Acts – Page 87 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 24, 1753
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	General Rescript, issued by Carl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Whereas previous ordinances, such as the general rescript of January 5, 1704, have given detailed instructions as to how to administer the collection of the Jews’ protection tax, namely, that upon their entry into the land, they are to pay one shilling and two kreutzers for each the first and second mile of their travel route, but that for a journey of three miles or more, a flat tax of fourteen shillings shall be paid, and that when a Jew does not live up to this obligation, he shall be appropriately punished, and reported to Our ducal tax chamber; We nevertheless have gained knowledge of the fact that miscellaneous state officers enforce these ordinances so poorly, that they only charge transiting Jews on the per-mile basis, regardless of how near or far they may travel, thus creating a noticeable inequality in the land, as well as neglecting the interest of Our ducal tax chamber. As We are not inclined to overlook this harmful inconvenience, We hereby instruct all officers of the state to observe the aforementioned regulations most conscientiously, so that We are not forced to investigate any further omissions and to unmercifully discipline the offending public servants.
5. Source	Reyscher, August Ludwig (ed.). Vollständige, historisch und kritisch bearbeitete Sammlung der württembergischen Gesetze (Complete, Historically and Critically Edited Collection of Wurttemberg Laws). Vol. 17. Fues: Tübingen, 1839. Page 582.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 28, 1753
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	27 Geo. 2, c. 1 - An Act to Repeal an Act of the Twenty Fifth Year of His Majesty’s Reign, Intituled an Act To Permit Persons Professing the Jewish Religion To Be Naturalized by Parliament; And for Other Purposes Therein Mentioned.
3. Geography of Act	United Kingdom
4. Text of Act	Whereas an act of parliament was made and passed in the twenty sixth year of his Majesty's reign, intituled, An act to permit persons professing the Jewish religion to be naturalized by parliament ; and for other purposes therein mentioned : and whereas occasion has been taken from the said act to raise discontents, and to disquiet the minds of many of his Majesty's subjects; be it enacted by the King's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lord's spiritual and temporal and commons in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority of the fame, That the above mentioned act, and the several matters and things therein contained, shall be, and is and are hereby repealed and made void to all intents and purposes whatsoever.
5. Source	Danby Pickering, “The Statutes at Large, from the 26th to the 30th Year of King George II, Vol. XXI,” Printed by Joseph Bentham, Cambridge, 1766, p. 158, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher The Jewish Naturalization Act of 1753 allowed Jews to be naturalized without taking the sacrament. It “was never part of government policy, and despite the confidence of some that ‘no British parliament whatever ... will ever cancel so laudable, and advantageous an institution as the Jew Act,’ it was repealed on 28 November 1753. No Jews had made use of its provisions.” See: Andrew Crome, “The 1753 ‘Jew Bill’ Controversy: Jewish Restoration to Palestine, Biblical Prophecy, and English National Identity.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 130, no. 547, 2015, p. 1454, available from jstor.org.

1. Full Date of Act	1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Police Ordinance” issued by the Authorities
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria; Present-day Croatia; Present-day Czech Republic; Present-day Germany; Present-day Hungary [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] 12) Jews are prohibited to send letters around to solicit wedding gifts, except to relatives. […] They are prohibited to have [access to] trade money which they [are known to] collect for weddings on markets. 16) A Jewish marriage without authorization is to be punished with a fine of 1000 Ducats. […]”
5. Source	Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 20, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Regulation against Jewish usury and lending.
3. Geography of Act	Margraviate of Baden-Durlach
4. Text of Act	We hereby seriously order all our subjects to completely refrain from borrowing money from foreign or out-of-country Jews, whether the trade takes place in our countries or outside them, either with such Jews directly or through other persons,…; Likewise, we forbid our citizens and subjects of our princely lands from engaging in all trade and contracts with foreign Jews for which they have something to pay or give, but do not give or pay it immediately.
5. Source	“Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Speierischen Gesetze und Landesverordnungen vom Jahr 1743 bis 1770 [Collection of the High Princely Speyer Laws and State Ordinances from 1770 to 1787],” Part 3, Bevern, 1788, pp. 157-158, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 20, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of Prince-Abbot Casper von Böselager
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Princely-Abbey of Corvey
4. Text of Act	When a subject borrows money or other items from a Jew, they both shall register the debt-demands (specifics of the contract) with the appropriate Royal Chamber, and if in the future no extractus protocollli is presented, no claim shall be excepted. […] Each Jewish lender is to report annually all earned and outstanding interests. If such reports are omitted and the interests grow (too) large, he (the Jew) shall lose all claims to the interests. […] He may not charge more than 6 percent […] This law is to be valid in all courts […].
5. Source	Jahrbücher für die Preußische Gesetzgebung, Rechtswissenschaft und Rechtsverwaltung. Im Auftrage des königl. Justiz-Ministeriums herausgegeben von Karl Albert von Kamptz, königl. preuß. Wirklichem Geheim-Rath und Director in den Ministerien der Justiz und des öffentlichen Unterrichts. Neun und zwanzigster Band. Sieben und funfzig und acht und funfzigstes Heft (Yearbook of Prussian Legislation, Jurisprudence, and legal administration. On behalf of the Royal Ministry of Justice edited by Karl Albert von Kamptz, true-secret royal Prussian council and director of the ministries of justice and public education. Twenty-ninth volume; issues 57 and 58.); (Berlin; 1827)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 23, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“[Royal] Instruction (‘Instruction’)" issued by Frederick (‘Friderich’), A. O. v. Viereck, and A. F. v. Boden and addressed to the Police-Authorities
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] 15) […] 1) Beggar-Jews are to be stopped as per the edict of November 13, 1719, and delivered to the nearest court so that from there they can be taken to the nearest border [crossing], and close attention is to be paid to Jewish-elders who allow these beggars to slip through their fingers and those who harbor/house them, so that they can be appropriately punished. […]
5. Source	Novum Corpus Constitutionum Prussico Brandenburgensium Praecipue Marchicarum, Oder Neue Sammlung königl. Preuße. und Churfürstl. Brandenburgischer, sonderlich in der Chur- und Marck-Brandenburg, wie auch andren Provinzien, publicirten und ergangenen Ordnungen, EDICTen, MANDATen, RESCRIPen &c. &c. Vom Anfang des Jahren 1751 und folgenden Zeiten. Mit königlicher Allergnädigsten Bewilligung, und Dero Akademie der Wissenschaften, darüber ertheilten Privilegs, nebst einer Einleitung in die mannigfaltigen Gesetze eines Staates, und besonders in die köngl. Preußl. und Chur-Brandenburgische Geistliche und Weltliche, Justitz- Militair- Cameral- Polizey- und übrige Landes-Gesetze. (A new constitution for Prussian Brandenburg, especially the Margraviate [of Brandenburg] or new collection of ordinances, edicts, mandates, rescripts etc. etc. published in the royal Prussian Electorate of Brandenburg, especially the Margraviate of Brandenburg and other provides. Starting with the year 1751 and the years following. With the royal, most gracious permission and that of the Akademie of Sciences, on whom the privilege was bestowed, along with an introduction/foreword to the varied laws of the state, especially the royal Prussian Electorate of Brandenburg clerical and secular laws that pertain to justice, military, chamber, police and other state laws.) (Berlin; 1753)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher The document was signed in Berlin and co-signed by Adam Otto von Viereck who was the Prussian Minister of State (‘Staatsminister) and August Friedrich von Boden who was the Prussian Finance-Minister. The above instruction is several pages long and contains a number of general points. The parts translated here pertain to Jews.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Resolution” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Court-Jews* and their people (‘Hofjuden und dessen Leuten’), among which are all those Jews who have paid a certain amount to be granted passports/permits to trade freely are to be aware (‘mit zu rechnen’) that Jews are not permitted to peddle on the countryside; however, this does not […] include those who arrive with their goods on the countryside (‘aufs Lande kommen’) and […] can produce a piece of paper that shows they have been granted proper permission.
5. Source	Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden Verordnungen. Herausgegeben von Kanzley-Rath von Kamptz zu Neustrelitz. (“Repertory of the valid/issued ordinances in the Duchy of Meckenburg-Strelitz. Edited by Legal Council of Kamptz of Neustrelitz.”); (Neubrandenburg; 1794)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2013
8. Notes	Researcher *Court-Jews were Jewish bankers often tasked with overseeing the finances of the nobility or with lending them money.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 16, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Resolution” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Except those Jews already accepted/received (‘recipirten’) in Alt-Strelitz* no additional Jews shall be accepted/received in any of the other cities in the association/circle of Stargard (‘Stargardischer Kreis’) ...
5. Source	Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden Verordnungen. Herausgegeben von Kanzley-Rath von Kamptz zu Neustrelitz. (“Repertory of the valid/issued ordinances in the Duchy of Meckenburg-Strelitz. Edited by Legal Council of Kamptz of Neustrelitz.”); (Neubrandenburg; 1794)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The Association of Stargard (‘Stargardischer Kreis’) was one of the three constitutive associations in the [Grand]Duchy of Mecklenburg.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 7, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Senate Protocol of Hamburg regarding useless and suspicious individuals among the Jewish community.
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Hamburg
4. Text of Act	It has been resolved and commissioned to Mr. Anckelmann to inform the Jewish elders that, under the current circumstances, the honorable council wishes to grant them permission, for the time being and until further notice, to warn any useless and suspicious individuals of their nation who are currently in the city, as well as those who may attempt to sneak in in the future, to leave the city without delay. If such individuals fail to comply with this warning, the elders are instructed to report them to the judiciary, which will then arrange for their arrest and removal from the city.
5. Source	“Sammlung der von Einem Hochedlen Rathe der Stadt Hamburg so wol zur Handhabung der Gesetze und Verfassungen als bey besonderen Eräugnissen ... welcher die Verfugungen von 1751 bis 1762 [Collection of the Regulations issued by a High Noble Council of the City of Hamburg for the Administration of Laws and Constitutions as well as for Special Events ... which contain the Regulations from 1751 to 1762,]” Volume 4, J. C. Piscator, Hamburg, 1764, p. 1972, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 10, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, for the Graviate of Hanau
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	IV. Jews shall not lend any goods or money to children, minors, adults under their father’s care and without their own household, employment or trade, servants who want to borrow on behalf of their masters, or the feeble-minded, without the consent of their respective parents, masters or guardians. V. Jews are prohibited to lend any money against Christian houses without the express permission by one of our courts. Any Jew who obtains such a permit shall not take more than five per hundred in interest. In cases of foreclosure, a Jewish creditor, his Jewish heirs and any other Jewish successors shall not be allowed to make any major alteration to the real estate thus obtained, but shall, within half a year after foreclosure, be obliged to sell the real property in question to the first Christian desiring to buy it, at the same price given in the foreclosure order.
5. Source	William VIII (Landgrave of Hesse). "Gnädigste Verordnung [Most Merciful Ordinance]." Lehr: Hanau, Germany, 1754. Max Lehmann Collection, 1754-1910 (AR 3168); Folder 1, Item 1; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 8, 1754
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway, to all diocesan commanders, royal officers, and feudal lords in Zealand
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	We insist on repeating the ordinances regarding foreign and circulating Jews, and that no Jew should be allowed to find himself off the highway, or staying overnight in the villages. All past ordinances and decrees regarding foreign and wandering Jews, are hereby given again, so that they must be strictly observed in every way; specifically commanding that no Jew, under severe punishment, be allowed to go off the road from one town to another, or stay overnight in the villages, and that no innkeeper or others in the country may offer any Jew a house for the night; and that, in the case of contravention, it should be permissible for all and sundry, in order for just punishment to occur, to arrest and to deliver to the nearest law-enforcement officer all the Jews who were allowed to enter outside the proper ordinary country road from town to town, or to lodge at night; in a village or some country house; however, if they did not arrive before night, they could come to the town to which they intended, to a tavern on the road, or a village through which the road runs.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837, p. 33.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher Zealand is the largest island in Denmark proper; its most prominent city is Copenhagen, the Danish capital.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 13, 1755
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict Regulating Interest Rates” issued by King Fredrick II of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	After it was pointed out to His Majesty the King, that local 'Protected Jews,’ who were given permission in the Jewish-Privilege of 1750 to take 12-8 per 100 Reichstaler, are very much abusing this privilege - which in effect ruins local (civil) families and nobles; and especially, young people. That is why the highly esteemed Majesty the King has decided that a change to the present business practices is appropriate. 1) That is why from now on, Jews – if they lend money with interest and without a deposit – whether it maybe as exchange or out of an obligation – or whether it is more or less than 100 Reichstaler – or whether it is financed for one or multiple years – are no longer allowed to charge more than 7 out of every 100 [Reichstaler]. 2) However, if Jews loan money with a deposit, they have to be content with 6 per 100 Reichstaler; they are not to charge more [in interest] under any pretext and circumstances. There is also no reason why a Jew, who is given a deposit – hence a security [for his money] should require higher interests. 3) Also, up until now, Jews were permitted to take 1 Pfenning per Taler when they were loaning out small amounts (10 Reichstaler or less) on a deposits; however, these weekly interests were adding up to more than 18 Reichstaler per 100 annually, which resulted in more poverty and destitution. That is why, henceforth, Jews are no longer permitted to charge more than half a Pfenning per Taler.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Dritter Teil, 2. Akten, 1. Halbband (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1971) Page 282 ff.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 6, 1755
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of the Government of the Electorate of Saxony
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Saxony
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews shall not purchase/trade with (‘einhandeln’) good currencies/money (‘gute Geldsorten’), silver-ware, melted or otherwise (‘ausgebrannt noch ander Silber), during or outside of the [local] fairs […]
5. Source	D. Johann Nicolaus Schwarzens, Rechtskonsulentens zu Dresden, Wörterbuch, über die Chursächsischen, auch Ober- und Nieder-Lausitzischen Gesetze, bus zum Jahre 1792. Erster Theil. Von A bis D. (“D. Johann Nicolaus Schwarzen’s legal-counsel to Dresden, Dictionary regarding the laws of the Electorate of Saxony as well as Upper and Lower-Lusatia until the year 1792. First Section.”); (Dresden; 1792);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 22, 1755
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Chamber Order” issued in the Prince-Bishopric of Münster
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] the delivery of ordered meat is not prohibited to protected Jews, but the peddling of meat has been confirmed by his most gracious [prince…] to remain prohibited [to them] under penalty […*] by the power of this order.
5. Source	Universität Münster. Einführung in die Frühe Neuzeit. Quelle: Münsterische Hofkammer 1755 and Fürstbischof 1768 ("University of Münster. Introduction to Early Modern Period. Source: Royal Chamber 1755 and Prince-Bishop 1768."); www.uni-muenster.de.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher A similar order was issued on October 24, 1768.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 16, 1755
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order by Xavier Le Bret, Intendent and Commissioner
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	We, Cardin, Francis, Xavier Le Bret ... Intendant and commissioner by His Majesty for the execution of his orders in the province of Brittany, without regard to the exceptions of said Dalpuget and Petit, Jewish nation, which we rejected, we make very express defenses to settle and make their residence in the city of Saint-Malo […] or in any other cities and places of this province and to traffic, sell and debit goods […] except for during fairs only.
5. Source	Intendance et États de Bretagne, commerce, correspondance générale (1677-1789) », C 1567. And Les Juifs En Bretagne, Claude Toczé, Annie Lambert. Chapitre 2. Négociants juifs en Bretagne au xviiie siècle; AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION
6. Researcher & Translator	Cristina Penland
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 5, 1755
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Declaration, issued by Carl I, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	1. No residents [of Brunswick], Christians as well as Jews, with the exception of the two major trade fairs, shall, without prior notification of the City Magistrate, shelter any Jew, under penalty of five thalers for every violation. 2. Innkeepers are permitted to take in visiting Jews, but not for more than 24 hours, except if the Jew is sick, in which case he may recuperate at the inn, but must not engage in any trading. 3. Those Jews who desire to stay a few days must give notice to the Magistrate and follow his orders regarding their stay. In any case, their trunks and luggage shall be kept at a city gate until their departure, and only the most necessary items for their stay shall be brought into the city by the Jews. 4. Any Jews arriving on the regular or postal coach must only get off the coach in front of the post office, under penalty of 5 thalers. 5. Since the City Magistrate must have a complete list of all Jews inside the city, Our protected Jews shall immediately report to him any changes in their domestic staff. 6. Jews attending Our trade fairs must not arrive before the Thursday preceding Fair Week, and these fair-Jews must leave by the Tuesday following Fair Week 7. In addition to every fine of 5 thalers, violators shall pay an additional 8 groschens to the City Magistrate.
5. Source	“Serenissimi gnädigste Verordnung, die nach Braunschweig kommenden Juden betreffend [Most serene and merciful Ordinance, regarding the Jews coming to Brunswick],” 9/5/1755; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 124; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 24, 1756
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict” issued by the [City] Council/Senate of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	[…] Even though §24, 25 and 26 of the local Jewish-Settlement/Establishment [ordinance] (‘Juden-Stättigkeit’) clearly orders how Jews are to behave on Sun[days] and Christian holy-days and that they are to remain in their alley/ghetto (‘Gasse’) and not to enter the alleys and streets of the city [itself] without an honest reason and without the permission of the mayors […] the highly-noble and wise Council has noticed with displeasure that Jews do not seem to shy away from wantonly violating this ordinance, and that Jewish men and women - alone or in heaps - stroll through the streets of the city on Sund[ays] and holy-days and go for a walk […] which was only permitted to them in emergencies […]. [This is why] the highly-noble Council of the city [sees it necessary to reissue the ordinance … so that no one can claim ignorance …] 1) That all Jews, big or small, man or woman - without exception - may not enter the streets of the city […] all day between Good-Friday until after Easter […] as well as after bed-hours (‘Bet-Stunde’) as well as on all holy-days before the end of church-service […]
5. Source	Jeschurun. Ein Monatsblatt zur Förderung jüdischen Geistes und jüdischen Lebens in Haus, Gemeinde und Schule, herausgegeben von Samson Raphael Hirsch, Rabbiner der Israelischen Religionsgesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. Sechster Jahrgang. (Jeschurun. A monthly magazine to promote Jewish spirit and Jewish life at home, in the community and at school, published by Samson Raphael Hirsch, Rabbi of the Israeli-Religious-Society in Frankfurt am Main. Sixth issue.); (Frankfurt a. M.; 1860);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher Few exceptions are made, such as during emergencies, however, they are “not to abuse this concession” and must always take the shortest way. All Jews are also to completely refrain from going for a walk in the avenue [by the horse-market] (‘Allee auf dem Roßmarkt’) […]. The above edict contains 8 long paragraphs and has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space. The entire edict can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 31, 1756
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Judenpolizeiordnung (Jewish Police Regulation)
3. Geography of Act	Principality of Schwarzenberg
4. Text of Act	The protection money shall be paid by all newly settled Jews,… and shall continue to be paid equally by each individual,… annually.
5. Source	“Judenpolizeiordnung, 1756, [Jewish Police Regulations, 1756],” in Friedrich Christian Arnold, “Beiträge Zum Teutschen Privat-Rechte [Contributions to German Private Rights],” Volume 2, Ansbach, 1842, p. 623, available from dlc.mpg.de.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 31, 1756
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“An Act for raising a sum of Money yearly to defray the Expenses of the Government,” passed by the Council and Assembly of Barbados
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Barbados
4. Text of Act	[…] And to the end that the Nation or People, called Jews, dwelling in this Island, may also bear a just proportion of this Tax: Be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the said Nation or People, shall some time between the first day of May, and the said first day of July, in every year during the continuance of this Act as aforesaid, pay to the said Treasurer, the sum of two hundred and ten pounds current money of this Island, that is to say, the Jews dwelling in Bridge Town, shall pay the sum of one hundred and ninety: and the Jews dwelling in Speightstown, the sum of twenty pounds, over and above their Levies on Negroes, Mills, Kilns and Houses; to be equally rated and adjusted by the respective Vestries of the said Towns wherein the said Jews dwell, in like manner, upon the like oath, and under the like penalty for all persons offending, as is hereinbefore appointed, upon the Assessment of all other the Inhabitants of the several towns of this Island.
5. Source	Friedenwald, Herbert. Material for the History of the Jews in the British West Indies. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 5 (1897), pp. 45-101. Page 98.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher This particular levy, payable by Jews only, was in addition to the general taxation of everyone (including Jews), as provided in the bill.

1. Full Date of Act	1757
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Burning of the Talmud” in Kamenets-Podolski
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jacob Frank, a follower of the false Messiah Shabbetai Zevi, had begun his own movement which emphasized the Kabbalah and denigrated the Talmud. His practices, some of which were sexual in nature, were condemned by the local Rabbinate. In revenge, he arranged a dispute in Lvov (June 20) between himself and the local Jewish leaders. Bishop Nicholas Dembowski, who presided over the disputation, ruled in favor of Frank and ordered all copies of the Talmud found to be dragged through the streets and burned. Around 1000 copies of the Talmud were destroyed. Within a few years, many of Frank's followers converted to Christianity. History of the Jewish People; jewishhistory.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 24, 1757
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	The Jews are hereby prohibited, under penalty of 5 thalers to be paid to the Christian taverners, from serving any coffee or other drink, in their coffee-houses, to Christians, on Sundays and holidays, as well as from employing Christians on Sabbath days for unpermitted labors, such as splitting logs, carrying water and goods, etc.; in case of a violation, the Jew as well as the Christian shall be subjected to mandatory arrest and severe punishment.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828. Page 274.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 14, 1757
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict” issued by by the Mayor and [City] Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] 2) […] none of the protected Jews is to co-own a business with a foreign Jew […] 3) We order that no neighboring, foreign Jew is to be permitted to enter the city to do business outside of the regular market-days […] 4) In order that a distinction can be made between the local and foreign Jews, the latter shall refrain from wearing a coat* when they enter the city or face punishment […]
5. Source	Sammlung der Verordnungen der Reichsstadt Frankfurt von Johnn Conradin Beyerbach. Vierter Theil. Commerciengesetze (Collection of ordinance of the Imperial City of Frankfurt. Part four. Commercial Laws); (Frankfurt am Main; 1798);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher *This refers to wearing a bekishe most likely.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 1, 1757
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited from frequenting, on Sundays and holidays, the Christian inns and taverns, where various dealings are made, and people kept from going to mass, with the addendum: that they will have to put up with it when, in the case of a violation, they are subjected to actual arrest.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828. Page 274.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 24, 1757
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Town Councils of Denmark and Norway
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark; Present-day Norway
4. Text of Act	Jews who live in houses and on farms that are inhabited solely by their own co-religionists must nevertheless be held to submit contributions to the priestly salaries, twice per year, payable to the [Lutheran] priest of their town.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. [The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836]. Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 88.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 17, 1758
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Ad Mandatum (‘the Mandate’)" issued by v. Danckelmann* and addressed to the Government of Magdeburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Margraviate of Brandenburg/Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] 10) As far as gypsies are concerned, which are to be regarded as some of the most dangerous vagabonds — and similarly beggar-Jews — the strict edicts of November 13, 1719, and December 10, 1720, are to remain valid […] and beggar-Jews are neither to be allowed to cross into border towns or pass through the land, but rather they are to be reported to the appropriate authorities. Those villages and towns/cities that do allow them to pass through knowingly, are to pay a fine without exception. […] A beggar who steals something worth more than 10 Reichtsthaler is to be punished with hard-labor (‘Festungsarbeit’) for the rest of his lives. […].
5. Source	Repertorium der königlich Preußischen Landes-Gesetze. Ein neues Hülfsbuch für sämmtliche königliche Beamte, den Bürger und Landmann, enthaltend eine alphabetische Zusammenfassung aller Gegenstände der Gesetzgebung mit den darauf bezüglichen noch gültigen Verordnungen und Erläuterungen. Von Optatus Wilhelm Leopold Richter, königlich Preußischem Criminalrathe. IV Band. (Repertory of the royal Prussian land/local laws. A new aid-book for all royal officials, citizens and countrymen, containing an alphabetical summary of all the articles of legislations of the relevant regulations that are still valid and their elucidation. By Optatus Wilhelm Leopold Richter, Royal Prussian Criminal Council. IV Volume.); (Leipzig; 1834);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *D. v. Danckelmann appears to have been the Chief/Executive Director of Taxation in the government of Magdeburg. The above mandate is several pages long and contains 17 paragraphs. It has been abbreviated here to fit the allocated space, but can be found in its entirely in the cited source.