Acts – Page 61 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 2, 1627
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Writ/Legal Contract signed between Isabella Clara Eugenia, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands in the Low Countries and Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Belgium; Present-day France; Present-day Germany; Present-day Luxembourg; Present-day Netherlands; Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act	[…] 3) All Portuguese Jews are to be excluded from trading [with Spain…]
5. Source	Jürgens, Adolf: Zur schleswig-holsteinischen Handelsgeschichte des 16. Und 17. Jahrhunderts. (Regarding the history of trade in Schleswig-Holstein during the 16th and 17th Century); (Bremen; 2012)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1628
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Land Decree” ('Landesdekret') issued by the Government of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] it is ordered: a) that they (Jews) are not permitted to purchase any stolen items, and when this has [indeed] happened, shall return such items to its [original] owner. b) They shall not have anything entered into the state records (‘Landtafel’) nor city-books […].”
5. Source	Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This meant that Jews had no right to own goods, property, or houses, except those for which they had received specific permission.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 14, 1628
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of the Bohemian Chamber* (“Böhmische Kammer”)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jewish schools** (‘Judenschulen’) shall be immediately sealed closed […] and they (Jews) shall not be given access to them in any way as long as they have not paid the bail of 80,000 Rhenish Taler to the Border-Customs-Office (‘Grenzzollamt’) for the dilapidated/expired contraband (‘verfallene Kontrabande’) […]
5. Source	Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in the Cechoslov. Republik; I Jahrgang. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Samuel Steinherz; (Prag; 1929); (Society for History of the Jews in the Czech Republic; Year’s Issue 1929; Published by Prof. Dr. Samuel Steinherz); (Prague; 1929);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The “Bohemian Chamber" (“Böhmische Kammer”) was the main authority for the administration of the royal finances in the Kingdom of Bohemia. *The term “Judenschule" (Jewish schools) and “Synagoge" (synagogue) were used interchangeably in the Middle Ages.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 30, 1628
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Privilege for Bohemia and Silesia” issued by Ferdinand II
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Germany; Poland etc.; Duchies of Silesia/Kingdom of Bohemia/Bohemian Crown lands
4. Text of Act	[Jews may be permitted to practice their learned craft, but because this has caused intense disputes between them and the Christians craftsmen, which has lasted for years …] We are still resolved to allow Jews to practice their craft, however, with the following restrictions and limitations […] they may not hire Christian apprentices, Störer, or Pfuscher, nor permit these to engage in fraud. They may not carry around [to sell] their crafted items on alleys nor in homes [unless they have been called into a home specifically in an emergency], instead, they are to sell these at their trade-market or have a proper shop in the Jewish-city/quarter […]. [Violators are to have their items confiscated and receive appropriate punishment …]. The pursuit of crafts such as gunsmith, sword-maker, and armor-maker, and other such crafts related to the military, however, shall be inhibited and stopped and remain entirely inhibited to Jews.
5. Source	Systema Jurisprudentiae Opificiariae. Joannis Henrici Meyeri. (System of laws regarding the treasury);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Störer and Pfuscher were craftsmen who were not members of the guild and who often moved around and worked irregularly and mostly illegally. The word ‘Pfuscher’ in German still refers to someone who bungles a task for lack of skill and craftsmanship.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 11, 1629
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Office of Inquisition
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] Bathers and barbers are strictly prohibited from bathing or shaving Jews both inside or outside of their shops or face severe punishment. […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 20, 1629
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Ordinance, issued by George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	First, upon receiving Our royal letter of protection, the Jews shall promise by way of their Jewish oath, that they will not blaspheme Our savior, Jesus Christ, or face a thorough inquisition. Second, they shall solemnly swear that they will not erect any new synagogues, but quietly use only the old, existing ones. Third, they shall promise to refrain from religious discussions, especially with simple-minded laymen. Fourth, they shall not antagonize, insult, or pursue any Jew who has converted to the Christian faith, nor cause him to relapse, but let him remain unconfused in his Christian faith. Fifth, they shall not prevent any Christian from preaching, nor attempt to lead Our subjects astray from their Christian faith; should the latter have a mere inkling of such intentions, the Jew in question shall be punished severely and without mercy. […] Thirteenth, they shall not admit any Christian to their circumcision ritual or allow a Christian to observe the ritual. Fourteenth, on Sundays and all Christian feast days, they shall remain quiet and in their homes. Fifteenth, any Jew who rapes a Christian woman or virgin, or sleeps with her, shall be arrested by Our officers, and, after We have been notified of this, suffer the death penalty.
5. Source	Günther, Carl Friedrich. Bilder aus der Hessischen Vorzeit (Images from Ancient Hessian History). Jonghans: Darmstadt, 1853. Page 85.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 28, 1629
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	General Rescript, issued by Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	In cities and villages, officers of the state shall, by way of reading this rescript in public, make it known to all that they are forbidden from entering into any contracts with Jews, be it for loans, trades or any other business involving money or the value thereof.
5. Source	Württembergische Kammer der Abgeordneten [Württemberg Chamber of Representatives] (govt. body). Verhandlungen der Württembergischen Kammer der Abgeordneten in den Jahren 1862 bis 64 (Proceedings of the Württemberg Chamber of Representatives in the years 1862 to 1864). First Volume of Appendices, Second Part. Metzler: Stuttgart, 1863-1864. Page 1176.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 21, 1629
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by Office of Inquisition
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may not conceal their yellow barrettes and hats [they are required to wear when in public] or [they are to] face a fine of 50 Scudi and lashings […] The two side-strips of the barrette or at least the rims of the hats are to be lined with the same [colored] fabric. […] Jews are not to wear black veils or wraps/shawls but only yellow ones. Jewesses must wear their [identification] sign that is visible and [they are] not to conceal it with a small cloth/fabric/scarf. […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This decree was modified in 1636.

1. Full Date of Act	1630
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish-Ordinance” issued by the Council of the Imperial City of Wimpfen,* year 1630
3. Geography of Act	Imperial City of Wimpfen; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] schools and synagogues may not be built [anywhere in the city while] private gatherings (of Jews) to pray are allowed. […]”
5. Source	Petzold, Rudolf: "Die jüdische Gemeinde Heinsheim" ("The Jewish Community in Heinsheim"); Accessed online;
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *This Jewish Ordinance of Wimpfen is basically a renewal of the 1598 and 1626 Jewish ordinances of Wimpfen – except, this ordinance explicitly prohibits Jews from building new schools and/or synagogues.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 18, 1630
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews in the capital of Prague shall (be present to) listen to a German, Catholic sermon in the church of Our Dear Lady at Locke every Saturday evening ('Sonnabend') at which at least 200 people are to be present or be fined one Reichsthaler per head […] double in the case of a repeated offense […] the fines are to establish a fond for the converted. […]
5. Source	Engelman, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Oesterrich und die böhmischen Unruhen (“The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest”); (Leipzig; 1845)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 9, 1630
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree for "the Halting of the Jews" issued on behalf of the Kaiser by the Lower-Austrian government to […] the Councils of Lower-Austria
3. Geography of Act	Habsburg Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Everyone, who keeps Jews in his territories, has to identify themselves and prove that he holds such a Privilege; if he’s not able to do so, the Jews are to be gotten rid of and he’s to be punished.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918. p. 112.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 19, 1630
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order to the remaining Secret Councils [and] to the Director of the “Society of Jesus”
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	According to the attached copy whether Jews can be stopped and forced to listen to Catholic sermons, His very serious Royal Majesty has graciously resolved to allow this. […]
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918, Page 158.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This law was passed in response to a document written by Kaiser Ferdinand II on September 4, 1630.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 3, 1633
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Papal Decision” issued by the Pope Urban
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] The [involuntary/forced] baptism of Jewish children remains valid. […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher While previous popes had condemned and prohibited forced baptism of Jewish children and considered them to be often void, Pope Urban legally validated all baptism to be final — even those preformed with force; however, he forbade involuntary baptism on children younger than 7.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 30, 1633
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Duke Albrecht von Wallenstein* and addressed to the Acting Head of State (‘Landes-Verweser’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland; Principality of Glogow (‘Glogua’)
4. Text of Act	[…] are in no way inclined to give in to [the Jews] plea […] and have already expelled the Jews and have furthermore decided not to tolerate Jews in Glogow out of concern […].
5. Source	Geschichte der Juden in Gross-Glogau bearbeitet von Berndt, Bürgermeister. (Glogau; 1873); (History of Jews in Greater Glogow edited by Berndt, Mayor.); (Glogow; 1873);
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8. Notes	Researcher *Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein was a Bohemian military leader and a statesman who was gifted the principality of Glogau. This writ was in response to the plea of the Jewry to offer them protection in response to the city council’s attempt to expel them.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 5, 1633
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	General Mandate, issued by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] from now on, any Jew who handles Christians’ money in such a manner […] as to charge interest higher than six percent annually on loans, or as to use it for any other immoral mischief, shall be flogged publicly and mercilessly with switches […].
5. Source	von Guarint, Frantz Anton (ed.). Codex Austriacus: Zu Gemeinsamen Nutzen mit besondern Fleiß zusammen getragen Und das Erstemahl in Druck gelassen. Volume 2. Voigt & Koll: Vienna, 1704. P.357.
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 15, 1635
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Sanctum Officium*
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are forbidden to make angel-hair pasta and from baking bread or face a fine of no fewer than 50 Scudi and lashes […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *The "Sanctum Officium" (‘Holy Office’) is one of the highest offices of the Catholic church and responsible for defending the Catholic doctrine.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1, 1635
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Papal Order” issued by Pope Urban VIII
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	[…] the conversion of the head of the family includes the conversion of his family. Therefore, the wife, children, and relatives are to accompany the head of the family to catechumen and to go through the 40 days of probation/trial period also. […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This effectively required the wives and children of Jews who wished to convert to Christianity to become Christians as well.

1. Full Date of Act	1636
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regulations” issued by Cardinal di Lione and Cardinal S. Onofrio, year 1636
3. Geography of Act	Papal States [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Jews are to return to [wearing] the old yellow[-colored] hats […].”
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher In the early 17th century, it had become fashionable for Jews to wear dark orange (almost crimson-colored) hats in Rome that were very similar to those of the cardinals. Naturally, this did not sit well with church officials; so they issued this regulation which ordered Jews to stick to the old [straw-]yellow color.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 18, 1636
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Heinrich Höcker* issued in Münster
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] Henrich Höcker, riding servant, orders (‘reytender diener, befellicht’) Isaak von Dulman and all other Jews who are still here and present on permits given to them by the h[onorable] council, to report to the authorities (‘anzumelden’), and to leave this city within the next 14 days as of which [date] their permits as well as those of their wives and children will be terminated.
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher	None
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8. Notes	Researcher It is unclear who Heinrich Höcker was exactly. He appears to have been an authorized delegate of either the prince-elector or the emperor himself. On November 24, 1639, the Council of Münster issues a new ordinance allowing Jews to return to the city.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 26, 1636
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews"
3. Geography of Act	Bavaria
4. Text of Act	All Jews must leave the city until the next St. Martin's Festival. Until then, they still have to pay 7.5 Taler weekly and pay off their debts. And they may not undertake any money transactions with other citizens, except when these are done with cash.
5. Source	Council Minutes of 26 August 1636 (Ratsprotokoll vom 26. August 1636), in: Hoermann, Stadtchronik, (B4/1736-1743). Many thanks to the City Archive of Kaufbeuren for providing the source, February 2017.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 4, 1637
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance” issued in Hebrew by the Jewish Council of Lithuania
3. Geography of Act	Lithuania
4. Text of Act	With respect to banquets: Inasmuch as people are spending too much money unnecessarily on festive meals (at marriages, circumcision, etc.), every Jewish community and settlement that has a rabbi is expected to assemble its officers and rabbi and to consider the number of guests suitable for the occasion. No one is permitted to come to a banquet unless he has been invited by the beadle. In a settlement where there is no rabbi the nearest Jewish court will enact such an ordinance for them.
5. Source	Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015);
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance was issued by the autonomous "Jewish Council of Lithuania" which existed between 1623-1764.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 4, 1637
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance of the City Council of [Bad] Wimpfen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Imperial City of Wimpfen / Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	The local Jews may not harbor any foreign Jews or offer a place for them to keep their horses, or be fined 10 Rthlr [Reichsthaler;] rather, they are to be sent/referred to the [local] inn.
5. Source	Wimpfen am Neckar. Geschichtlich und topographisch nach historischen Mittheilungen und archäologischen Studien dargestellt von Dr. A. von Lorent, Ritter des Großherzoglichen Badischen Zähringer Löwenordens mit Eichenlaub und dem königlich Württembergischen Kronen- und Friedrichs-Orden ([Bad] Wimpfen by Neckar. Presented historically and topographically based on historical reports and archeological studies by A. Von Lorent, PhD, Knight of the Order of the Zähringer-Lion* of the Grand-Duchy of Baden with an oak-leaf-cluster and the Royal Württemberg crown and Friedrich Order*); (Stuttgart; 1870);
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1638
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Confinement of Jews into a Ghetto” issued Duke Francesco I
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Modena
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) In Modena, the ghetto system was introduced for Jews. Morgan, Howard: So Deeply Scarred: A History of “Christian” Anti-Semitism (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 2, 1638
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of "Jurisdiction regarding 'Business doings'" (Handlungsgewölbe)* issued on behalf of the Kaiser by the Lower-Austrian government to the municipal authorities (Magistrat) of Vienna
3. Geography of Act	Habsburg Empire; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] His Royal Majesty, […] also to Hungary and Bohemia and Archduke of Austria […] has ordered that all Jews - without exception – are to surrender to local authorities (Magistratum) […] and that no Jew is to own more than two “Gewölber”* for the keeping of those goods the Christians have pawned off to them; otherwise, they are to be kept away from the city by all means, and no one (Jew) is to be allowed back in, and they are not to be tolerated in the court or the castle; instead, all access is to be denied to them altogether. This order is valid for Vienna and in other parts of the land.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918, p. 125.
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8. Notes	Researcher *Translator believes this word might mean some kind of place that allowed Jews to store the items the Christians would pawn off to them, or it could be related to the word 'Gewerbe,' which refers to 'businesses' in general.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 21, 1639
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance Regarding the Admission of Jews into the City,” issued by the City Senate of Strasbourg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	When a Jew requests to enter the city, he shall be examined and interrogated, at the city gate, about his business in the city, the nature of goods he is carrying, and with whom he has dealings; should he carry metals or other useful wares, he shall be escorted to his transactions within the city by a gate-clerk or other city official, who are to watch over the Jew and all of his actions, without allowing him to roam around freely, and to escort him back out of the city before the bell has rung the gate shut that day. Any other Jews shall be denied admission and sent away. The gate-watchmen are ordered to enforce this ordinance strictly, and any dereliction of this duty will result in their dismissal, while the contravening Jew shall be subjected to a substantial fine.
5. Source	Lemann, Joseph. (ed.). Eintritt der Israeliten in die bürgerliche Gesellschaft der christlichen Staaten (Entrance of the Israelites into the Civil Society of the Christian States). Sutter: Rixheim (France), 1888. Page 77.
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8. Notes	None