including young and old, male and female, without exception - are to leave not only the city, but also be removed from the Archduchy of Austria. They are to be ordered to either leave the country or face punishment, if they have not done so within 14 days, which is what the highly chosen Court Chancellors are to regulate and oversee. This [order] reflects the very eminently chosen Y. P. H. (Your Princely Highness)'s gracious decision. [signed] Per serenissimum archdiucem = As per the most sincere Archduke).
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918, Page 39.
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 30, 1602
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued in the City of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Jews may not cut and sell cloth/fabric ('Tuch') by the Ell […] and to trade with new clothes […] they may not sell spices (‘Spezerein’) in smaller quantities than 1/4 of a Zentner* [… Jews may not sell] silk in quantities less than one pound […and they may not sell] gold, silver, pearls […] in their homes. […]
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org.
6. Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher A Zentner is a unit of mass - equal to 100 German-pounds or 50kg.

1. Full Date of Act	1608
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Blood Purity Law” issued by the Jesuit Church
3. Geography of Act	Roman Catholic Church
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyone descended from Jews to the fifth generation. Caroll, James: Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews; (New York; 2002)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None