Acts – Page 63 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 25, 1653
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance of the City Council of [Bad] Wimpfen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Imperial City of Wimpfen / Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Jews must apply/pay for [an] escort[-permit] (‘müssen das Geleit lösen)*, when they walk through the valley.
5. Source	Wimpfen am Neckar. Geschichtlich und topographisch nach historischen Mittheilungen und archäologischen Studien dargestellt von Dr. A. von Lorent, Ritter des Großherzoglichen Badischen Zähringer Löwenordens mit Eichenlaub und dem königlich Württembergischen Kronen- und Friedrichs-Orden ([Bad] Wimpfen by Neckar. Presented historically and topographically based on historical reports and archeological studies by A. Von Lorent, PhD, Knight of the Order of the Zähringer-Lion* of the Grand-Duchy of Baden with oak-leaf-cluster and the Royal Württemberg crown and Friedrich Order*); (Stuttgart; 1870);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Geleit lösen refers to the custom in which traveling business and tradesmen were required to apply and be given “protection” to travel through certain domains; Jews were almost always required to apply and receive an “escort/protection permit; not just when traveling, but also when they wished to settle down.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 26, 1653
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Act of Parliament” issued by the Prussian Parliament
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Prussia
4. Text of Act	We have had a particular contract signed with the Jewry, according to which all trade and exchange is to be abstained from (‘interdisiret’) in our Electorate domains except during publicly traded festivals (‘publicis et solemnibus nundinis’)* for which they have to report to the local magistrates […]. Furthermore, we do not wish to give them permanent homes (‘fixa domicilia’) in our lands nor permit them to have synagogues. Should any of them be found to have improper merchandize (‘untüchtige Waaren’) or be involved in any illegal usury, we do not wish to shy away from having those punished in all earnestness. […]
5. Source	Die früheren und gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse der Juden in den sämmtlichen Landesstellen des Preußischen Staats; eine Darstellung und Revision der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über ihre staats- und privatrechtlichen Zustände. Mit Benutzung der Archive der Ministerien des Innern und der Justiz. Von Ludwig von Rönne, Kammer-Gerichts-Rath und Heinrich Simon, Ober-Landes-Gerichts-Assessor; (Breslau; 1843); (The past and present circumstances of Jews in all parts of the Prussian state; a representation and revision of legal provision regarding their conditions in terms of state and private law. With the use of the archives of the Ministries of the Interior and Justice. By Ludwig von Rönne, Legal Council of the Chamber and Heinrich Simon Upper-State-Court-Assessor) (Wroclaw; 1843)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *This refers most likely to public markets.

1. Full Date of Act	1654
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews from Pernambuco”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Brazil
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Jews were expelled from Pernambuco." "The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];" history.ac.uk; "History of Pernambuco;" wikipedia.org
5. Source	None
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 22, 1654
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Directive from Director-General of the Colony of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant
3. Geography of Act	New Netherland
4. Text of Act	The Jews who have arrived would nearly all like to remain here, but learning that they (with their customary usury and deceitful trading with the Christians) were very repugnant to the inferior magistrates [the Sheriff, Mayor and Alderman],… we have, for the benefit of this weak and newly developing place and the land in general, deemed it useful to require them in a friendly way to depart; praying also most seriously in this connection, for ourselves as also for the general community of your worships, that the deceitful race, - such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ, - be not allowed further to infect and trouble this new colony.
5. Source	Samuel Oppenheimer, “The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664. Some New Matter on the Subject,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 18, 1909, p. 4-5, available on jstor.org.
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 15, 1654
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Rescript Requiring that Jews Pay a 'Wandergeld'" issued by Duke Fredrick William of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	We command that foreign Jews are to request a certain sign from the Council [of the City] in Our City Minden, and that they are to pay before each night that they remain in the country a certain 'wander' and lodging fee half of which is to be paid into Our fiscal [year] and the other half is to be keep for the poor and faithful [citizens of the city].
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1962) p. 75, Berliner Staats Archiv R 34 64 g2.
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 26, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law on Agreements between Jews and Christians - Issued by Bishop Marquard.
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Eichstätt
4. Text of Act	As the recent war has led some of Our subjects to fall into unmanageable debts and ruin due to the taking of money from the Jews, the payment of usurious interest, or other business transactions, which they themselves have voluntarily entered into, and as similar situations might arise from another source in the future, We, out of paternal and loyal foresight, have devised a remedy to prevent this misfortune in advance. Therefore, it is Our most gracious command that all loans, debts, purchases, sales, or other transactions between Our subjects and the Jewish community, both those that are currently ongoing and those that might occur in the future, which exceed 10 florins or the equivalent in value, must be reported to and recorded by Our officials and appointed authorities. Any transactions that are not properly reported shall be deemed entirely invalid and void. Furthermore, any related money or value shall fall to Us and Our treasury, and no higher interest rate than 6 percent per annum shall be permitted to the Jews.
5. Source	“Bertrage der Juden mit Christen, 1655, [Agreements between Jews and Christians, 1655],” in Friedrich Christian Arnold, “Beiträge Zum Teutschen Privat-Rechte [Contributions to German Private Rights],” Volume 2, Ansbach, 1842, p. 340-341, available from dlc.mpg.de.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 28, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Director and Council of New Netherland for the City of Amsterdam
3. Geography of Act	United States
4. Text of Act	The Captains and Officers of the Burghers of this City inquiring of the Director General and Council whether the Jewish Nation resident in this City, should be enrolled and march under their Burgher colors, which being duly weighed and thereupon considered, First, the disgust and dislike of the mass of Citizens to be Fellow soldiers of the aforesaid Nation, and to watch in the same guardhouse, and on the other hand, that the aforesaid Nation is not admitted or included in the famous emporium of Amsterdam, or, to our knowledge in any city of [New] Netherland, among the citizens in the Trainbands or general Burgher guard, but that the aforesaid nation contributes a reasonable sum for their freedom in that regard; It is resolved by the Director General and Council, in order to prevent further mischief, that agreeably to the custom of the laudable government of the renowned commercial city of Amsterdam, the aforesaid nation shall be exempt from general expeditions and watches, on condition that each male person between the ages of 16 and 60 years shall for the aforesaid exemption, contribute to the support of the general Burgher charges, sixty-five stivers every month, and the Burgher court-martial is hereby authorized and commanded the same to obey until our further order, and, pursuant to the tenor hereof, the aforesaid contribution to collect once a month, and, if refused, to levy execution. Thus done in Council in Fort Amsterdam, 28 August, 1655.
5. Source	O’Callaghan, E.B. Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1674. Weed, Parsons & Co.: Albany, 1868. Page 191.
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8. Notes	Researcher The Council of Nine Men was a citizens’ board and a form of representational democracy in New Netherland; it removed the colony from the control of the Dutch West India Company, and it became the basis for the municipal government when the city of New Amsterdam (now Lower Manhattan) received its charter in 1653.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 5, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree”* issued in the Region of Nassau/Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	No foreign, unknown Jews shall be given any lodge/shelter (‘beherberget’) due to the dangerous illnesses but shall be expelled with alms from the Jews as soon as possible.
5. Source	Weisthum der Gesetze, Ordnungen und Vorschriften welche in die Nassauische Teutsche Länder, Ottoischer Linie, von den ältesten Zeiten bis hierhin ergangen sind. Ausgestellt nach der Zeit und Buchstabenfolge. Zweiter Teil. (“Collection of laws, ordinances, and regulations which were issued in Nassaunian-German Lands in the lineage of Otto from times past up until now.”) (Hadamar; 1803); Seal of the Law Library of Munich;
6. Researcher	None
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8. Notes	Researcher There is an H. after the date in this document which could refer to “Hof’ = the Royal Court [Decree].

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 29, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Directive of the Director General and Council refusing the right of Jewish merchants to travel and trade on the South River, Fort Orange and other places situate within the jurisdiction of New Netherland.
3. Geography of Act	New Netherland
4. Text of Act	It would be injurious to the community and the population of said places to grant the petition of the Jews … For weighty reasons, this request, made in such general terms, is declined.
5. Source	Samuel Oppenheimer, “The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664. Some New Matter on the Subject,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 18, 1909, p.27-28, available on jstor.org.
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 10, 1655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree”* issued in the Region of Nassau/Germany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Jews shall abstain themselves from selling wax and butter and bringing these across the border (exporting them) […] and whatever such things they purchase -- especially hides/skins – only on the weekly markets.
5. Source	Weisthum der Gesetze, Ordnungen und Vorschriften welche in die Nassauische Teutsche Länder, Ottoischer Linie, von den ältesten Zeiten bis hierhin ergangen sind. Ausgestellt nach der Zeit und Buchstabenfolge. Zweiter Teil. (“Collection of laws, ordinances, and regulations which were issued in Nassaunian-German Lands in the lineage of Otto from times past up until now.”) (Hadamar; 1803); Seal of the Law Library of Munich;
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher There is an H. after the date in this document which could refer to “Hof’ = the Royal Court [Decree].

1. Full Date of Act	1656
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Forced Conversion of Jews" issued by Shah Abbas II
3. Geography of Act	Persia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) All Persian Jews (and Christians) are made to convert to Islam during the reign of the Safavid shah, Abbas II. Various means were used to force the Jews to convert to Islam. They were required to wear special headgear; their synagogues were closed; and in violation of their dietary strictures, they were forced to eat meat boiled in milk. Thomas, Kenneth J.: A Restless Search: A History of Persian Translations of the Bible; shu.edu (2015)
5. Source	None
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 13, 1656
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Directive to Director-General of the Colony of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant.
3. Geography of Act	New Netherland
4. Text of Act	The permission given to the Jews to go to New Netherland and enjoy the same privileges as they have here (in Amsterdam) has been granted only as far as civil and political rights are concerned, without giving the said Jews a claim to the privilege of exercising their religion in a synagogue or gathering
5. Source	Max J. Kohler, “Civil Status of the Jews in Colonial New York,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 6, 1897, p.86, available from jstor.org.
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 20, 1656
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of Jews” issued by the Viennese Magistrate
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] the Jewry – for their houses and [land] properties, in the so-called lower Wörth (‘unterer Wörth’) […] shall pay for the modification of the ten-year warranty (‘Gewährsveränderung’) 100 fl. [Gulden] and 400 fl. [Gulden] for their basic prerogative to use/enjoy these houses for their own good […].
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim); (Vienna; 1821)
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 7, 1656
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Expulsion of Jews Across the Borders" issued by Duke Fredrick William of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Lithuania / East Prussia
4. Text of Act	Because we are concerned about the loyalty and treachery of the Jews, we order that all Jews - whether under the protection of the nobility or the Roman feudal lords - and no matter under what circumstances - are to made to understand without doubt that they are to get out of our domain [region] and borders to Somogitia.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews), (1962) p. 149-150 Berliner Staats Archiv R7 - 106 I., Accessed online
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7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 30, 1656
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict, issued jointly by the feudal lords of Holland
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Netherlands
4. Text of Act	In the regular marketplaces, all Jewish vendors shall be publicly identified by the town crier, on three days of every week.
5. Source	Koch, Christian Friedrich. Die Juden im Preussischen Staate (The Jews in the State of Prussia). Baumann: Marienwerder (Prussia), 1833. Page 152.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 1, 1657
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of Admittance for the Jews Salomon, Lazarus et al., issued by Duke Carl Frederick of Hohenems
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Every Jew shall pay an annual protection tax of ten imperial thalers and two fattened geese.
5. Source	Kaltenbaeck, Johann Paul (ed.). Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichts-und Staatskunde (Austrian Journal for History and Political Science). Vol. 100 (Vienna, 1836), p. 399.
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 10, 1657
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] no Jewish doctor is to be admitted into the [Jewish] settlement (‘Stättigkeit’) without the permission of the [City] Council.
5. Source	Kurzer Abriss. Geschichte der Israeliten. Frankfurt a Main. (Short outline. History of the Israelis. Frankfurt a. Main); www.archive.org; Accessed online;
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8. Notes	Researcher Although Jewish doctors were very much in demand, it was argued that the Italian universities were too imprudent in issuing a “doctor’s cap” (MD license) to Jews.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 26, 1658
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Regulation” issued in the City Council of Lübeck
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free City of Lübeck
4. Text of Act	[…] all Jews who are present and run around here must leave the city.
5. Source	Baasch: Ernest: Die Juden und der Handel in Lübeck. (Jew and trading in Lübeck); (1922);
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 3, 1658
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Judenordung (Jewish Regulation) Issued by Bishop Leopold-William for the Bishopric of Strasbourg
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
4. Text of Act	Firstly, all Jews who are now resident and willingly living in all places in our diocese, dioceses, towns, boroughs and villages, with their wives and unmarried children, shall be permitted and allowed to stay and reside in the same places for the rest of their lives. However, no one shall have the power to move from one place to another,… and to settle there of their own liking, unless they have obtained and given written permission to do so from us or our governors, chancellors and councilors. … Jews born in our monastery should be allowed to live with their parents as long as they are single and penniless; if they change, however, they are hereby forbidden to live and stay with their parents, and each one is obliged to ask us or governors, chancellors and councilors for permission to settle and establish himself in this or any other place where he wishes to live;… Anyone who, contrary to this order, stays with their parents for more than half a year … or who, after leaving them, establishes and runs their own household without obtaining permission, shall also be fined five pounds and shall be expelled by the officials of each locality. … Thirdly, the Jews living in our monastery should not have their public synagogue or school anywhere, neither in towns nor in the country, but they may have their children instructed in their laws in their houses … Every Holy Sunday, as well as on obligatory holidays and festivals, they [Jews] should not engage in any trade in the morning during church services … nor should they allow themselves to be found in front of the church or in open places with horses, cattle or other goods,… When they are accustomed to holding their feast day, they should not do so in open and public places, but rather in their houses … During Holy Week, Jews, men and women, should remain quiet and withdrawn in their houses and not show themselves as freely as at other times … Fourthly, if the Jews want to celebrate a wedding and call and invite their friends to it, they should first ask the local official for permission and approval, and if it is permitted, such a wedding should be celebrated in silence and not in public … Sixthly, as Jewish women also bathe, this should be done unnoticed, secretly, and so early or late that no one is offended by it. Seventh, Jews are not allowed to play with any Christians, neither in open inns nor in Christian or Jewish houses, nor to organize or hold drinking parties, under penalty of five pounds. Eighth, they [Jews] are not allowed to speak or argue with Christians about the faith, under penalty of severe punishment. Ninthly, if a Jew, old or young, dies, they should not be taken out for burial on Sundays or holidays, but should be postponed until the next working day;… On the tenth, any Jew who employs Christians to work on a Sunday or a weekday will be fined three pounds, and the Christian who engages in this will be punished at the discretion of the official. … The Jews in our diocese are to be completely forbidden from buying real estate, houses, farms, fields, meadows, vines; but if someone wants to buy a small house, he should first ask us or our governors, chancellors and councilors for permission. … Twenty-second, the Jews in the towns, villages and hamlets where they live should not keep more livestock than is necessary for their own household, or what is permitted to a person in advance by our governors, chancellors and councilors,… Twenty-thirdly, the Jews should not carry rifles or other prohibited weapons, but common weapons should be permitted to them. Twenty-fourthly, all Jews who currently have their home in our foundation must pay the protection and shelter fee imposed on each Jew every year, and in the future, without fail. However, we expressly reserve the right to increase such protection or shelter fee according to our opportunity and the need that arises.
5. Source	Carl Theodor Weiss, “Geschichte und Rechtliche Stellung der Juden im Fürstbistum Strassburg, besorders in dem jetzt badischen teile, nach akten dargestellt [History and Legal Status of the Jews in the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg, especially in the part that is now Baden, presented according to documents],” P. Hanstein, Bonn, 1894, p.150-165, available from archive.org.
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8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	May 25, 1658
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by Frederich William (‘Friedrich Wilhelm’), Elector of Prussia and addressed to the Halberstädter Regierung
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Prussia
4. Text of Act	The Prince-Elector is willing to permit the Jews of Halberstadt to pay only 200 Rtlr. (Reichsthaler) as fortification-contribtions (‘als Fortificationsgelder’) […]
5. Source	Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Erster Teil / Die Zeit des Großen Kurfürsten und Friedrichts I. Zweite Abteilung: Akten von Selma Stern. (“The Prussian State and the Jews, First Part / The time of the Great Prince-Elector and Fredrick’s I. Second devision: Documents/Writs by Selma Stern”); (Tübingen; 1962)
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 26, 1658
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by Frederich William (‘Friedrich Wilhelm’), Elector of Prussia and addressed to the Chamber-Council (‘Amtskammerrat’) Hermann von Elverich
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Prussia
4. Text of Act	The Jews of Kleve-Mark cannot be completely exempt for the levy since the other Jews of Halberstadt, Minden and Ravensburg have already made their contribution. The government, however, will be satisfied with an immediate payment of 1,500 Rhtrn (Reichsthaler). […]
5. Source	Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Erster Teil / Die Zeit des Großen Kurfürsten und Friedrichts I. Zweite Abteilung: Akten von Selma Stern. (“The Prussian State and the Jews, First Part / The time of the Great Prince-Elector and Fredrick’s I. Second devision: Documents/Writs by Selma Stern”); (Tübingen; 1962)
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8. Notes	Researcher On August 31, the Jewry is permitted to pay half of the required payment — 1,000 Reichsthaler.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 15, 1658
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal Bull “For those reasons that” (Ad ea per quae) issued by Pope Alexander VII
3. Geography of Act	Papal States; Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	[…] the [Jewish] community [as a whole] must pay for all unoccupied apartments in the ghettos. [… because], Jewish inhabitants are not easy on those houses so that the owners are often forced to make repairs which is no surprise given that the buildings are often several hundred years old. There appears to be a secret agreement among them that no Israeli is to rent a house that was vacated by a co-religionist — an accusation that need not be dismissed. That is why it is necessary to proceed against such scams with laws […] to protect the Christian owners. […]
5. Source	Vogelstein, Herman and Paul Rieger: Geschichte der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band. (History of Jews in Rome. Second Volume.); (Berlin; 1895)
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8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 23, 1659
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Rescript Addressed to the Keeper of the City Kleve" issued by Duke Fredrick William of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	The Mayor and the Council of the city Lippstadt have complained about the issuance of a 'residency permit' [Vergleitung] to the Jew Heimann Gumperts. Since the city had been free of Jews as long as anyone can remember, it would be a new thing, if Jews were allowed into city again; and that even though, the granting of 'residency permits' is left up to the Duke's discretion, the 'residency permit of Heinmann Grumperts is henceforth repealed.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1962) p. 62 Berliner Staats Archiv R 34 n 64 g2.
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8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 4, 1660
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree prohibiting Jewish participation in the leather trade.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	We hereby seriously command and intend, that from now on, no stranger, domestic or foreign, especially the bunglers, swindlers, and Jews, should peddle leather in towns, markets and villages, or sell it outside of the annual fairs.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances]," Part 1, Franz Sebastian Sartorius, Wurzburg, 1776, pp. 255-256, available from archive.org.
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8. Notes	Researcher This restriction was reiterated in a decree published on June 19, 1699. See the above source, pp. 483-484. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	1661
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Privilege (Order)” issued by Count Franz Ernst Schlick
3. Geography of Act	CIty of Saint Peter; Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] henceforth no Jew is permitted to live in the city of Saint Peter and its suburbs […] their homes, including the synagogue, are to be sold off to the citizens. […]”
5. Source	Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (“History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906)
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8. Notes	None