Acts – Page 63 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 22, 1643
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Penal-Patent” issued by Ferdinand III
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We, Ferdinand III order […] that in order to prevent and cease such conspiracy, We wish that from now on, especially the Jews, who purchase goods in the city and then sell it in the Jewish-City (‘Judenstadt’), owe [and are to pay] without any objection a tax (‘Mauth’) on all such goods, or have their shops locked/blocked off in the Jewish-City. Whoever violates this, or sells his goods and products in the suburbs, or in the Jewish-City before paying [the necessary] tax – or even if he does not sell [these goods but] just displays them in one or the other place without having registered any with the tax-authorities [first] – is to have his goods deemed as contraband and confiscated whatever they may be. That is why all hosts and citizens in suburbs are ordered not to allow such business/establishment. And forth, no Christian shall transport/carry across or tax any Jewish goods or products under his own name as a cover, because Jews, who are not specially privileged and exempt to carry such [items] owe more [in taxes] compared to the Christians […]
5. Source	Sammlung Oesterreichischer Gesetze und Ordnungen, wie solche von Zeit zu Zeit ergangen und publiciret worden. Gesammelt und in diese Ordnung gebracht von Sebastian G. Herrenleben (“Collection of Austrian Laws and Ordinances as they have been issued and published from time to time. Collected and brought into this particular order by Sebastian G. Herrenleben.”); (Leipzig; 1748)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 26, 1643
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	New Jewish order for the Bennfelden district (of Dambach)
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
4. Text of Act	Jews should be given no more than three or at most four houses in the whole of Dambach, and these should be as close together as possible in a convenient street,… a Jew may let his wife, brother-in-law or other relatives live with him, but without deliberate excess and therefore no new building is to be built in the houses.
5. Source	Carl Theodor Weiss, “Geschichte und Rechtliche Stellung der Juden im Fürstbistum Strassburg, besorders in dem jetzt badischen teile, nach akten dargestellt [History and Legal Status of the Jews in the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg, especially in the part that is now Baden, presented according to documents],” P. Hanstein, Bonn, 1894, p.145-149, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	1645
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order”
3. Geography of Act	Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) In 1645 the Jews of the ghetto were ordered to furnish several hundred uniforms for the soldiers. The Jewish Encyclopedia: The History, Religion Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People From the Earliest Times to the Present Day; edited by Isidore Singer; (New York/London)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 26, 1646
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of [City] Council of Münster
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	Since little money is coming in from the permit [fees] of the Jews, even though many Jews are sneaking in by fraud […] the elders and meisters' (‘alder – und m[eiste]rleute’) suggestion has been approved and [it has been] decided that Jacob Storck, porter/gatekeeper, […] shall be ordered, instructed […] and entrusted to pay close attention to the permits of the Jews so that each pays one Ortsthaler (‘orttaler’) when they enter and that they do not stay here more than three days or receive a prison penalty (‘ad poenam carceris’). Also, it shall be ordered that Jews shall not be permitted to enter through any other gate […] except the gate of [the aforementioned] porter/gatekeeper Storck […].
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 4, 1646
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree”* issued in the Region of Nassau/Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Jews -- may they be settled here or not -- shall neither have parties on Sundays (‘sollen keine Parthierung treiben’), nor collect on debts, or pay a fine of 1 Rthlr [Reichsthaler] – half of it to the church and the other half to the dominion/ruler (‘Herrschaft’).
5. Source	Weisthum der Gesetze, Ordnungen und Vorschriften welche in die Nassauische Teutsche Länder, Ottoischer Linie, von den ältesten Zeiten bis hierhin ergangen sind. Ausgestellt nach der Zeit und Buchstabenfolge. Zweiter Teil. (“Collection of laws, ordinances, and regulations which were issued in Nassaunian-German Lands in the lineage of Otto from times past up until now.”) (Hadamar; 1803); Seal of the Law Library of Munich;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher There is an H. after the date in this document which could refer to “Hof’ = the Royal Court [Decree].

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 2, 1647
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree”* issued in the Region of Nassau/Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[Jews] shall not purchase taken horses or other effects from warriors (warring parties).
5. Source	Weisthum der Gesetze, Ordnungen und Vorschriften welche in die Nassauische Teutsche Länder, Ottoischer Linie, von den ältesten Zeiten bis hierhin ergangen sind. Ausgestellt nach der Zeit und Buchstabenfolge. Zweiter Teil. (Collection of laws, ordinances, and regulations which were issued in Nassaunian-German Lands in the lineage of Otto from times past up until now.) (Hadamar; 1803); Seal of the Law Library of Munich;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher (‘den Kriegern, keine genommene Pferde, oder andere Effecten abkaufen’) There is an H. after the date in this document which could refer to “Hof’ = the Royal Court [Decree].

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 24, 1647
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of [City] Council of Münster addressed Porter Storck
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] the monitor (‘emonito’) Stork is ordered to pay close attention to the passports and the permits (‘päsß oder commissiones’) [of Jews] and to make sure that they obey the past order/decision and stay no longer than 3 days […].
5. Source	Westfalia Judaica III. Quellen und Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in der Stadt Münster 1530-1650/1662. Herausgegeben von Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Band 3.1. (“Jewish Westfalia III. Sources and Regests Regarding the History of Jews in the City of Münster 1530-1650/1662. Edited by Diethard Aschoff. Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westphalia.”); (Münster; 2000)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 16, 1648
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Citizen’s Decision” (‘Bürgerbeschluß’) issued by the assembly of the Senate and the citizens (‘Conventus Senatus et civicum’)
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] The high-German (‘hochdeutsche’) Jews are to be terminated* (‘aufgekündigt’) and expelled [from the city] by Easter 1649.
5. Source	Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. Begründet von Dr. Z. Frankel, fortgesetzt von Professor Dr. Graetz. Dreiundvierzigster Jahrgang. (“Monthly Journal of History and Science of Judaism. Founded by Z. Frankel, PhD., continued by Professor Graetz, PhD. Fourth-third edition.”); (Berlin; 1899)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher *It is more likely that “terminated” refers here to contracts and/or residency permits Jews may have had with the city and/or citizens of Hamburg.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 8, 1648
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decisions” issued by the City of Hamburg
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Each time they (Jews) come to the city, they are to give one escort-Gulden* (‘Geleitsgulden’)*.
5. Source	Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. Begründet von Dr. Z. Frankel, fortgesetzt von Professor Dr. Graetz. Dreiundvierzigster Jahrgang. (“Monthly Journal of History and Science of Judaism. Founded by Z. Frankel, PhD., continued by Professor Graetz, PhD. Fourth-third edition.”); (Berlin; 1899)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher A Geleitsgulden was a “permit” fee that allowed Jews to enter the city of Hamburg during the day in order to do business.

1. Full Date of Act	May 20, 1649
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regulation” (‘Bestimmung’) issued by the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] only a small number of Jewish butchers are to receive permission to slaughter [cattle] in a ritual manner*.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (“Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main”); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher At the time, Jews were only permitted to sell meat by the pound as per a Council decision in 1631. Up until then, Jews were not permitted to sell meat in small quantities at all. *Refers to kosher laws.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 20, 1650
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish-Privilege” issued by Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Margraviate of Brandenburg
4. Text of Act	We, Frederick William (‘Friedrich Wilhelm’), by the grace of God, Margrave of Brandenburg, […] document herewith publicly for every one [that Jews be permitted to stay 7 additional years in accordance with Our predecessors … and so that Our subjects may have it easier to collect any debt they hold against Jews …]: That is why we have permit Jews to remain 7 consecutive years in Our principality - starting with the approaching Saint Bartholomew’s Day […] and to move about freely and to do business […]; however, they may not settle down permanently, or pursue illegal pre-sales, or become merchants, and that they do not acquire general-items, clothes, silver or golden dishes, or small items/knick-knacks […] or engage in usury against Ours (subjects). […]. [In exchange for the aforementioned seven years, Jews are to pay one hundred Reichstaler per year, and in addition to the 4 ton of feathers they have given each year so far, they are also to give a fit horse, and if it does not please Us, 50 Reichstaler instead and then another 50 Reichstlr., which means, 200 Rtlr as tribute on St. Bartholomew’s day beginning with the upcoming year 1651 ...]
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preußische Staat und die Juden. Erster Teil/Die Zeit des Großen Kurfürsten und Friedrichs I. Zweite Abteilung: Akten. (The Prussian state and the Jews. First Part / The time of the Grand Prince-Elector and Friedrich I. Second division: Files/Documents.); (Tübingen; 1962);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 6, 1651
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Mandate, issued by Frederick III, King of Denmark
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Prohibition by His Royal Majesty, that no Jew may enter into Denmark without a letter of protection, nor be found here. – In order to achieve the most merciful procedure to abolish the Jews, who, in contravention of the well-established customs of this benevolent kingdom, have stolen into Denmark and have dared to traffic with jewels and the like, we will no longer leave their audacity unpunished, nor let such abuses continue. We have therefore most mercifully found it good, to forbid all Jews from entering our empire of Denmark without our special letter of protection, or being found here. Thus, all Jews who are here already are commanded to remove themselves from here, within fourteen days of the proclamation of this mandate, under a penalty of 1,000 imperial thalers per person encountered without our letter of protection. In order to prevent any circumvention, it is our wish that he who reports a Jew to one of our officers, shall receive a reward of 50 imperial thalers.
5. Source	Cohen, A.D. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense, 1837. Page 4.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 26, 1651
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order by Luis XIV to the Marquis of Tilladet introducing the decree of expulsion of the Jews from Alsace.
3. Geography of Act	Alsace-France
4. Text of Act	Not wishing to suffer because of the Jews living in Brizac, nor in the other places of my kingdom, now that this city is united with my crown, I will give you this letter to order you. . . that you must make exit from Brizac those who are currently there.
5. Source	"Documents Inédits Concernant l'Histoire de France: Et Particulièrment l’Alsace et Son Gouvernement Sous le Regne de Louis XIV." ("Unpublished Documents Concerning the History of France: And Particularly Alsace and His Government Under the Rule of Louis XIV.") By C. Vanhuffel. Accessed online
6. Researcher & Translator	Cristina Penland
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 9, 1652
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Patent” issued by the Government of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] Even though His Imperial Majesty (‘kaiserliche Majestät’) has had a public patent published recently, [that required] that all Jews who live in the land leave […] by the appointed date, His Imperial Majesty have gracefully decided - due to certain and considerable reasons – that the aforementioned Jews – may be tolerated here […] in their current numbers because they are to give their Imperial Majesty who is their Lord and Sovereign a certain annual tribute of 4000 Gulden, and that they be stopped to make the proper payment […] of the aforementioned sum. […]
5. Source	Engelman, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Oesterrich und die böhmischen Unruhen (“The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest”); (Leipzig; 1845)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	Research 2017 Translation
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Austria, Czech Republic

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 23, 1652
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Restriction on Jewish Trade" issued by Duke Fredrick William I to the Neumärkische Government and the Official Chamber to Küstrin"
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	Due to complaints received from several cities (Landsberg, Warthe, Küstrin, Woldenberg etc.) that the Polish Jews are also trading outside of the limits of the free annual markets, a Prince-Elector order has been issued that Jews are no longer permitted to trade outside of the annual fairs or to sell from door-to-door.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden: Vol 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) p. 3-4.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 13, 1653
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance against Jewish gatherings
3. Geography of Act	Netherlands
4. Text of Act	Publication of the Gentleman Deputies of the Lords of the Lands of Utrecht against the Jewish Assemblies … that in order to prevent such unscriptural exercises, errors and annoyances … have approved to interdict all such matters directly.
5. Source	Jacob Van Poolsum, “Groot Placaatboek Vervattende Alle de Placaten, Ordonnantien en Edicten, der Edele Mogende Heeren Staten’s Lands Van Utrecht [Large Placaatboek Containing All the Placaats, Ordinances and Edicts of the Noble Mighty Lords of the States' Lands of Utrecht],” Volume 1, Utrecht, 1712, p.411, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	Mia Neafcy (Covington)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher According to A.H. Huusen Jr. in “Legislation on the Position of the Jews in the Dutch Republic, C. 1590-1796," Legal History Review, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, Antwerp, London, Boston, 2001, p. 54, available from heinonline.org, this Act was repeated on 23/4/1654 and 17/10/1655. Additional research by Kate Wraith. Translator The text of the Act and title of the source was translated from Dutch using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 25, 1653
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance of the City Council of [Bad] Wimpfen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Imperial City of Wimpfen / Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Jews must apply/pay for [an] escort[-permit] (‘müssen das Geleit lösen)*, when they walk through the valley.
5. Source	Wimpfen am Neckar. Geschichtlich und topographisch nach historischen Mittheilungen und archäologischen Studien dargestellt von Dr. A. von Lorent, Ritter des Großherzoglichen Badischen Zähringer Löwenordens mit Eichenlaub und dem königlich Württembergischen Kronen- und Friedrichs-Orden ([Bad] Wimpfen by Neckar. Presented historically and topographically based on historical reports and archeological studies by A. Von Lorent, PhD, Knight of the Order of the Zähringer-Lion* of the Grand-Duchy of Baden with oak-leaf-cluster and the Royal Württemberg crown and Friedrich Order*); (Stuttgart; 1870);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *Geleit lösen refers to the custom in which traveling business and tradesmen were required to apply and be given “protection” to travel through certain domains; Jews were almost always required to apply and receive an “escort/protection permit; not just when traveling, but also when they wished to settle down.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 26, 1653
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Act of Parliament” issued by the Prussian Parliament
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Prussia
4. Text of Act	We have had a particular contract signed with the Jewry, according to which all trade and exchange is to be abstained from (‘interdisiret’) in our Electorate domains except during publicly traded festivals (‘publicis et solemnibus nundinis’)* for which they have to report to the local magistrates […]. Furthermore, we do not wish to give them permanent homes (‘fixa domicilia’) in our lands nor permit them to have synagogues. Should any of them be found to have improper merchandize (‘untüchtige Waaren’) or be involved in any illegal usury, we do not wish to shy away from having those punished in all earnestness. […]
5. Source	Die früheren und gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse der Juden in den sämmtlichen Landesstellen des Preußischen Staats; eine Darstellung und Revision der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über ihre staats- und privatrechtlichen Zustände. Mit Benutzung der Archive der Ministerien des Innern und der Justiz. Von Ludwig von Rönne, Kammer-Gerichts-Rath und Heinrich Simon, Ober-Landes-Gerichts-Assessor; (Breslau; 1843); (The past and present circumstances of Jews in all parts of the Prussian state; a representation and revision of legal provision regarding their conditions in terms of state and private law. With the use of the archives of the Ministries of the Interior and Justice. By Ludwig von Rönne, Legal Council of the Chamber and Heinrich Simon Upper-State-Court-Assessor) (Wroclaw; 1843)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *This refers most likely to public markets.

1. Full Date of Act	1654
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews from Pernambuco”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Brazil
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews were expelled from Pernambuco." "The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];" history.ac.uk; "History of Pernambuco;" wikipedia.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 22, 1654
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Directive from Director-General of the Colony of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant
3. Geography of Act	New Netherland
4. Text of Act	The Jews who have arrived would nearly all like to remain here, but learning that they (with their customary usury and deceitful trading with the Christians) were very repugnant to the inferior magistrates [the Sheriff, Mayor and Alderman],… we have, for the benefit of this weak and newly developing place and the land in general, deemed it useful to require them in a friendly way to depart; praying also most seriously in this connection, for ourselves as also for the general community of your worships, that the deceitful race, - such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ, - be not allowed further to infect and trouble this new colony.
5. Source	Samuel Oppenheimer, “The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664. Some New Matter on the Subject,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 18, 1909, p. 4-5, available on jstor.org.
6. Researcher	Jsa lmaggi (DLA Piper)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 15, 1654
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Rescript Requiring that Jews Pay a 'Wandergeld'" issued by Duke Fredrick William of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	We command that foreign Jews are to request a certain sign from the Council [of the City] in Our City Minden, and that they are to pay before each night that they remain in the country a certain 'wander' and lodging fee half of which is to be paid into Our fiscal [year] and the other half is to be keep for the poor and faithful [citizens of the city].
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1962) p. 75, Berliner Staats Archiv R 34 64 g2.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2015
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 26, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law on Agreements between Jews and Christians - Issued by Bishop Marquard.
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Eichstätt
4. Text of Act	As the recent war has led some of Our subjects to fall into unmanageable debts and ruin due to the taking of money from the Jews, the payment of usurious interest, or other business transactions, which they themselves have voluntarily entered into, and as similar situations might arise from another source in the future, We, out of paternal and loyal foresight, have devised a remedy to prevent this misfortune in advance. Therefore, it is Our most gracious command that all loans, debts, purchases, sales, or other transactions between Our subjects and the Jewish community, both those that are currently ongoing and those that might occur in the future, which exceed 10 florins or the equivalent in value, must be reported to and recorded by Our officials and appointed authorities. Any transactions that are not properly reported shall be deemed entirely invalid and void. Furthermore, any related money or value shall fall to Us and Our treasury, and no higher interest rate than 6 percent per annum shall be permitted to the Jews.
5. Source	“Bertrage der Juden mit Christen, 1655, [Agreements between Jews and Christians, 1655],” in Friedrich Christian Arnold, “Beiträge Zum Teutschen Privat-Rechte [Contributions to German Private Rights],” Volume 2, Ansbach, 1842, p. 340-341, available from dlc.mpg.de.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 28, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Director and Council of New Netherland for the City of Amsterdam
3. Geography of Act	United States
4. Text of Act	The Captains and Officers of the Burghers of this City inquiring of the Director General and Council whether the Jewish Nation resident in this City, should be enrolled and march under their Burgher colors, which being duly weighed and thereupon considered, First, the disgust and dislike of the mass of Citizens to be Fellow soldiers of the aforesaid Nation, and to watch in the same guardhouse, and on the other hand, that the aforesaid Nation is not admitted or included in the famous emporium of Amsterdam, or, to our knowledge in any city of [New] Netherland, among the citizens in the Trainbands or general Burgher guard, but that the aforesaid nation contributes a reasonable sum for their freedom in that regard; It is resolved by the Director General and Council, in order to prevent further mischief, that agreeably to the custom of the laudable government of the renowned commercial city of Amsterdam, the aforesaid nation shall be exempt from general expeditions and watches, on condition that each male person between the ages of 16 and 60 years shall for the aforesaid exemption, contribute to the support of the general Burgher charges, sixty-five stivers every month, and the Burgher court-martial is hereby authorized and commanded the same to obey until our further order, and, pursuant to the tenor hereof, the aforesaid contribution to collect once a month, and, if refused, to levy execution. Thus done in Council in Fort Amsterdam, 28 August, 1655.
5. Source	O’Callaghan, E.B. Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1674. Weed, Parsons & Co.: Albany, 1868. Page 191.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The Council of Nine Men was a citizens’ board and a form of representational democracy in New Netherland; it removed the colony from the control of the Dutch West India Company, and it became the basis for the municipal government when the city of New Amsterdam (now Lower Manhattan) received its charter in 1653.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 5, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree”* issued in the Region of Nassau/Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	No foreign, unknown Jews shall be given any lodge/shelter (‘beherberget’) due to the dangerous illnesses but shall be expelled with alms from the Jews as soon as possible.
5. Source	Weisthum der Gesetze, Ordnungen und Vorschriften welche in die Nassauische Teutsche Länder, Ottoischer Linie, von den ältesten Zeiten bis hierhin ergangen sind. Ausgestellt nach der Zeit und Buchstabenfolge. Zweiter Teil. (“Collection of laws, ordinances, and regulations which were issued in Nassaunian-German Lands in the lineage of Otto from times past up until now.”) (Hadamar; 1803); Seal of the Law Library of Munich;
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher There is an H. after the date in this document which could refer to “Hof’ = the Royal Court [Decree].

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 29, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Directive of the Director General and Council refusing the right of Jewish merchants to travel and trade on the South River, Fort Orange and other places situate within the jurisdiction of New Netherland.
3. Geography of Act	New Netherland
4. Text of Act	It would be injurious to the community and the population of said places to grant the petition of the Jews … For weighty reasons, this request, made in such general terms, is declined.
5. Source	Samuel Oppenheimer, “The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664. Some New Matter on the Subject,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 18, 1909, p.27-28, available on jstor.org.
6. Researcher	Jsa lmaggi (DLA Piper)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	None