1. Full Date of Act | Mar. 1, 654 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | The Visigothic Code, Book 12, Title 2 issued by King Reccaswinth |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | […] 5) No Jew shall celebrate the Passover upon the fourteenth day of the month, nor shall perform any of the ceremonies customary at such times. Nor shall any Jew, in honor of this ancient, erroneous belief, observe any festival days, great or small; or attempt their observance; or desist from labor upon any holidays; or hereafter keep the Sabbath, or any other sacred days prescribed by this rites, or attempt to do so. Anyone detected violating this law shall be liable to the condemnation and penalty prescribed for the same. 7) No Jew shall circumcise another; nor shall a person who has permitted himself to be circumcised be exempt from the operation of the law. No slave, freeborn person, or freedman, native or foreigner, shall practice or submit to this detestable operation. Whoever is proved to have voluntarily performed, or submitted to it, shall be punished with the utmost severity of the law. 8) […] Therefore, no Jew shall make a distinction between food which is clean and unclean, as established by the customs and traditions of his ancient rites. No one shall perversely refuse to eat food of any kind, whose condition is proved to be good. No one shall reject one article of food, and accept another, unless the distinction be such as considered salutary and proper by all Christians. Anyone detected in violation of this law be subjected to the punishment instituted for the same. 10) No Jew shall Testify Against a Christian; and Under what Circumstances the Descendants of Jews may Testify: If he who is convicted of having uttered a falsehood becomes infamous in the sight of all men, with how much more reason should he be excluded from giving testimony who denies the truth of the Divine Faith? Jews, whether baptized or non-baptized, are therefore forbidden to testify against Christians. 12) Concerning the Penalties to be Inflicted for Offences Committed by Jews: The following law is derived from others of great severity, which have been enacted to punish the perfidy of the Jews; and it is herby decreed that whoever attempts to commit any of the crimes prohibited by former laws, or contained in any amendments to the same, or presumes to act in defiance of said laws, shall be either stoned to death, or burned by such of his own countrymen as may have entered into an agreement to do so. However, if the king, in his mercy should decide to spare the life of such a criminal, he shall be delivered up as a slave to whomever the king may select, and all his property shall be given to others; and this shall be done in such a way that the culprit can never come into possession of his property again, or recover his liberty in the future. |
5. Source | Pearson Scott, Samuel: The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum); (Boston); Page 364. |
6. Researcher | Ziba Shadjaani |
7. Year of Research |
2016
|
8. Notes | None |
OAJA Acts
Page 9 of 155
1. Full Date of Act | Nov. 24, 655 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Canon 17 issued by the 9th Council of Toledo |
3. Geography of Act | Spain |
4. Text of Act | 17. Baptized Jews shall be present at Christian feast days as well as Jewish at the episcopal divine service, so that the bishop may see their fidelity. Whoever does not this shall be punished, according to his age, with blows or fasting. |
5. Source | “A History of the Councils of the Church, from the Original Documents. By the Right Rev. Charles Joseph Hefele…” Karl Joseph von Hefele. Volume 4. Page 473-474 |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | 656 C.E. |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Canon 7 issued by the Tenth Council of Toledo |
3. Geography of Act | Spain |
4. Text of Act | Commentary from other sources: 1) “…on December 1, 656, at [Tenth Council of] Toledo…[Canon] 7. It was loudly complained that clerics sell Christian slaves to Jews, and this was entirely forbidden, with the quotation of many passages from the Bible.” Karl Joseph von Hefele: “A History of the councils of the church, from the original documents. By the Right Rev. Charles Joseph Hefele.” (1895) pp. 474-475 |
5. Source | None |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
|
8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Dec. 1, 656 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Decree 7 issued by the Tenth Council of Toledo. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | It is greatly lamented that clergy sell Christian slaves to Jews, and this is generally forbidden. |
5. Source | Karl Joseph von Hefele (ed.), “Conciliengeschichte nach dem Quellen
[History of the Councils According to the Sources],” Volume 3, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1877, p. 103, available from archive.org. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | 660 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Forced Conversion of Jews” order issued by King Perctarit of the Lombards |
3. Geography of Act | Teutonic Langobard |
4. Text of Act | Commentary from other sources: 1) Perctarit - son of Arupert I […] forced the Jews to adopt Christianity or be killed. Many Jews survived by outwardly accepting Christianity. "Jewish Timeline - 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 - Part 1;" (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com |
5. Source | None |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
|
8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | 669 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Liber Poeintentialis” of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury |
3. Geography of Act | England [Provisional] |
4. Text of Act | “16) If the Christians speak with the faithless Jews and accept their gifts with pleasure, and whore around with them, … he who has done so, is to be separated from the church for a whole year, or with a graver offence, for nice years of penance. […] 30) if anyone celebrates the feast of Passover with the Jews, he should be expelled from every church. 52) And if a Christian accepts unleavened bread from a faithless Jew, he is to repent 40 days with bread and water […]” |
5. Source | Ancient Laws and Institutes of England (Ancient Latin Version of the Anglo-Saxon Laws); Volume II; Printed by the Command of His Late Majesty King William IV. |
6. Researcher | Ziba Shadjaani |
7. Year of Research |
2016
|
8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | 671 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | “Expulsion of Jews” by King Wamba |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | Commentary from other sources: 1) […] the Jews of Narbonne were expelled […]. "672 HILDERUC (Spain);" jewishhistory.org |
5. Source | None |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
|
8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | 680 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | 6th Sinod |
3. Geography of Act | Roman Empire [Provisional] |
4. Text of Act | "No one of them who are in our sacred order [Christians], may eat their [Jews] unleavened bread, or live with them [Jews], or call on any of them [Jews] during a time of sickness, or learn medicine from them or wash with them in the public baths [Jews]. If anyone does so, if he is a cleric, he must be deposed, and excomminicated." |
5. Source | Decretum Gratiani, Pars II, Causa XXVIII, Questio I, C. XIII |
6. Researcher & Translator | Joan Paez |
7. Year of Research & Translation |
2016
|
8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Law issued by King Erwig |
3. Geography of Act | Present-day Spain [Provisional] |
4. Text of Act | If any Jew – of those, naturally, who are as yet not baptized or who have postponed their own or their children's baptism – should prevent his slaves from being baptized in the presence of the priest, or should withhold himself and his family from baptism, or if any one of them should exceed the duration of one year after the promulgation of this law without being baptized…whoever he may be, shall have his head shaved, receive a hundred lashes, and pay the required penalty of exile. His property shall pass over into the power of the king…. |
5. Source | “Jewish History Sourcebook: The Jews of Spain and the Visigothic Code, 654-681 CE.” Paul Halsall, July 1998, Article online, Accessed online 7/25/2011 |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
None
|
8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Jan. 27, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Canon 9 issued by the Twelfth Council of Toledo |
3. Geography of Act | Spain |
4. Text of Act | ...‘That Jews shall not abstain themselves, nor withhold their children or slaves from baptism.’ ‘That Jews shall not celebrate the Passover as accustomed, nor practice circumcision, nor dissuade any one from the Christian faith.’ ‘That Jews shall not presume to observe the Sabbath, or any festival of their Religion.’ ‘That Jews shall not read book abhorred by the Christian faith.’ ‘That no Christian slave shall belong to Jews.’ ‘If a Jew declares himself to be a Christian, and on that account refuses to give up a slave.’ ‘Every Jew on embracing the faith to deliver his profession in writing.’ ‘The conditions Jews are to swear to, on renouncing Judaism for the faith.’ ‘Concerning Christian slaves of Jews not declared to be Christians, and respecting those who shall denounce them.’ ‘No Jew shall dare to govern, strike, or arrest any Christian in virtue of any authority, except by royal ordinance.’ ‘That unconverted slaves of Jews receiving the Christian faith shall receive their freedom.’ ‘That Jews shall not presume on the authority of land proprietors or others, to govern a Christian family, and the penalties to be inflicted on those that give them such authority.’ ... |
5. Source | “True Barbarians?: The Role of the Visigothic Iberia in Medieval Persecutory Discourse.” Justin T. Dellinger. May 2010, Page 115-117. Online paper. |
6. Researcher | None |
7. Year of Research |
2011
|
8. Notes | None |
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 1 [12.3.1] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | The perfidious deceit of the Jewish deviation often turns more vehemently callous in crime the more frequently it strives to oppose the laws instituted against it. For this reason, although we are going to lay down laws anew against their numerous deviations, we have considered it right, nevertheless, to present firstly those constitutions promulgated by our lords and predecessors against their transgression … the Jews should not celebrate Pascha according to their custom, neither shall they dare join together in nuptial contract according to their custom, and that they should not practice the circumcision of the flesh, neither should they discriminate in food according to their custom, and that they should not arraign Christians to a judicial investigation, neither should they testify against Christians, and that no Jew should circumcise a Christian slave; laws concerning the Christian slaves who were sold by the Jews or are known to have been given freedom, how they should obtain the status of liberty, and that Christian slaves should not serve Jews in any way, on the prohibition on all Christians that no one should dare to defend or protect a Jew out of any conspiracy or favor, and on the Judaising Christians. |
5. Source | Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, pp. 289-290. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 2, Law 8 [12.2.8] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | No Jew shall make a distinction between food which is clean and unclean, as established by the customs and traditions of his ancient rites. |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 368, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 13 [12.3.13] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | Christian slaves shall not be subjected to the control of Jews unless the latter are openly proved to be Christians, use Christian food, and contract marriage according to Christian customs. Any of said persons, however, who, after having made confession and been sworn, thereby dedicating themselves to Christianity, as aforesaid, are found to have broken their promises by the practice of any rite of the Jewish sect; for the reason that they dared to profane the name of God, and pollute themselves with the filth of Jewish error, shall forfeit all their property to the king, shall each receive a hundred lashes, and, having had their heads shaved, shall be subjected to the miseries of exile which they have so justly deserved. |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, pp. 394-395, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 3 [12.3.3] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | If any of the Jews, therefore (that is, one of those who have not been baptized yet) either should delay being baptized, or should not surrender his sons or servants to the priest to be baptized, or should remove himself or his sons and servants from baptism, or if any of them should still be without the grace of baptism after one year counted from the issue of this law, the one transgressing in all these - whoever the detected man should be - shall be shorn of his hair, flogged one hundred lashes, and punished with the mandatory punishment of exile. His properties, however, should be under the prince’s power, so that if his further unyielding life should show him to be incorrigible, they shall remain in perpetuity under the power of the man to whom the prince would wish to grant them. |
5. Source | Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 293. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 2, Law 9 [12.2.9] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | We especially decree, by the following law, that it shall not be lawful for any Jew to testify against a Christian in any legal proceeding, or business transaction, even though said Christian should be of the lowest rank or a slave; nor shall a Jew prosecute a Christian, in any action a law; or sue him upon any written contract; or subject him to torture for any reason whatsoever. |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 368, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 16 [12.3.16] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | If slaves of Hebrews, who are consecrated to the title of the holy religion, should never reveal henceforth that they are Christians, enticed by some persuasion on the part of their masters in order that they should remain under the yoke of their masters, since they would despise the grace of the freedom they were offered, they shall be held in all manners bound in the chain of perpetual slavery to the man who shall receive them from the prince. If anyone of the Christians should make this deed known, he shall receive five solidi for any Christian slave, namely from the man who shall be convicted for keeping them with him after these decrees were given. |
5. Source | Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 318. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 4 [12.3.4] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | [We] decree that the following shall be observed: that when any Jew celebrates the Passover according to the rites of his religion, he shall receive a hundred lashes, be scalped, and be driven into perpetual exile, and his property shall be confiscated for the benefit of the royal treasury. Whoever shall circumcise either a Jew or a Christian, shall be mutilated; and his property shall be confiscated |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, pp. 385-386, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 2, Law 10 [12.2.10] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | Jews, whether baptized or unbaptized, are … forbidden to testify against Christians. The descendants of Jews, however, if they are of good morals, and adherents of the Faith, shall be permitted to give evidence among Christians; but not unless their morals and their belief shall be vouched for by either the king, a priest or a judge. |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 368, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 17 [12.3.17] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | None of the Jews shall exercise any charge or authority of administration, command, compulsion, coercion, or punishment over Christians from the first year of our reign,… unless the prince should permit it for some reason of public benefit. If any of the Jews, however, should receive authority from someone and compel, punish, or coerce any Christian, or dare to rage against him, or endeavor to inflict upon him anything contrary to the prohibitions in the laws or attempt to refer to false rules that are not in the law, he shall either forfeit half his property, which should be accrued to the fisc, or (if he should not have any property) he shall be shorn of his hair and receive one hundred lashes. As for those, however, who would permit them to exercise this authority over Christians, a nobleman shall be forced to pay the fisc ten pounds of gold, but smaller and less worthy persons shall forfeit five pounds of gold paid to the fisc. And if they should not have resources to compose with, they shall be shorn of their hair and subjected to a hundred lashes. |
5. Source | Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 319. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 5 [12.3.5] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | If any of the Jews should practice according to his custom or dare to celebrate the new moon celebrations, the Feasts of Tabernacles, Sabbaths, holidays, or solemnities of the other feasts of his rite, he shall be short of his hair, flogged a hundred lashes and punished by the mandatory adversity of exile. His properties shall return to the prince, so that he would restore them to him some time if he should perfectly convert, or, if the Jew should persist in evils, he would grant them to the utility of others to whom it would be lawful to grant. |
5. Source | Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 294. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 2, Law 11 [12.2.11] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | It shall not be lawful for a Jew to purchase a Christian slave, or to accept of one as a gift. Should a Jew purchase such a slave or accept of him as a gift and then circumcise him, he shall lose the price of said slave, and the latter shall be free. The Jew who circumcises a Christian slave shall forfeit his property to the king. Any slave of either sex who is unwilling to become a Jew, shall receive his or her freedom. |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 369, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 18 [12.3.18] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | If any slave of the Jews, entangled in their service and in their customs, should wish to escape to the grace of Christ, no one shall retain him in the chains of slavery, no one shall oppose such a man, he shall have no hindrance to faith from anyone; for as soon as he shall prove himself to be Christian in a declaration and in a sworn attestation and report clearly his masters’ prevarications, he shall be immediately freed from any chain of slavery, released by his master with his entire personal property, and given freedom. |
5. Source | Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 320. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 6 [12.3.6] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | If a Jew or Jewess should exercise any agricultural or weaving work on Sundays or should manage works of any sort in houses, fields, or such like, with the exception of those works allowed by the honorable custom of the noble Christians, the presumptuous person doing this shall be shorn of his hair and flogged a hundred lashes. And if, perchance, their slaves or bondwomen should be discovered occupied in the above-mentioned works on these days and on similar days, they too shall suffer a similar sentence; their masters, however, if they should permit tier slaves to do these works, shall be forced to render to the fisc one hundred gold solidi. |
5. Source | Amnon Linder (ed.), “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages,” Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1997, p. 295. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 2, Law 15 [12.2.15] of the Visigothic Code reissued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | Lest the Jews should, by means of any artifice, and through their unremitting perseverance, obtain the legal sanction for their profane rites so much desired by them, we hereby decree that no person belonging to any religious order or rank whatsoever, or any of the royal officials, of high or low degree, or any individual of any station or family, or any prince, or person in authority, shall encourage any Jew, whether baptized or not baptized, to remain in the practice of his detestable faith and customs; or shall conceal the fact that he is doing so; or shall induce those who have been baptized to return to the observance of their perfidious ceremonies. … No one, for any reason, or in any manner, shall attempt by word or deed, to aid or protect such persons, either openly or secretly, in their opposition to the Holy Faith and the Christian religion. |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 374, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|
1. Full Date of Act | Feb. 1, 681 |
---|---|
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) | Book 12, Title 3, Law 19 [12.3.19] of the Visigothic Code issued by King Erwig. |
3. Geography of Act | Visigothic Kingdom |
4. Text of Act | Where a Jew is invested with authority or power by any member of the laity [layperson/non-clergy], and by its means he obtains control over a Christian family, his authority shall be at once transferred to the king, and he who accepted it shall receive a hundred lashes, have his head shaved, and forfeit half his property to the public treasury. |
5. Source | S.P. Scott (ed.), “The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum),” The Boston Book Company, Boston, MA, 1910, p. 402, available from books.google.com. |
6. Researcher | Kate Wraith |
7. Year of Research |
2025
|
8. Notes |
|