Acts – Page 85 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 1, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by the Hochstift* of Würzburg
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Würzburg; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Jews must sell the realties which they’ve acquired for the purpose of reselling them, within one year and one day.
5. Source	Aschaffenburger Zeitung. Amtliches Organ der NSDAP und der Staats und Gemeindebehörden. (Newspaper of Aschaffenburg. Official organ of the NSDAP and the state and municipal authorities.)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher *A Hochstift was an independent territory within the Holy Roman Empire. (‘Juden müssen die zum Wiederverkaufe an sich gebrachten Immobilien in einem Jahr und Tag wieder verkaufen) The term "an sich bringen" has a negative connotation in German. This quote of the original order was found in the Aschaffenburger Newspaper of Tuesday 11 December 1849 in the State Archives of Bavaria.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 2, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued Prince-Bishop Clemens
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn
4. Text of Act	[…] Christians can retract/seize/take back any immovable goods that have been pledged to Jews or are owned [by Jews].
5. Source	Die Provinzial- und statutarischen Rechte in der preußischen Monarchie. Dargestellt vom wirklichen Geheimen Rath von Kamptz. Zweiter Theil. Die Provinzen: Pommern und Westphalen. (The provincial and legal statutes of the Prussian monarchie. Presented by the true secret council von Kamptz. Second Volume. The provinces: Pomerania and Westphalia.); (Berlin; 1827);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 18, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance regarding trading door-to-door, especially with silk items” issued by King Fredrick II of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	Since it has come to Our attention that Jews are publically trading door-to-door with silk and other items in Berlin – hence, disregarding edicts that were officially published; they are therefore, not only harming the silk fabric owners greatly with their actions, but also the Christian merchants, because the Jews have somehow managed to take over the entire silk trade. That is why we command that the General Director joins efforts with the Finance Advisor [Faesch] and the Police Director [Kircheisen] to ensure that an end is set to the harmful door-to-door trading of the Jews in Berlin once and for all. Jews are also to be obliged to 'prefer' silk that was made in a Berlin factory over those made out of the country, or to sell the first (silk made in Prussia) along with the latter when trading outside of the country.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Dritter Teil, 2. Akten, 1. Halbband (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1971) Page 254 ff.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 20, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by Frederick Augustus, King of Poland, Elector of Saxony, Duke of Lithuania
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] The Bohemian, Praguer, and Moravian Jews, who wish to frequent the fairs in Leipzig, must stay on the proper country- and army-roads […]. The Bohemian, Moravian, and Hungarian Jews, who wish to visit the fairs in Leipzig in order to merely make purchases, can take any path they choose to get there […] however, they [all] must properly submit the necessary body-tax (‘Leibzoll’) and other common levies […]
5. Source	Codex Augusteus, Oder Neuvermehrtes Corpus Juris Saxonici, Worinnen die in dem Churfürstenthum Sachsen und dazu gehörigen Landen, auch denen Marggrafthümern Ober- und Nieder-Lausitz, publicirte und ergangene Constitutiones, Decisiones, Mandata und Verordnungen erhaltenen, nebst einem Elencho, dienlichen Summarien und vollkommenen Registern, mit Ihrer königlichen Majestät in Polen, als Churfürstens zu Sachsen, allergnädigster Bewilligung ans Licht getreten. Lejpzeig, Verlegtes Johann Samuel Heinsius. (Lejpzig; 1772); (Codex Augustus, or newly augmented legal body/laws of Saxony, and those of the Electorate of Saxony and its associated territories, as well as the Margraviates of Upper and Lower Lusatia - and constitutions, decisions, mandates, and received ordinances, along with an elenchus, useful summaries and complete indexes which have appeared, with the most gracious permission of His Royal Majesty in Poland as Elector of Saxony. Published in Leipzig by Johnn Samuel Heinsius); (Leipzig; 1772)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 24, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order of the Senate against Jewish excesses in daily life.
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg
4. Text of Act	[To] the elders of the High German and Portuguese Jewish communities, the Senate has heard with displeasure that for some time several of their [Jewish] communities have had no qualms about showing off in an inappropriate way in clothing, renting gardens, pleasure trips etc., instead of [living] a quiet and withdrawn way of life, and thereby giving rise to various judgments. … The Council hereby orders them [the Jewish elders] to warn their congregations against all such excesses and to urge them to maintain order, quietness and generally to lead a decent life, otherwise all the bad consequences that could easily arise from this would be their responsibility and the Senate would be prompted to put a stop to such excesses by more serious means.
5. Source	“Sammlung der von Einem Hochedlen Rathe der Stadt Hamburg so wol zur Handhabung der Gesetze und Verfassungen als bey besonderen Eräugnissen ... welcher die Verfugungen von 1731 bis 1750 [Collection of the Regulations issued by a High Noble Council of the City of Hamburg for the Administration of Laws and Constitutions as well as for Special Events ... which contain the Regulations from 1731 to 1750,]” Volume 3, J. C. Piscator, Hamburg, 1764, p. 1746, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 11, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Bohemian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg
4. Text of Act	Jews are permitted to learn a craft and pursue this work and employ trainees/journeymen - except Christians […] Exempt are the craft of gunsmiths (‘Büchsenmacherey’), sword-makers/blacksmith (‘Schwertfeger’), and maker or plate armor (‘Plättnerey’)* and other military [related] crafts. […].
5. Source	Politischer Codex, oder wesentliche Darstellung sämmtlicher, die k. k. Staaten betreffenden Gesetze und Anordnungen im politischen Fache. Praktisch bearbeitet von Ingaz de Luca, k. k. Rath und Professor. Dritter Band. (Wien; 1789); (Political codex or essential listing of all relevant laws and ordinances within the r[oyal] i[imperial] states/territories in the political field. Effectively edited by Ignaz de Luca, r[oyal] i[imperial] counsel and professor. Third Volume.); (Vienna; 1789);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *Plättner/Plattner were blacksmiths in the Middle Ages who were specialized in making body armor.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 2, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance Issued by the Royal Prussian Police Director of the Kingdom of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	Newly issued prohibition against Jews who trade door-to-door with silk, wool and other items. Specifically certified orders are permitted.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Dritter Teil, 2. Akten, 1. Halbband (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1971) Page 259.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 26, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Senate Protocol of Hamburg regarding the carrying of water for the Jews residing on Möncke-Damm.
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg
4. Text of Act	The Jews living on the Möncke-Damm … shall not have water carried across the street on Sundays at all, nor on Tuesdays and Thursdays during the time of the church service for the Michaelite congregation in the St. Mary Magdalene Church, in order to prevent any obstruction of passage.
5. Source	“Sammlung der von Einem Hochedlen Rathe der Stadt Hamburg so wol zur Handhabung der Gesetze und Verfassungen als bey besonderen Eräugnissen ... welcher die Verfugungen von 1731 bis 1750 [Collection of the Regulations issued by a High Noble Council of the City of Hamburg for the Administration of Laws and Constitutions as well as for Special Events ... which contain the Regulations from 1731 to 1750,]” Volume 3, J. C. Piscator, Hamburg, 1764, p. 1751, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 3, 1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict, issued by Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Whereas Jews have been known to conduct a secret cattle trade in Our lands, to keep out horned cattle disease, which becomes epidemic every now and then, all officers and magistrates are hereby ordered to turn back any foreign Jews who arrive on foot, regardless of their papers, and deny them entry, for the duration of any such outbreak.
5. Source	“Von Gottes Gnaden Carl, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg etc. … [By God’s Mercy Carl, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg etc. …],” 12/3/1750; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 90; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal bull “Probe te Meminisse” issued by Benedict XIV
3. Geography of Act	Present day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Benedict XIV wrote…in 1751…Probe te meminisse setting down rules for baptizing Jewish children.” Michael C. Thomsett: “The Inquisition: A History.” (2010) Online book; p. 120. 2) “Benedict XIV Probe te meminisse Dec. 15, 1751 Baptism of Jewish children.” “List of Papal Bulls on Jewish Question.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 13, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Restriction on Immigration of Jews” issued by King Fredrick II of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	Jews are no longer permitted to be issued a [Jewish] ‘Privilege’ [=citzenship; Juden Privilegien], except if they are intending to set up a factory [in the country]; otherwise, the number of Jewish families are to always remain the same.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Dritter Teil, 2. Akten, 1. Halbband (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1971) Page 261.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	Researcher This basically mean that no new Jews were allowed to settle in the land, except those who had received a Jewish Privilege and/or wealthy.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 5, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Diocesan Commander of Lolland
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	As far as the Jews in Nakskov are allowed under the trade privilege of May 5, 1749, to enter into business, the said privilege shall remain in force; however, the number of Jews in Nakskov should be reduced to four, as they eventually pass away through death, such that no one should enjoy the privilege of settling down there, as long as there are still four of those privileged Jews.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 102.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 20, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” (“Hofdekret”) issued by the Bohemian Government
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may not gather in private homes where the permission to exhibit the Torah has been denied […] they may also not teach in those. […]
5. Source	Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 15, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance according to which Good Friday is to be celebrated annually in the city and its districts.
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg
4. Text of Act	10. No Jew shall dare to offer anything for sale on this day, or otherwise engage in public trade, or go out for fun, or smoke tobacco pipes in front of the door, under penalty of a fine of 50 thalers or imprisonment; instead, each of them shall stay quietly at home: and if one of them has something necessary to do, it shall not be done before 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
5. Source	“Sammlung der von Einem Hochedlen Rathe der Stadt Hamburg so wol zur Handhabung der Gesetze und Verfassungen als bey besonderen Eräugnissen ... welcher die Verfugungen von 1751 bis 1762 [Collection of the Regulations issued by a High Noble Council of the City of Hamburg for the Administration of Laws and Constitutions as well as for Special Events ... which contain the Regulations from 1751 to 1762,]” Volume 4, J. C. Piscator, Hamburg, 1764, pp. 1791-1795, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Researcher According to the source above, on March 3, 1752, in a follow-up order, "Jews were granted permission to visit their schools on Good Friday without hindrance, but that the going back and forth should not take place in large numbers, and that the prohibition of going for a good time, haggling, and the other ordered, quiet and orderly behavior should remain." Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 28, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law on Contracts Between Christians and Jews.
3. Geography of Act	Bailiwick of Franconia
4. Text of Act	No Jew should enter into any bond or obligation with a Christian before anyone other than the ordinary authorities … all domestic and foreign protected Jews, if they are intending to conclude a contract with subjects belonging to my noble high order and the Bailiwick of Franconia … must report such transactions, whether the sum is small or large … to the office appointed for each subject. … the Jews who thus contravene the highest imperial privileges granted to my knightly high order should be punished.
5. Source	“Verträge zwischen Christen und Juden betr. 1751, [Contracts between Christians and Jews concerning 1751],” in Friedrich Christian Arnold, “Beiträge Zum Teutschen Privat-Rechte [Contributions to German Private Rights],” Volume 2, Ansbach, 1842, p. 703-706, available from dlc.mpg.de.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	May 7, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript addressed to the Chamber of Kurmarkt” issued by King Fredrick II of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	Those (Jews) who have been allowed to settle [in the land] by a Duke, Baron or another noble authority but have not been otherwise legitimized, are not 'protected,' (have citizenships); because the permissions to grant [permission to settle] is a sovereign privilege which neither the nobility nor the lower authorities are to presume to have, and therefore no Jews are to be tolerated anywhere. Henceforth - such Jews - were they to remain in the country, have to apply for a 'Concession,' if they have not done so already; and they have to move to a city. Since the first settled children cannot be technically considered as settled so long the father is still alive; the second child cannot do anything as long as the father is still alive either, since otherwise, the first settled children would be in a disadvantage compared the second ones.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Dritter Teil, 2. Akten, 1. Halbband (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1971) Page 266.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 14, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Papal encyclical “A Quo Primum” issued by Pope Benedict XIV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	In regard to the matter of the Jews We must express our concern…The Jews have so replaced the Christians that some parishes are about to lose their ministers because their revenue has dwindled so drastically…Therefore the tyrannical orders of the Jews have to be carried out…It is now even commonplace for Christians and Jews to intermingle anywhere…by means of their particular practice of commerce, they amass a great store of money and then by an exorbitant rate of interest utterly destroy the wealth and inheritance of Christians…But if it is asked what matters the Apostolic See forbids to Jews living in the same cities as Christians, We will say that all those activities which are now allowed in Poland are forbidden; these We recounted above…You will recall the statutes and prescripts of the synods of your predecessors; they always entered in their constitutions every measure concerning the Jews which was sanctioned and ordained by the Roman Pontiffs…The essence of the difficulty, however, is that either the sanctions of the synods are forgotten or they are not put into effect. To you then, Venerable Brothers, passes the task of renewing those sanctions…You will be able to give these orders and commands easily and confidently, in that neither your property nor your privileges are hired to Jews; furthermore you do no business with them and you neither lend them money nor borrow from them. Thus, you will be free from and unaffected by all dealings with them…At the same time We promise you that when the situation arises, We will cooperate energetically and effectively with those whose combined authority and power are appropriate to remove this stain of shame from Poland.
5. Source	“On Jews and Christians Living in the Same Place A Quo Primum Encyclical of Pope Benedict XIV promulgated on June 14, 1751.” No author; Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2011
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 25, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Rescript” issued by Frederick V [of Denmark]
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany etc; Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein
4. Text of Act	We, Fredrick V, have learned from your report [that Jews are abusing loans made against pledges and are engaging in irresponsible usury which harms no less the craftsmen and day-laborer in Altona* and forces them into poverty …] which is why we have decided in all seriousness and order you graciously herewith that you are to inform all Jews with a public patent and at the threat of loss of the money lend against pledges […] that they are not to accept (and make loans against) any pledges in the future that are not written on permits made of stamp-paper, and where the loan-amount is not exactly specified with numbers and letters (exactly) […] and to refrain from charging any interests. […]
5. Source	Chronologische Sammlung der in den Jahren 1748 bis 1751 ergangenen königlichen und Verfügungen für die Herzogthümer Schleswig und Holstein, die Herrschaft Pinneberg, Grafschaft Ranzau und Stadt Altona. (“Chronological collection of royal orders issued in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, the Lordship of Pinneberg, County of Ranzau and the city of Altona.”); (Kiel; 1826);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *Altona is an old district in the city of Hamburg, Germany.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 26, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Princely Jewish Ordinance of Fulda ('Fürstlich-Fuldische Juden-Ordnung’) issued by the Prince-Abbot Amand von Buseck
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Bishopric of Fulda/Stift Fulda
4. Text of Act	[…] 1) Each Jew, who wishes to be taken under protection (receive a legal residency-permit) must present a certificate of his past […] and wealth. [The size of] his assets is/are to be validated/notarized by the current head of the Jewish community (‘Judenvorsteher’) […] 6) Jews are only permitted to take care of housework behind closed doors during Christian holidays. The cattle in barns may only be taken out once […] 11) Based on old customs, the Christian priest receives annually half a Gulden from each Jewish household on New Years. 16) […] Jews may make a living by trading with cattle or goods, so long as the freedoms of the Christian subjects are not restricted. They (Jews) are not to compete with Christian traders by lowering prices on any goods. […]
5. Source	Aus der Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinden in deutschem Sprachraum (Fulda; Hessen) (From the History of the Jewish Communities in German Speaking Territories (Fulda; [State of] Hesse); www.jüdische-gemeinden.de.
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This ‘Jewish Ordinance’ contains 46 paragraphs and has been abbreviated to fit the allocated state.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 7, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law on Agreements Between Christians and Jews - Issued by Bishop Johann Anton.
3. Geography of Act	Bishopric of Eichstätt
4. Text of Act	The fact that the only aim and aim of these deceitful and profit-hungry Jews is at all times and in all circumstances to deceive the simple peasants and farmers,… Therefore, We, out of a fatherly concern for the country and in the most gentle concern for the particularly connected prosperity and well-being of our loyal citizens and subjects, we find ourselves obliged to expressly recall such generalities here and to confirm once and for all that, with regard to their immovable property,… no transactions regarding immovable property between Our subjects and Jews shall be accepted by any office without Our special, gracious permission. This remains in effect and must be strictly enforced. … As for other transactions, such as loans, purchases, exchanges, or other contracts, regardless of the name they may bear, Our intention is not to restrict free commerce. However, We hereby graciously decree and command that, in accordance with Our earlier general decrees … interest rates above 5% … are henceforth prohibited and abolished by the Imperial Constitution. Furthermore, any and all transactions between subjects and Jews—regardless of their size or nature—shall remain invalid, null, and void unless they have been reported to the relevant office prior to the invalidation of the contract, and examined carefully, with fairness, and recorded in the protocol.
5. Source	“Bertrage der Juden mit Christen, 1751, [Agreements between Jews and Christians, 1751],” in Friedrich Christian Arnold, “Beiträge Zum Teutschen Privat-Rechte [Contributions to German Private Rights],” Volume 2, Ansbach, 1842, p. 389-393, available from dlc.mpg.de.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate and chatgpt.com.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 21, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict, issued by Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Regarding the payment of entry fees by Jews, during times of trade fairs, We herewith order that in the future, every master or servant, wife or hired woman, son or daughter, cook or teacher, young or old, shall pay four thalers for admission to the city.
5. Source	“Serenissimi gnädigste Declaration… [Most Serenely, Most Merciful Declaration…],” 8/21/1751; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 91; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 12, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We hereby resolve that in the future, Jew-widows shall be permitted to marry the second son of a Jew, as long as those second sons have a net worth of at least one thousand thalers – twice the regular threshold for first sons of Jews – not counting anything brought into the marriage by the Jewess.
5. Source	“Von Gottes Gnaden Wir Wilhelm der Achte, Landgraf zu Hessen, Fürst zu Herßfeld... [By God’s Mercy We, Wilhelm VIII, Landgrave of Hesse, Prince of Hersfeld …],” 10/12/1751; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 78; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 28, 1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by Carl I, Duke of Braunschweig and Lüneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	We hereby decree that the Jews who come to the fairs at Wolfenbüttel and bring wares with them, shall pay four reichthalers for this, whereas those who arrive without any goods on them, whether they are master or servant, shall pay one ducat species.
5. Source	“Verordnung betreffend die auf die Jahrmärkte nach Wolfenbüttel kommende Juden [Ordinance regarding the Jews coming to the fairs in Wolfenbüttel],” 10/28/1751; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 51; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	Researcher In Braunschweig, 4 reichsthalers was equivalent to 1.5 ducats species.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 10, 1752
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Edict" issued by the Prussian Government
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] The factories as well as the public have suffered greatly at times because of the usury practices of the Jews and the resulting increases in prices of wool and its products [… and they have] purchased bad yarn and deceived wool workers […]. [Therefore, Jews] are completely prohibited to rent and to have wool [spinning] mills and to purchase domestic wool as well as yarn. […]
5. Source	Zeitschrift des Königlichen Preussischen Statistischen Bureaus; Redigi[e]rt von Dessen Director[s] Dr. Ernst Engel; Dritter Jahrgang; (Berlin, 1863); (“Newspaper of the Royal Prussian Statistics Bureau; Edited by its Director Dr. Ernst Engel; 3rd Year’s Issue; (Berlin, 1863)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 10, 1752
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict of His Royal Majesty in Prussia on leasing and maintaining wool spinning mills, and buying wool and yarn.
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	All Jews in His Royal Majesty's kingdoms, provinces and countries are hereby strictly prohibited, and under inevitable severe punishment, from leasing wool spinning mills and attracting wool spinners, as well as from buying up domestic wool and wool yarn in cities and in the countryside,… under penalty of losing their protective privilege,… In places where there are tanners or other Christians who collect woolen skins, Jews must not be allowed to deal with them. In towns where there is no one willing to do such a thing, however, they are still free to do so, but they must not sell the collected wool to wool traders, but only to domestic manufacturers, or deliver it to the regulated wool warehouses at a reasonable price
5. Source	“No. 3. Edict, dass alle Juden, bey Verlust ihres Schutz-Privilegii, sich des Pachtens und Haltens der Woll-Spinnereyen, auch Aufkaufung der einländischen Wolle und des Garns gäntzlich enthalten sollen, [No. 3. Edict that all Jews, on pain of losing their protection privilege, should completely refrain from leasing and maintaining wool spinning mills, as well as from buying up domestic wool and yarn],” jinh.lima-city.de, accessed on Oct. 14, 2024.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated into English using Google translate.