1. Full Date of Act
Mar. 1, 654
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
The Visigothic Code, Book 12, Title 2 issued by King Reccaswinth
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

[…] 5) No Jew shall celebrate the Passover upon the fourteenth day of the month, nor shall perform any of the ceremonies customary at such times. Nor shall any Jew, in honor of this ancient, erroneous belief, observe any festival days, great or small; or attempt their observance; or desist from labor upon any holidays; or hereafter keep the Sabbath, or any other sacred days prescribed by this rites, or attempt to do so. Anyone detected violating this law shall be liable to the condemnation and penalty prescribed for the same. 7) No Jew shall circumcise another; nor shall a person who has permitted himself to be circumcised be exempt from the operation of the law. No slave, freeborn person, or freedman, native or foreigner, shall practice or submit to this detestable operation. Whoever is proved to have voluntarily performed, or submitted to it, shall be punished with the utmost severity of the law. 8) […] Therefore, no Jew shall make a distinction between food which is clean and unclean, as established by the customs and traditions of his ancient rites. No one shall perversely refuse to eat food of any kind, whose condition is proved to be good. No one shall reject one article of food, and accept another, unless the distinction be such as considered salutary and proper by all Christians. Anyone detected in violation of this law be subjected to the punishment instituted for the same. 10) No Jew shall Testify Against a Christian; and Under what Circumstances the Descendants of Jews may Testify: If he who is convicted of having uttered a falsehood becomes infamous in the sight of all men, with how much more reason should he be excluded from giving testimony who denies the truth of the Divine Faith? Jews, whether baptized or non-baptized, are therefore forbidden to testify against Christians. 12) Concerning the Penalties to be Inflicted for Offences Committed by Jews: The following law is derived from others of great severity, which have been enacted to punish the perfidy of the Jews; and it is herby decreed that whoever attempts to commit any of the crimes prohibited by former laws, or contained in any amendments to the same, or presumes to act in defiance of said laws, shall be either stoned to death, or burned by such of his own countrymen as may have entered into an agreement to do so. However, if the king, in his mercy should decide to spare the life of such a criminal, he shall be delivered up as a slave to whomever the king may select, and all his property shall be given to others; and this shall be done in such a way that the culprit can never come into possession of his property again, or recover his liberty in the future.

5. Source
Pearson Scott, Samuel: The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum); (Boston); Page 364.
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Nov. 24, 655
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Canon 17 issued by the 9th Council of Toledo
3. Geography of Act
Spain
4. Text of Act

17. Baptized Jews shall be present at Christian feast days as well as Jewish at the episcopal divine service, so that the bishop may see their fidelity. Whoever does not this shall be punished, according to his age, with blows or fasting.

5. Source
“A History of the Councils of the Church, from the Original Documents. By the Right Rev. Charles Joseph Hefele…” Karl Joseph von Hefele. Volume 4. Page 473-474
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
Editor
Author dates this council taking place in November 2, 655.
1. Full Date of Act
656 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Canon 7 issued by the Tenth Council of Toledo
3. Geography of Act
Spain
4. Text of Act

Commentary from other sources: 1) “…on December 1, 656, at [Tenth Council of] Toledo…[Canon] 7. It was loudly complained that clerics sell Christian slaves to Jews, and this was entirely forbidden, with the quotation of many passages from the Bible.” Karl Joseph von Hefele: “A History of the councils of the church, from the original documents. By the Right Rev. Charles Joseph Hefele.” (1895) pp. 474-475

5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Dec. 1, 656
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Decree 7 issued by the Tenth Council of Toledo.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

It is greatly lamented that clergy sell Christian slaves to Jews, and this is generally forbidden.

5. Source
Karl Joseph von Hefele (ed.), “Conciliengeschichte nach dem Quellen [History of the Councils According to the Sources],” Volume 3, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1877, p. 103, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Translator
The text of this Act was published in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.
1. Full Date of Act
660
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Forced Conversion of Jews” order issued by King Perctarit of the Lombards
3. Geography of Act
Teutonic Langobard
4. Text of Act

Commentary from other sources: 1) Perctarit - son of Arupert I […] forced the Jews to adopt Christianity or be killed. Many Jews survived by outwardly accepting Christianity. "Jewish Timeline - 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 - Part 1;" (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com

5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
669
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Liber Poeintentialis” of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury
3. Geography of Act
England [Provisional]
4. Text of Act

“16) If the Christians speak with the faithless Jews and accept their gifts with pleasure, and whore around with them, … he who has done so, is to be separated from the church for a whole year, or with a graver offence, for nice years of penance. […] 30) if anyone celebrates the feast of Passover with the Jews, he should be expelled from every church. 52) And if a Christian accepts unleavened bread from a faithless Jew, he is to repent 40 days with bread and water […]”

5. Source
Ancient Laws and Institutes of England (Ancient Latin Version of the Anglo-Saxon Laws); Volume II; Printed by the Command of His Late Majesty King William IV.
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
671
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Expulsion of Jews” by King Wamba
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

Commentary from other sources: 1) […] the Jews of Narbonne were expelled […]. "672 HILDERUC (Spain);" jewishhistory.org

5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
680
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
6th Sinod
3. Geography of Act
Roman Empire [Provisional]
4. Text of Act

"No one of them who are in our sacred order [Christians], may eat their [Jews] unleavened bread, or live with them [Jews], or call on any of them [Jews] during a time of sickness, or learn medicine from them or wash with them in the public baths [Jews]. If anyone does so, if he is a cleric, he must be deposed, and excomminicated."

5. Source
Decretum Gratiani, Pars II, Causa XXVIII, Questio I, C. XIII
6. Researcher
Joan Paez
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Law issued by King Erwig
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act

If any Jew of those, naturally, who are as yet not baptized or who have postponed their own or their children's baptism should prevent his slaves from being baptized in the presence of the priest, or should withhold himself and his family from baptism, or if any one of them should exceed the duration of one year after the promulgation of this law without being baptized…whoever he may be, shall have his head shaved, receive a hundred lashes, and pay the required penalty of exile. His property shall pass over into the power of the king….

5. Source
“Jewish History Sourcebook: The Jews of Spain and the Visigothic Code, 654-681 CE.” Paul Halsall, July 1998, Article online, Accessed online 7/25/2011
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
None
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Jan. 27, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Canon 9 issued by the Twelfth Council of Toledo
3. Geography of Act
Spain
4. Text of Act

...‘That Jews shall not abstain themselves, nor withhold their children or slaves from baptism.’ ‘That Jews shall not celebrate the Passover as accustomed, nor practice circumcision, nor dissuade any one from the Christian faith.’ ‘That Jews shall not presume to observe the Sabbath, or any festival of their Religion.’ ‘That Jews shall not read book abhorred by the Christian faith.’ ‘That no Christian slave shall belong to Jews.’ ‘If a Jew declares himself to be a Christian, and on that account refuses to give up a slave.’ ‘Every Jew on embracing the faith to deliver his profession in writing.’ ‘The conditions Jews are to swear to, on renouncing Judaism for the faith.’ ‘Concerning Christian slaves of Jews not declared to be Christians, and respecting those who shall denounce them.’ ‘No Jew shall dare to govern, strike, or arrest any Christian in virtue of any authority, except by royal ordinance.’ ‘That unconverted slaves of Jews receiving the Christian faith shall receive their freedom.’ ‘That Jews shall not presume on the authority of land proprietors or others, to govern a Christian family, and the penalties to be inflicted on those that give them such authority.’ ...

5. Source
“True Barbarians?: The Role of the Visigothic Iberia in Medieval Persecutory Discourse.” Justin T. Dellinger. May 2010, Page 115-117. Online paper.
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
2011
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 3 [12.3.3] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

If any of the Jews, therefore (that is, one of those who have not been baptized yet) either should delay being baptized, or should not surrender his sons or servants to the priest to be baptized, or should remove himself or his sons and servants from baptism, or if any of them should still be without the grace of baptism after one year counted from the issue of this law, the one transgressing in all these - whoever the detected man should be - shall be shorn of his hair, flogged one hundred lashes, and punished with the mandatory punishment of exile. His properties, however, should be under the prince’s power, so that if his further unyielding life should show him to be incorrigible, they shall remain in perpetuity under the power of the man to whom the prince would wish to grant them.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 293.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 2, Law 9 [12.2.9] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

We especially decree, by the following law, that it shall not be lawful for any Jew to testify against a Christian in any legal proceeding, or business transaction, even though said Christian should be of the lowest rank or a slave; nor shall a Jew prosecute a Christian, in any action a law; or sue him upon any written contract; or subject him to torture for any reason whatsoever.

5. Source
S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 368, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Book 12, Title 2 of the Visigothic Code, was originally promulgated by King Recceswinth in 654 shortly after he ascended the throne. It was later “received in its entirety, and a third title was added to it,” by King Erwig, immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680. Under Erwig’s reign, these titles entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 16 [12.3.16] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

If slaves of Hebrews, who are consecrated to the title of the holy religion, should never reveal henceforth that they are Christians, enticed by some persuasion on the part of their masters in order that they should remain under the yoke of their masters, since they would despise the grace of the freedom they were offered, they shall be held in all manners bound in the chain of perpetual slavery to the man who shall receive them from the prince. If anyone of the Christians should make this deed known, he shall receive five solidi for any Christian slave, namely from the man who shall be convicted for keeping them with him after these decrees were given.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 318.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 4 [12.3.4] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

[We] decree that the following shall be observed: that when any Jew celebrates the Passover according to the rites of his religion, he shall receive a hundred lashes, be scalped, and be driven into perpetual exile, and his property shall be confiscated for the benefit of the royal treasury. Whoever shall circumcise either a Jew or a Christian, shall be mutilated; and his property shall be confiscated
for the use of the royal treasury. Should any woman presume to practise the operation of circumcision, or should present anyone to another person to be circumcised, she shall have her nose cut off, and all her property shall be given to the king. They, also, shall undergo a similar penalty who cause a Christian man or woman to renounce the faith of Christ, or induce anyone to return to the practice of the false doctrines of the Jews.

5. Source
S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, pp. 385-386, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 2, Law 10 [12.2.10] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

Jews, whether baptized or unbaptized, are … forbidden to testify against Christians. The descendants of Jews, however, if they are of good morals, and adherents of the Faith, shall be permitted to give evidence among Christians; but not unless their morals and their belief shall be vouched for by either the king, a priest or a judge.

5. Source
S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 368, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Book 12, Title 2 of the Visigothic Code, was originally promulgated by King Recceswinth in 654 shortly after he ascended the throne. It was later “received in its entirety, and a third title was added to it,” by King Erwig, immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680. Under Erwig’s reign, these titles entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 17 [12.3.17] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

None of the Jews shall exercise any charge or authority of administration, command, compulsion, coercion, or punishment over Christians from the first year of our reign,… unless the prince should permit it for some reason of public benefit. If any of the Jews, however, should receive authority from someone and compel, punish, or coerce any Christian, or dare to rage against him, or endeavor to inflict upon him anything contrary to the prohibitions in the laws or attempt to refer to false rules that are not in the law, he shall either forfeit half his property, which should be accrued to the fisc, or (if he should not have any property) he shall be shorn of his hair and receive one hundred lashes. As for those, however, who would permit them to exercise this authority over Christians, a nobleman shall be forced to pay the fisc ten pounds of gold, but smaller and less worthy persons shall forfeit five pounds of gold paid to the fisc. And if they should not have resources to compose with, they shall be shorn of their hair and subjected to a hundred lashes.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 319.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 5 [12.3.5] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

If any of the Jews should practice according to his custom or dare to celebrate the new moon celebrations, the Feasts of Tabernacles, Sabbaths, holidays, or solemnities of the other feasts of his rite, he shall be short of his hair, flogged a hundred lashes and punished by the mandatory adversity of exile. His properties shall return to the prince, so that he would restore them to him some time if he should perfectly convert, or, if the Jew should persist in evils, he would grant them to the utility of others to whom it would be lawful to grant.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 294.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 2, Law 11 [12.2.11] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

It shall not be lawful for a Jew to purchase a Christian slave, or to accept of one as a gift. Should a Jew purchase such a slave or accept of him as a gift and then circumcise him, he shall lose the price of said slave, and the latter shall be free. The Jew who circumcises a Christian slave shall forfeit his property to the king. Any slave of either sex who is unwilling to become a Jew, shall receive his or her freedom.

5. Source
S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 369, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Book 12, Title 2 of the Visigothic Code, was originally promulgated by King Recceswinth in 654 shortly after he ascended the throne. It was later “received in its entirety, and a third title was added to it,” by King Erwig, immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680. Under Erwig’s reign, these titles entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 18 [12.3.18] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

If any slave of the Jews, entangled in their service and in their customs, should wish to escape to the grace of Christ, no one shall retain him in the chains of slavery, no one shall oppose such a man, he shall have no hindrance to faith from anyone; for as soon as he shall prove himself to be Christian in a declaration and in a sworn attestation and report clearly his masters’ prevarications, he shall be immediately freed from any chain of slavery, released by his master with his entire personal property, and given freedom.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 320.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 6 [12.3.6] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

If a Jew or Jewess should exercise any agricultural or weaving work on Sundays or should manage works of any sort in houses, fields, or such like, with the exception of those works allowed by the honorable custom of the noble Christians, the presumptuous person doing this shall be shorn of his hair and flogged a hundred lashes. And if, perchance, their slaves or bondwomen should be discovered occupied in the above-mentioned works on these days and on similar days, they too shall suffer a similar sentence; their masters, however, if they should permit tier slaves to do these works, shall be forced to render to the fisc one hundred gold solidi.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 295.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 2, Law 15 [12.2.15] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

Lest the Jews should, by means of any artifice, and through their unremitting perseverance, obtain the legal sanction for their profane rites so much desired by them, we hereby decree that no person belonging to any religious order or rank whatsoever, or any of the royal officials, of high or low degree, or any individual of any station or family, or any prince, or person in authority, shall encourage any Jew, whether baptized or not baptized, to remain in the practice of his detestable faith and customs; or shall conceal the fact that he is doing so; or shall induce those who have been baptized to return to the observance of their perfidious ceremonies. … No one, for any reason, or in any manner, shall attempt by word or deed, to aid or protect such persons, either openly or secretly, in their opposition to the Holy Faith and the Christian religion.

5. Source
S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 374, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Book 12, Title 2 of the Visigothic Code, was originally promulgated by King Recceswinth in 654 shortly after he ascended the throne. It was later “received in its entirety, and a third title was added to it,” by King Erwig, immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680. Under Erwig’s reign, these titles entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 19 [12.3.19] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

Where a Jew is invested with authority or power by any member of the laity [layperson/non-clergy], and by its means he obtains control over a Christian family, his authority shall be at once transferred to the king, and he who accepted it shall receive a hundred lashes, have his head shaved, and forfeit half his property to the public treasury.

5. Source
S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 402, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 7 [12.3.7] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

This matter, indeed, that the detestable custom of the Jews - even more polluted than the Jewish superstition - discriminates between pure and impure foods, taking some and refusing others, in whoever should be discovered the deviations of this observance, namely that he should do differently than the honorable custom of the Christian usage, he shall be shamefully shorn of his hair and flogged one hundred lashes on the demand of the judge in whose territory he would be.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 296.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 21 [12.3.21] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

Any community of Jews, whatever places of territories they are seen to inhabit, must congregate and join the local bishop or priest on the days of Sabbath or other holidays that they use to celebrate; and they shall not use on these and similar days the permission they were granted to travel, but they shall not travel anywhere without the consent of their priest during the duration of those days they are suspected of celebrating. On the Sabbath days they shall always congregate with the bishop or the priest, clean after bathing and attached to the benediction given. … The women of the Jews, that is, their wives and daughters, shall not find occasion for any deviation or travel on all the above-mentioned holidays, which they misuse according to their deviation. This shall be entirely observed … [and] to wit, that just as their men do not take themselves away from the presence of a priest, they, too, should be ordered to stay with certain worthiest Christian women … If anyone should be seen to act against this order, he shall be disgraced by being publicly shorn of his hair and subjected to the punishment of one hundred lashes.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, pp. 324-325.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.
1. Full Date of Act
Feb. 1, 681
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Book 12, Title 3, Law 8 [12.3.8] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig.
3. Geography of Act
Visigothic Kingdom
4. Text of Act

If a Jew or Jewess should wish to celebrate a new nuptial feast, we do not permit any of them to enter such a marriage unless he does so with a preceding document of dowry (as is enjoined on the Christians in a useful precept), or with the reception of a sacerdotal benediction within the bosom of the Church. If any of the Hebrews should either enter into a new marriage without the priest’s benediction or transgress in any way against the authority of the law on dowry, he shall either be forced to pay the prince one hundred solidi or shall receive one hundred lashes in public. Each of them shall receive these fines and floggings individually, namely, the man who married, as well as the woman who was married, also their parents; each one shall receive this law's sanction by himself.

5. Source
Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 298.
6. Researcher
Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research
2025
8. Notes
Researcher
According to Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 258, Title 12.3 of the Visigothic Code, containing 28 laws, was promulgated by King Erwig immediately after his accession to the throne on Oct. 15, 680, and entered into force on Feb. 1, 681.