Acts – Page 62 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1639
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Sunday Rest” decree of the Lower-Austrian government to all Civil Servants
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Mr. City Judge (Stattrichter) has been commanded as of this date, that he is to prohibit the Jewish community from purchasing anything in the city (of Vienna) on Sundays and holidays – no matter whether it’s a (life or death) emergency – […] and that they [Jews] are not to be found anywhere in the city, let alone trading or doing business or having open stores until the evening prayers are over. Furthermore, […] no food items […] are to be sold before 9 in the morning at the markets and that not only stores (like butchers, wine shops and other such stores) are to remain closed during church services, but also inns and taverns (that serve food and meat). That is why the government orders its civil servants that when they do find someone [a Jew] in violation of this decree, they are to report him to the government.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918. p. 135 ff.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1640
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Church laws of Moldavia and Walachia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Romania
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Greek Orthodox Christianity while geneally not as intensely anti-Semetic as Roman Catholcism was intolerant and priests preached anti-Semetic semons [sic]. The Church influenced the first legal codes in both Walachias and Moldavia--the Church laws of Moldavia and Walachia (1640). The Church code identified Jews as heretics and prohibitedethe [sic] faithful from contasct [sic] them. Jews were not llow [sic] to appear as inesses in trials. Interstingly an exception was made for physicians, presumably because their expert testimony was needed.” “Romanian Religious Faiths; Early Antisemitism.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 11, 1641
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decision” of the [City] Council of Münster
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	It has been decided, that Jews shall have no permission to reside here in the future (‘die Juden hinfurter alhie kein gleide haben sollen’) [instead] they [are to] pay for each day they are here one Reichsortsthaler (‘reichsorttaler’)* and they shall receive a permit [to stay] for no more than 3 days, after [these] three days, if it becomes necessary for them to stay longer, they are to apply and receive a new permit from the mayor (‘herrn burgermeister’) and in any case shall be stopped and required to give one Ortsthaler* (‘orttalers’) henceforth.
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *The Reichsortsthaler and the Ortsthaler refer to local currencies and seem to have been used interchangeably here.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 1, 1641
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway, for the Jews in the Duchy of Holstein
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	5. In view of their usury, Jews may [only] charge one pfenning of interest per week against each mark. 11. They may not allow any foreign Jew to stay with them without the prior knowledge of our officers.
5. Source	Cohen, A.D. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836) Forfatterens: Odense, 1837. Page 8.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher 100 pennings constituted one mark, which made the highest allowable weekly interest rate 1%.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 12, 1641
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Vicegerent(s)/Governor(s) ('Statthalter') of Elbogner
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	[…] permission is granted so that the properly authorized deportation of Jews is not prevented by the commanders* or anyone else – under any pretext whatsoever.
5. Source	Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in the Cechoslov. Republik; I Jahrgang. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Samuel Steinherz; (Prag; 1929); (Society for History of the Jews in the Czech Republic; Year’s Issue 1929; Published by Prof. Dr. Samuel Steinherz); (Prague; 1929)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *The Jews who had previously been able to enter the city of Elbogner with the support of military commanders were legally forced out of the city with this ordinance.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 2, 1642
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by Wladyslaw IV (Vasa, King of Poland) in Warsaw
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland; Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
4. Text of Act	[Wladyslaw] instructs the magistrate of Posen to prohibit Jews to trade with silk items in small quantities/retail (‘Detailhandel’), however, to permit them to sell these in large quantities/wholesale (‘en gros’).
5. Source	Perles, J.: Geschichte der Juden in Posen. (Breslau; 1865); (History of Jews in Posen.) (Wroclaw; 1865);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	May 12, 1642
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are not permitted to take/charge more than six percent in interests […] any expired/lapsed securities/pledged ('verfallene Pfänder') shall be turned over to the authorities. […]
5. Source	Engelman, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Oesterrich und die böhmischen Unruhen (“The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest”); (Leipzig; 1845)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 9, 1642
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by Wladyslaw IV (Vasa, King of Poland) in Warsaw
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland; Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
4. Text of Act	[Wladyslaw] permits Jews to peddle with merchandise; however, they may only use/hire Jewish carriers.
5. Source	Perles, J.: Geschichte der Juden in Posen. (Breslau; 1865); (History of Jews in Posen.) (Wroclaw; 1865);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 30, 1642
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	(3) On Sundays, Jews shall continue to stay inside their homes, unless they are in need of beer, wine, bread, water, or similar items. However, while any [Christian] sermon is in progress, they may not leave their homes under any circumstances. (4) While it is permissible for Jews to slaughter animals in their own homes, or, if so agreed, in the home of a Christian butcher, and sell the meat to Christians, both the Jew and the butcher must indicate the origin of the meat, so that those who find meat disgusting and repulsive, if it has been slaughtered by Jews, will not be defrauded. For each contravention of this mandate, both the Jew and the butcher shall be fined ten guilders.
5. Source	Günther, Carl Friedrich. Bilder aus der Hessischen Vorzeit (Images from Ancient Hessian History). Jonghans: Darmstadt, 1853. Page 90.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 22, 1643
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Penal-Patent” issued by Ferdinand III
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We, Ferdinand III order […] that in order to prevent and cease such conspiracy, We wish that from now on, especially the Jews, who purchase goods in the city and then sell it in the Jewish-City (‘Judenstadt’), owe [and are to pay] without any objection a tax (‘Mauth’) on all such goods, or have their shops locked/blocked off in the Jewish-City. Whoever violates this, or sells his goods and products in the suburbs, or in the Jewish-City before paying [the necessary] tax – or even if he does not sell [these goods but] just displays them in one or the other place without having registered any with the tax-authorities [first] – is to have his goods deemed as contraband and confiscated whatever they may be. That is why all hosts and citizens in suburbs are ordered not to allow such business/establishment. And forth, no Christian shall transport/carry across or tax any Jewish goods or products under his own name as a cover, because Jews, who are not specially privileged and exempt to carry such [items] owe more [in taxes] compared to the Christians […]
5. Source	Sammlung Oesterreichischer Gesetze und Ordnungen, wie solche von Zeit zu Zeit ergangen und publiciret worden. Gesammelt und in diese Ordnung gebracht von Sebastian G. Herrenleben (“Collection of Austrian Laws and Ordinances as they have been issued and published from time to time. Collected and brought into this particular order by Sebastian G. Herrenleben.”); (Leipzig; 1748)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 26, 1643
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	New Jewish order for the Bennfelden district (of Dambach)
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
4. Text of Act	Jews should be given no more than three or at most four houses in the whole of Dambach, and these should be as close together as possible in a convenient street,… a Jew may let his wife, brother-in-law or other relatives live with him, but without deliberate excess and therefore no new building is to be built in the houses.
5. Source	Carl Theodor Weiss, “Geschichte und Rechtliche Stellung der Juden im Fürstbistum Strassburg, besorders in dem jetzt badischen teile, nach akten dargestellt [History and Legal Status of the Jews in the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg, especially in the part that is now Baden, presented according to documents],” P. Hanstein, Bonn, 1894, p.145-149, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	1645
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order”
3. Geography of Act	Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) In 1645 the Jews of the ghetto were ordered to furnish several hundred uniforms for the soldiers. The Jewish Encyclopedia: The History, Religion Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People From the Earliest Times to the Present Day; edited by Isidore Singer; (New York/London)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 26, 1646
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of [City] Council of Münster
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	Since little money is coming in from the permit [fees] of the Jews, even though many Jews are sneaking in by fraud […] the elders and meisters' (‘alder – und m[eiste]rleute’) suggestion has been approved and [it has been] decided that Jacob Storck, porter/gatekeeper, […] shall be ordered, instructed […] and entrusted to pay close attention to the permits of the Jews so that each pays one Ortsthaler (‘orttaler’) when they enter and that they do not stay here more than three days or receive a prison penalty (‘ad poenam carceris’). Also, it shall be ordered that Jews shall not be permitted to enter through any other gate […] except the gate of [the aforementioned] porter/gatekeeper Storck […].
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 4, 1646
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree”* issued in the Region of Nassau/Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Jews -- may they be settled here or not -- shall neither have parties on Sundays (‘sollen keine Parthierung treiben’), nor collect on debts, or pay a fine of 1 Rthlr [Reichsthaler] – half of it to the church and the other half to the dominion/ruler (‘Herrschaft’).
5. Source	Weisthum der Gesetze, Ordnungen und Vorschriften welche in die Nassauische Teutsche Länder, Ottoischer Linie, von den ältesten Zeiten bis hierhin ergangen sind. Ausgestellt nach der Zeit und Buchstabenfolge. Zweiter Teil. (“Collection of laws, ordinances, and regulations which were issued in Nassaunian-German Lands in the lineage of Otto from times past up until now.”) (Hadamar; 1803); Seal of the Law Library of Munich;
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher There is an H. after the date in this document which could refer to “Hof’ = the Royal Court [Decree].

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 2, 1647
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree”* issued in the Region of Nassau/Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[Jews] shall not purchase taken horses or other effects from warriors (warring parties).
5. Source	Weisthum der Gesetze, Ordnungen und Vorschriften welche in die Nassauische Teutsche Länder, Ottoischer Linie, von den ältesten Zeiten bis hierhin ergangen sind. Ausgestellt nach der Zeit und Buchstabenfolge. Zweiter Teil. (Collection of laws, ordinances, and regulations which were issued in Nassaunian-German Lands in the lineage of Otto from times past up until now.) (Hadamar; 1803); Seal of the Law Library of Munich;
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher (‘den Kriegern, keine genommene Pferde, oder andere Effecten abkaufen’) There is an H. after the date in this document which could refer to “Hof’ = the Royal Court [Decree].

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 24, 1647
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of [City] Council of Münster addressed Porter Storck
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] the monitor (‘emonito’) Stork is ordered to pay close attention to the passports and the permits (‘päsß oder commissiones’) [of Jews] and to make sure that they obey the past order/decision and stay no longer than 3 days […].
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 16, 1648
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Citizen’s Decision” (‘Bürgerbeschluß’) issued by the assembly of the Senate and the citizens (‘Conventus Senatus et civicum’)
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] The high-German (‘hochdeutsche’) Jews are to be terminated* (‘aufgekündigt’) and expelled [from the city] by Easter 1649.
5. Source	Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. Begründet von Dr. Z. Frankel, fortgesetzt von Professor Dr. Graetz. Dreiundvierzigster Jahrgang. (“Monthly Journal of History and Science of Judaism. Founded by Z. Frankel, PhD., continued by Professor Graetz, PhD. Fourth-third edition.”); (Berlin; 1899)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *It is more likely that “terminated” refers here to contracts and/or residency permits Jews may have had with the city and/or citizens of Hamburg.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 8, 1648
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decisions” issued by the City of Hamburg
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Each time they (Jews) come to the city, they are to give one escort-Gulden* (‘Geleitsgulden’)*.
5. Source	Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. Begründet von Dr. Z. Frankel, fortgesetzt von Professor Dr. Graetz. Dreiundvierzigster Jahrgang. (“Monthly Journal of History and Science of Judaism. Founded by Z. Frankel, PhD., continued by Professor Graetz, PhD. Fourth-third edition.”); (Berlin; 1899)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher A Geleitsgulden was a “permit” fee that allowed Jews to enter the city of Hamburg during the day in order to do business.

1. Full Date of Act	May 20, 1649
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regulation” (‘Bestimmung’) issued by the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] only a small number of Jewish butchers are to receive permission to slaughter [cattle] in a ritual manner*.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (“Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main”); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher At the time, Jews were only permitted to sell meat by the pound as per a Council decision in 1631. Up until then, Jews were not permitted to sell meat in small quantities at all. *Refers to kosher laws.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 20, 1650
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish-Privilege” issued by Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Margraviate of Brandenburg
4. Text of Act	We, Frederick William (‘Friedrich Wilhelm’), by the grace of God, Margrave of Brandenburg, […] document herewith publicly for every one [that Jews be permitted to stay 7 additional years in accordance with Our predecessors … and so that Our subjects may have it easier to collect any debt they hold against Jews …]: That is why we have permit Jews to remain 7 consecutive years in Our principality - starting with the approaching Saint Bartholomew’s Day […] and to move about freely and to do business […]; however, they may not settle down permanently, or pursue illegal pre-sales, or become merchants, and that they do not acquire general-items, clothes, silver or golden dishes, or small items/knick-knacks […] or engage in usury against Ours (subjects). […]. [In exchange for the aforementioned seven years, Jews are to pay one hundred Reichstaler per year, and in addition to the 4 ton of feathers they have given each year so far, they are also to give a fit horse, and if it does not please Us, 50 Reichstaler instead and then another 50 Reichstlr., which means, 200 Rtlr as tribute on St. Bartholomew’s day beginning with the upcoming year 1651 ...]
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preußische Staat und die Juden. Erster Teil/Die Zeit des Großen Kurfürsten und Friedrichs I. Zweite Abteilung: Akten. (The Prussian state and the Jews. First Part / The time of the Grand Prince-Elector and Friedrich I. Second division: Files/Documents.); (Tübingen; 1962);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 6, 1651
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Mandate, issued by Frederick III, King of Denmark
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Prohibition by His Royal Majesty, that no Jew may enter into Denmark without a letter of protection, nor be found here. – In order to achieve the most merciful procedure to abolish the Jews, who, in contravention of the well-established customs of this benevolent kingdom, have stolen into Denmark and have dared to traffic with jewels and the like, we will no longer leave their audacity unpunished, nor let such abuses continue. We have therefore most mercifully found it good, to forbid all Jews from entering our empire of Denmark without our special letter of protection, or being found here. Thus, all Jews who are here already are commanded to remove themselves from here, within fourteen days of the proclamation of this mandate, under a penalty of 1,000 imperial thalers per person encountered without our letter of protection. In order to prevent any circumvention, it is our wish that he who reports a Jew to one of our officers, shall receive a reward of 50 imperial thalers.
5. Source	Cohen, A.D. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense, 1837. Page 4.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 26, 1651
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order by Luis XIV to the Marquis of Tilladet introducing the decree of expulsion of the Jews from Alsace.
3. Geography of Act	Alsace-France
4. Text of Act	Not wishing to suffer because of the Jews living in Brizac, nor in the other places of my kingdom, now that this city is united with my crown, I will give you this letter to order you. . . that you must make exit from Brizac those who are currently there.
5. Source	"Documents Inédits Concernant l'Histoire de France: Et Particulièrment l’Alsace et Son Gouvernement Sous le Regne de Louis XIV." ("Unpublished Documents Concerning the History of France: And Particularly Alsace and His Government Under the Rule of Louis XIV.") By C. Vanhuffel. Accessed online
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 9, 1652
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Patent” issued by the Government of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] Even though His Imperial Majesty (‘kaiserliche Majestät’) has had a public patent published recently, [that required] that all Jews who live in the land leave […] by the appointed date, His Imperial Majesty have gracefully decided - due to certain and considerable reasons – that the aforementioned Jews – may be tolerated here […] in their current numbers because they are to give their Imperial Majesty who is their Lord and Sovereign a certain annual tribute of 4000 Gulden, and that they be stopped to make the proper payment […] of the aforementioned sum. […]
5. Source	Engelman, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Oesterrich und die böhmischen Unruhen (“The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest”); (Leipzig; 1845)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Czech Republic

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 23, 1652
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Restriction on Jewish Trade" issued by Duke Fredrick William I to the Neumärkische Government and the Official Chamber to Küstrin"
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	Due to complaints received from several cities (Landsberg, Warthe, Küstrin, Woldenberg etc.) that the Polish Jews are also trading outside of the limits of the free annual markets, a Prince-Elector order has been issued that Jews are no longer permitted to trade outside of the annual fairs or to sell from door-to-door.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden: Vol 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) p. 3-4.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 13, 1653
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance against Jewish gatherings
3. Geography of Act	Netherlands
4. Text of Act	Publication of the Gentleman Deputies of the Lords of the Lands of Utrecht against the Jewish Assemblies … that in order to prevent such unscriptural exercises, errors and annoyances … have approved to interdict all such matters directly.
5. Source	Jacob Van Poolsum, “Groot Placaatboek Vervattende Alle de Placaten, Ordonnantien en Edicten, der Edele Mogende Heeren Staten’s Lands Van Utrecht [Large Placaatboek Containing All the Placaats, Ordinances and Edicts of the Noble Mighty Lords of the States' Lands of Utrecht],” Volume 1, Utrecht, 1712, p.411, available from books.google.com.
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher According to A.H. Huusen Jr. in “Legislation on the Position of the Jews in the Dutch Republic, C. 1590-1796," Legal History Review, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, Antwerp, London, Boston, 2001, p. 54, available from heinonline.org, this Act was repeated on 23/4/1654 and 17/10/1655. Additional research by Kate Wraith. Translator The text of the Act and title of the source was translated from Dutch using Google translate.