Acts – Page 66 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 1, 1681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Command” (‘Anordnung’) issued by the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[… the Council gives all mayors full legal right to investigate any claim of excess/opulence [among Jews] and to punish them […] and to 'inhibit' all disguises, fancy dresses, and opulence (‘Mummerei, Verkleidung und Üppigkeit’) in the Jewish alley/ghetto (‘Judengasse’) […]
5. Source	Kasper-Holtkotte, Cilli: Die jüdische Gemeinde von Frankfurt/Main in der frühen Neuzeit. Familien, Netzwerke und Konflikte eines jüdischen Zentrums. (The Jewish community of Frankfurt/Main in the Early Modern Period. Families, networks, and conflicts of a Jewish center/hub.);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 18, 1682
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Notice to the Deputies of all Immediatstadt, Eastern Pomerania, and Kammins" issued by the Government of Pomerania
3. Geography of Act	Province of Pomerania
4. Text of Act	... Jews are strictly prohibited from importing [easily] contaminated ("poison catching") items like fur, wool, cloths [, fabric] and old clothes; violators of this law are to be punished with the death penalty.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1962) Page 141, Online book.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 2, 1682
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance of Leipzig” (‘Leipziger Judenordnung’) issued by Elector John George III (‘Johann Georg III’)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Poland; Electorate of Saxony
4. Text of Act	By the grace of god, We, John George the third (‘Johann Georg der Dritte’), Duke of Saxony, […] announce herewith […] 1) No Jew may pursue trade in Leipzig without an attest/certificate given by his local authority that he’s an honest businessman. 2) Except horse-Jews (‘Pferdejuden’)*, no one (Jews) shall lodge in the suburbs. 3) A Jew arriving at the [city] gate is to receive an indication-form (‘Angabezettel’) from the toll-officer […] 5) Report within 24 hours to the local city court and pay his protection-fee (‘Schutzgeld’) 6) [Jews must] carry the indication-form, protection and toll-permits as well as the little yellow patch (‘gelbe Flecklein’) on them at all times and present them to council-aids or state servant [when asked …]
5. Source	Allgemeiner Contorist welcher von allen und jeden Gegenständen der Handlung aller in und außer Europa gelegenen Handelsplätze die neusten und zuverlässigsten Nachrichten ertheilet; theils nach bewährten Quellen, theils auch, und insonderheit, nach eigener Erfahrung und Korrespondenz entworfen und in alphabetische Ordnung gebrach von Johann Christian Herrmann Kaufmann in Leipzig. Dritter Theil. (General [business] clerk who provides the latest and most reliable news of all occurrences in trade centers within and outside of Europe, partly based on reliable sources, and partly - and uniquely - based on personal experience and correspondence and broken down in alphabetic order by Johann Christian Herrmann, merchant in Leipzig. Part three.); (Leipzig; 1790);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *This refers most likely to wealthier Jews who could afford to travel by horse. The above Jewish ordinance contains 23 paragraphs and has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space. The entire text can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 10, 1682
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Autumn-Instruction” on behalf of the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg*
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	Since the harvesting of the lovely growing wine/grapes is about to take place […] And in order that Jews do not get the ripest/most timely grapes and the best must, so that His Princely-grace […] is forced to accept the worst and most inferior drink as payment [as levies/taxes…] that is why the autumn-administrator (‘Herbst-Verwalter’), as well as [all] officers are to keep a close eye on this, and not to permit individual Jews to make kosher [wine], except those who have been graciously authorized to do so by the higher authority. […]
5. Source	Thesavrvs Ivris Franconic, Oder Sammlung theils gedruckter theils ungedruckter Abhandlungen, Dissertationen, Programmen, Gutachten, Gesätze, Urkunden, usw. welches das Fränkische und besonders hochfürstliche Wirzburgische Geistliche, Weltliche, Bürgerliche, Peinliche, Polizey- und Kammerrecht erläutern usw. Des Zweyten Abschnittes eilftes Heft. (Wirzburg; 1789); (Thesaurus/Catalogue of Franconia. Or a collection of partly printed, partly unprinted treatises, dissertations, programs, expert reports, laws, and legal documents, etc. which explain church-, secular-, civil-, penal-, police-, and chamber-laws in Franconia, and especially in the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg. The second part of the eighteenth booklet.); (Würzburg; 1789);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Peter Philipp von Dernbach.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 9, 1683
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Article Letter, issued by Christian V, King of Denmark and Norway
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark, Norway
4. Text of Act	Art. 168. Whenever [soldiers] are allowed [to have] sutlers and vivandiers in the camp or garrison, Jews, however, may not be used for that purpose.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 68.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher “Article letters,” from the 15th to the 18th century, were documents that spelled out the collective rights and obligations of soldiers.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 15, 1683
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Danish Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	1. No Jew is allowed to enter into the kingdom, or allow himself to be found, without the King's special Letter of Safe Conduct, under penalty of one thousand imperial thalers for every person encountered without the prescribed letter. 2. Any informer who reports such a Jew to the King’s officers, shall receive, each time, half a hundred imperial thalers.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 26.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 4, 1683
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order of John George (‘Johann Georgens’) III, Elector of Saxony that Jews who travel to Leipzig from Bohemia, Austria, Moravia in order to trade are to take the common (country) roads (‘Landstraße’)”
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Saxony; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[Since We] Johann Georg the third, by the grace of God, Duke of Saxony [… have received complaints that Jews who are coming from Bohemia, Austria, and Moravia to Leipzig in order to trade, stray/deviate from the common (country) roads … which have been strictly prohibited to them under threat […] and yet, Jews appear to take no heed [to past orders} and depart from the designated roads [… ] which we are not inclined to allow to happen anymore. That is why We remind/warn all Jews who are coming to Leipzig from Bohemia, Austria, and Moravia in order to trade - once and for all herewith […] to remain on the above-mentioned […] street […] and should one or the other contravene […] and take another road through Our domain, he is to lose all possessions that he has on him and anticipate our [further] punishment. [That is why we] Order Our officers, customs- and escort-people/officers as well as City Councils and all court-officers herewith in all seriousness to pay close attention to Bohemian, Austrian, and Moravian Jews […] and not to permit any of them to stray from the above-mentioned street, but rather to stop/intercept them and whatever they carry and to report this [to Us…].
5. Source	Lünig: Johann Christian: Des Codicis Augustei, oder Neuvermehrten Corporis Juris Saxonici. Anderer Band. (Codex of Augustus, or newly augmented legal code of Saxony. The other volume.)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 5, 1683
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edikt” issued by the [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[The Council prohibits] “the highly-annoying (‘höchst ärgerliche’) entering of Jews into barbershops (‘Barbierhäuser’) […]
5. Source	Kracauer, Isidor: Die Geschichte der Juden in Frankfurt am Main (History of the Jews in Frankfurt am Main); (Frankfurt am Main; 1906)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 24, 1683
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” ordered by King Louis XIV
3. Geography of Act	French Territories; Martinique
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are to quit all French Islands of America. […]
5. Source	Frank, Ben: A Travel Guide to the Jewish Caribbean & South America; (Grenta; 2005)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1684
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of the government addressed to the City Council of Dresden
3. Geography of Act	Margrave of Meissen; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Jews are not to be tolerated in Dresden (except during and) outside* of the annual markets. […]”
5. Source	Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsgeschichte der Stadt Dresden von Dr. Phil. Otto Richter, Archivar und Bibliothekar der Stadt Dresden. Herausgegeben im Auftrage des Rates zu Dresden. Erster Band: Verfassungsgeschichte (“Constitutional and Administrative History of the City of Dresden by Otto Richter (PhD.), Archivist and Librarian of the City of Dresden. Published by the Order of the Council of Dresden. First Volume: Constitutional History”); (Dresden; 1885);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *The notion of “ausserhalb der Jahrmärkte” in German refers to both the concepts of time and space and most likely prohibited Jews from visiting Dresden - except during the time of the annual markets - and from venturing outside of the annual markets. This order was issued repeatedly.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 20, 1684
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree against trading outside of the annual market.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	We hereby issue our most gracious and earnest command to all and every one of our officials, clerks, bailiffs, mayors and councilors, courts and community, that they should keep a close eye on foreign merchants, basket carriers, peddlers and unprotected Jews, and not allow hawking or peddling [by these individuals] outside of the open annual markets.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances]," Part 1, Franz Sebastian Sartorius, Wurzburg, 1776, pp. 328-329, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 6, 1684
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance concerning Jewish people living in the County of Schaumburg-Lippe, issued by Count Friedrich Christian.
3. Geography of Act	County of Schaumburg
4. Text of Act	These Jews, in Our land, shall be tolerated as long as they do not act with violence or injustice, and as long as they behave in accordance with the following conditions: 1). That they shall observe the Sabbath and prayer hours in complete secrecy, without disturbing Our subjects, and without pomp or display in their clothing. … 4). The Jews in Buckeburg should no longer be permitted to slaughter until a few registered butchers set up a guild there and could and would conveniently supply our court and the citizens with meat. … 6). Every Jew in addition to the regular contributions they are required to make, should pay 10 thalers annually to our treasury, which applies to this Jew, his wife, children and any maid. If he had more maids, or a servant (for no one should be allowed to have more than one servant), he should pay 1 1/2 thalers for the maid and 3 thalers for the servant separately. … 7). A fee of 1 thaler shall be paid to Our treasury for each marriage, circumcision, and funeral conducted by Jews.
5. Source	“Landesverordnungen der Grafschaft Schaumburg, unter der Regierung der Grafen zu Holstein-Schaumburg und der Grafen zu Schaumburg-Lippe, 1640 bis 1777 [State Regulations of the County of Schaumburg, under the Rule of the Count of Holstein-Schaumburg and the Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1640 to 1777],” Budeburg, 1805, p. 91-93, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com and Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 2, 1684
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Prince-Elector Ordinance Regarding the Jews in Berlin" issued by Duke Frederick I
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Prussia
4. Text of Act	... because it has come to our attention that due to the existence of two Synagogues and other kind of offenses by Jews - such as hiding and dealing with stolen merchandize, we order that such offenses are to be stop immediately and that 1) Jews are only allowed one Synagogue and one school and all others are to ceased operation immediately; 2) all Jews are to honor the oath they have taken and report all offenses to the authorities immediately or face loss of their property and banishment from the country. 3) head of the Jewish communities are required to report stolen items immediately to the Bailiff of Cologne. 4) Jews are prohibited from operating open stalls and booths. They are to clear and cease those immediately. 5) Jews whose children get married outside of the country, are to pay a 'out-tax' and Jewish courts are to report how they handle punishments and sentencing. This [ordinance] is to be obeyed by the Jewish community or [they are to] face sever punishment.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1962) p. 53-54, Berliner Staats Archive R 21- 207 b 2; Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 16, 1684
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Police Chief of Copenhagen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Those of the Jewish nation who, with royal permission, reside in the aforementioned 20 houses, may worship there together, with morning and evening prayers and hymns, though only in closed chambers and without any sermon, so as not to cause any offense.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837; Page 171.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Copenhagen's first synagogue was not inaugurated until 1833.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 1, 1685
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Code Noir” order of King Louis XIV
3. Geography of Act	French West Indies
4. Text of Act	[…] Jewish converts are not to enter the Indies without the expressed permission of the King.
5. Source	Louisiana Law Review; Volume 56, Number 2; Palmer, Vernon Valentine: The Origins of Authors of the Code Noir.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 21, 1685
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Protected Jews in Our lands, if they are lacking a synagogue at their place of residence, are permitted to worship in their private homes, as long as they can gather ten adult men, refrain from loud calling and yelling, and adhere to the following conditions. (1) They shall not use any house where a Christian lives, but only one inhabited by a Jew, and which is located far away from any church, school, manse or city hall. (2) They shall only pray quietly and behind closed doors. […] (4) Except for weddings, no more than fifteen persons shall congregate. (5) They shall not perform any ceremonies in the streets or out of their windows. (6) They shall not blow the horn [shofar] in the street, out of the window, or elsewhere in public. (7) They may not use anything in their gatherings but the scriptures of Moses and the prophets, and refrain from using Jewish writings and prayers which mention Christ in a defamatory manner.
5. Source	Günther, Carl Friedrich. Bilder aus der Hessischen Vorzeit (Images from Ancient Hessian History). Jonghans: Darmstadt, 1853. Page 92.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 8, 1685
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Rescript Addressed to the Superior Courts" issued by Duke Fredrick William of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	It is not unknown to Us that there are a lot of Jews found in Our cities that have swindled Christians out of thousands of Reichstaler and that they [Christians] never received repayment or any other kind of satisfaction for those acts; and since they do not have any means of payment and are otherwise difficult to be held accountable, we command that all Jews in the country are to provide a deposit (bail) of 1000 Reichstaler in order to prevent this kind of behavior in the future. Those who pay the bail/deposit are allowed to remain in the country while those who refuse are to leave the country within 6 weeks of this ordinance to avoid serious punishment.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Vol. 1. (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1962) p. 57, Berliner Staats Archiv R 21-207 b 2 a, Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 3, 1685
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Letter from King Karl XI to Stockholm's Governor's Office ordering the expulsion of the Jews
3. Geography of Act	Swedish Empire
4. Text of Act	It is our gracious will and command, that you immediately allow all the existing Jews here in the city, that they, within 14 days, dispose of themselves from the city and the country
5. Source	Stockholmskällan, “Karl XI Förbjuder Judar att Bosätta sig i Stockholm 1685 [Karl XI Forbids Jews to Settle in Stockholm in 1685],” stockholmskallan.stockholm.se, accessed July 3, 2024.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The original text is in Swedish and translated to English using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 18, 1686
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance regarding the stay of imprisoned Jews in Vienna” issued on behalf of the Kaiser via the Lower-Austrian government to District Marshal
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	From the R[oyal] M[majesty], also to Hungary and Bohemia […] Archduke to Austria […] it is ordered that Mr. City Colonel is to gather all Jews – men and women – who were brought here from the city of Ofen* in a specific house outside of the city and to keep them there until further order from H. R. M. or the laudable Court Martial Council […]. That is why the City (Quarter) Colonel (Stadtquadiobristen) is reminded that such Jews also reside partially in houses that are under his jurisdiction […] and his very highly serious H. R. M. is graciously ordering that an ordinance is issued in certain areas that if Jews are staying in any houses under the jurisdiction of the Mr. City (Quarter) Colonel are to be deported immediately […].
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 265.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *“Ofen” was the German name for the city of Buda – before it merged with the city of Pest to become today’s Budapest.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 7, 1687
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Edict (‘Edictum’) issued by Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Ernest Augustus"*
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
4. Text of Act	We, Ernst Augustus, by the grace of God Bishop of Osnabrück. Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg […] It has been reported to us that some of our officers, as well as court-men/judges (‘Gerichts-Herren') and other authorities in small cities have accepted various Jews [into their cities] and have permitted them to pursue trade and exchange without having received a protection and escort letter (‘Schutz- und Geleit-Briefen’) from us. However, since the issuance of a Jewish-escort [letter] is reserved to the supreme princely-authorities, which means to Us in Our principalities […] We order herewith all and every one of Our officers as well as all courts and authorities in these cities […] to report all those Jews who cannot show to have a letter of protection (‘Schutzbrief’) or any other escort-permit from Us and to expel them and their families from our lands/domains within a month, or to apply and receive such a permit from us within the same period. […] those who enter Our lands after that months has passed, are to be arrested and We or Our secret-councils are to be informed immediately. We wish with all earnestness to have all places/towns (‘Orte’) where this order is ignored to be seriously discipled and punished. Issued in Our city of residency, Hannover, February 7, 1687. […]
5. Source	Chur-Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Landes-Ordnung und Gesetze, und zwar Capvt Tertivm worinn enthalten bis das Militar - Wesen angehende Verordnungen. Zum Gebrauch der Fürstenthümer, Graf- und Herrschaften Calenbergischen Theils. (Local/land ordinances and laws of the [Elector]-Principality of Brunswick-Lüneburg, namely the third part, which contain the ordinances that pertain to the military. For the use of the principalities, counties and lordships of Calenberg.); (Göttingen; 1740);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Ernest Augustus also ruled over the Principality of Calenberg and Prince-Bishop of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 14, 1687
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” addressed to Johann Victor König, Royal Council and Mayor (head of the municipality) of Halle
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] since we have serious reservations to protect/escort such people (Jews) […] and because it’s better without them, […] that is why you have to reject/turn back such Jews if they continue to announce themselves/arrive. […]
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preußische Staat und die Juden. Erster Teil/Die Zeit des Großen Kurfürsten und Friedrichs I. Zweite Abteilung: Akten. (“The Prussian state and the Jews. First Part / The time of the Grand Principality and Friedrich I. Second division: Files/Documents.”); (Tübingen; 1962);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This decree in effect prohibited Jews from settling in Halle, Germany.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 4, 1687
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree restricting the trade in tin.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	Jews,… not least those who have not learned the trade, are completely banned from trading, peddling and selling both new and old tin.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances]," Part 1, Franz Sebastian Sartorius, Wurzburg, 1776, p. 353, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 7, 1687
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Leipzig: Decree – No Jew is allowed to trade in the streets or to open their business entirely or partly
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Us, the majors and council of the city Leipzig command: The Jews have abused the benefits given to them in different remittals by living against common laws. They carry on trade at times, in which it is forbidden to sell wares. They disregard the prohibition to trade on Sundays and Feast days. They sell a big amount of wares at times in which it is forbidden to do so at common places. Christian trade people and the normal citizens suffer therefore from disadvantages. Therefore, we want to repeat the laws and penalties for these actions and point them out for the Jews, who are under special occupation at the moment. We decree, that no Jew is allowed no, matter what kind of wares he is trading, (except from Feder-Jews, who are allowed to trade on special days because of their profession) to trade in the streets or to open their business entirely or partly. They may only trade their wares, as in former times, in their own parlors and ventriculars. Nevertheless, they have to pay attention to Sundays and Feast days – as their names command to do so – and are forbidden to sell any kind of wares. If they fail to do so they will have to pay a penalty about 100 'Reichsthaler' and may even receive a higher penalty. Documental we have printed the emblem of our city on this decree, Leipzig, March 7, 1687
5. Source	Decrees Collection, AR 379, Leo Baeck Institute Archive, New York. Researched/Received Translation from Leo Baeck Institute 1/7/2015 NEED MORE INFORMATION (ITEM NAME - PAGE # - RESEARCHER/DATE)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 15, 1687
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Norwegian Code,” issued, by King Christian V, for Norway
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Norway
4. Text of Act	Book 3, Chapter 22: Article 1 – No Jew may enter [Norway], or let himself be found, without the King's special passport, under penalty of one thousand imperial thalers for every person who is found without such passport. Article 2 – Whoever reports a Jew and points him out to an officer of the King, shall therefore receive fifty imperial thalers.
5. Source	Paulsen, P.I., Thomle, J.E. & Thomle, C.S. (ed.). Almindelig Norsk Lovsammling [Common Norwegian Law Collection]. Aschehoug & Co.: Kristiania [Oslo], 1905. Volume I, Page 186.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	May 6, 1687
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Policy Regarding the Island of French America" issued by King Louis XIV
3. Geography of Act	Saint Dominigue
4. Text of Act	1) […] we enjoin all of our officers to chase from our islands all the Jews who have established residence there. As with all declared enemies of Christianity, we command them to be gone within three months of the day of issuance of the present [order], at the risk of confiscation of their persons and their goods. […].
5. Source	Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and Media: The Code Noir (The Black Code)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This edict was written in March of 1685 by King Louis XIV, but was read, posted and recorded at the "Sovereign Council of Saint Domingue" on 6 May 1687.