Acts – Page 90 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 23, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Patent of the Livonian general-government (‘Generalgouvernements’) on behalf of Her Imperial Majesty, Catharina Alexiewna
3. Geography of Act	Russian Empire
4. Text of Act	It has been ordered via various patents that no one in the land is to harbor/care for a Jews or to use/hire them in any capacity. However, one has noticed with displeasure that some owners (‘Possessores’), keep/hire Jews for all sorts of business, especially, that of brewing brandy [which goes against the existing supreme order and brings ruin to the land, and especially, the brewers]. That is why it is ordered again in all seriousness, that all those who keep Jews […] are to get rid of them within 4 weeks and that no one is to ever take [on] a Jew in the future or to hire them for any work, trade, or service. Transgressors will be fined with 100 golden Gulden for their first offense without exception, and [repeat] transgressors […] are to be brought in [for questioning] by the acting authorities/officers. […]
5. Source	Buchholz, Anton: Geschichte der Juden in Riga bis zur Begründung der Rigischen Hebräergemeinde im J. 1842. Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. (History of the Jews in Riga until the foundation of the Hebrew community of Riga in the year 1842. Published by the Society for History and Antiquity of the Baltic-See provinces of Russia.); (Riga; 1899)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 8, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance, according which all arriving Jews are to behave/conduct themselves” issued by the [City] Council of Riga
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Latvia
4. Text of Act	[…] 1) All Jews who come here for business shall be beholden to report to the innkeeper chosen by the authorities as soon as they arrive […]. 2) As to how much each is to pay for their accommodations at the Jewish-hostel […] was determined in a tax[-regulation] on June 3, 1765, and has been included [here] at the end, which all Jews, as well as the innkeeper, must adhere to. 4) No one is to offer a Jew accommodation or face a fine of 100 Reichsthaler […]. 5) Jews may import and sell grains, seeds, hemp, flax, ash, wax, honey, tallow, leather, and all sorts of items made of wood […] however, they may only sell these to local citizens […]. 7) Jews may not peddle with junk items […].
5. Source	Buchholz, Anton: Geschichte der Juden in Riga bis zur Begründung der Rigischen Hebräergemeinde im J. 1842. Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. (History of the Jews in Riga until the foundation of the Hebrew community of Riga in the year 1842. Published by the Society for History and Antiquity of the Baltic-See provinces of Russia.); (Riga; 1899);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above ordinance contains 14 points and has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space. It can be found in its entirety in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 14, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance of the City Council of (Bad) Wimpfen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Imperial City of Wimpfen/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Jews may slaughter the cattle permitted to them only between fall and Saint Martin’s Day.
5. Source	Wimpfen am Neckar. Geschichtlich und topographisch nach historischen Mittheilungen und archäologischen Studien dargestellt von Dr. A. von Lorent, Ritter des Großherzoglichen Badischen Zähringer Löwenordens mit Eichenlaub und dem königlich Württembergischen Kronen- und Friedrichs-Orden ([Bad] Wimpfen by Neckar. Presented historically and topographically based on historical reports and archeological studies by A. Von Lorent, PhD, Knight of the Order of the Zähringer-Lion* of the Grand-Duchy of Baden with oak-leaf-cluster and the Royal Württemberg crown and Friedrich Order*); (Stuttgart; 1870);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher St. Martin’s day is held on November 11 in Germany.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 11, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree of the Court Chambers to the Lower-Austrian government”
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] No Jewish parties are allowed to wed without the permission of the authorities, nor are Jews to receive a consent to wed without having paid the necessary taxes, […] and the 'class'* which the Jewish groom and bride have chosen is to be noted clearly [in their passports]; […] furthermore, praying at home is not permitted for Jewish families and will be strongly punished when discovered.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 390.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Jews were given the choice to pick one of three “classes” they “wanted” to associate with. The “wealthy” had to pay 200 Gulden; the “middle” had to pay 100 Gulden, and the “poor” class had to pay 25 Gulden.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 15, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Bohemian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia/House of Habsburg
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are prohibited to to get married without the [explicit] permission of the local authorities (‘Landesstelle’) […]
5. Source	Politischer Codex, oder wesentliche Darstellung sämmtlicher, die k. k. Staaten betreffenden Gesetze und Anordnungen im politischen Fache. Praktisch bearbeitet von Ingaz de Luca, k. k. Rath und Professor. Dritter Band. (Wien; 1789); (Political codex or essential listing of all relevant laws and ordinances within the r[oyal] i[imperial] states/territories in the political field. Effectively edited by Ignaz de Luca, r[oyal] i[imperial] counsel and professor. Third Volume.); (Vienna; 1789)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 20, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Instruction for the Interim Chief-Coin-and-Mining-Meister, namely that of the current, and Our dear, loyal, high & noble born Joseph, Duke of Pachta and (Free) Lord of Reihofen/Reyhofen, Our Chamber’s True Secret Council […] our Gubernii* as well as the Chief-Court-Loan-Judge in the Kingdom of Bohemia issued by Maria Theresa
3. Geography of Act	Margrave of Moravia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	We, Maria Theresa (‘Maria Teresia’) [instruct] the Interim Chief-Coin-and-Mining-Meister […] Article Seven. […] Number 22) Since the nearby Jews around Kutná Hora/Kutna Hora (‘Kuttenburg’) and other royal mining towns have been strictly prohibited of being present/linger in these mining towns by Our highly-honored ancestors, so we too want to have instructed/informed our Office of the Chief Coin and Mining Meister of these ‘Generalien’ (common law) so that he can pay close attention to any violators, as long as we have not deemed it necessary to amend this (law) with another supreme order. […]
5. Source	Chronologisch-Systematische Sammlung der Berggesetze der österreichischen Monarchie. Bearbeitet von Franz Anton Schmidt, Doctor der sämmtlichen Rechte, wirkendem Mitglied des vaterländischen Museums, und wirklichem Mitglied der k. k. ökonomisch-patriotischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen. (Wien; 1833) (Chronological-systematic collection of Mountain-Laws of the Austrian Monarchy. Edited by Franz Anton Schmidt, PhD in all laws, acting member of the patriotic Museum and a real member of the r[oyal] i[mperial] Economic-Patriotic Society in the Kingdom of Bohemia.); (Vienna; 1833)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher This writ was signed in Vienna. *A Gubernium (Gubernii pl.) was the political administration of a provincial district in and around Austria, Germany, and what was once known as Bohemia etc.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 3, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance of the City Council of [Bad] Wimpfen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Imperial City of Wimpfen / Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Jews are entirely prohibited to slaughter [animals/cattle]; they must have it done by a butcher in exchange for a certain amount - half of which is to go to the register/slaughter-house (‘Rechenstube’) and half to the butcher […] also, [Jews] may not import any meat […].
5. Source	Wimpfen am Neckar. Geschichtlich und topographisch nach historischen Mittheilungen und archäologischen Studien dargestellt von Dr. A. von Lorent, Ritter des Großherzoglichen Badischen Zähringer Löwenordens mit Eichenlaub und dem königlich Württembergischen Kronen- und Friedrichs-Orden ([Bad] Wimpfen by Neckar. Presented historically and topographically based on historical reports and archeological studies by A. Von Lorent, PhD, Knight of the Order of the Zähringer-Lion* of the Grand-Duchy of Baden with oak-leaf-cluster and the Royal Württemberg crown and Friedrich Order*); (Stuttgart; 1870);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 26, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict” issued by Frederick II of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] Since the prohibition to trade with contraband remains unheeded, We shall be allowed to resolve to expel all Jews from Our lands/domains […]
5. Source	Schultze, Walther: Geschichte der Preussischen Regieverwaltung von 1766 bis 1786. (History of the Prussian government-administration from 1766 until 1786.); (Leipzig; 1888)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 15, 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Whereas, in view of the many evaluations submitted [to the state government] on behalf of Bohemian Jews, it is not without cause to surmise that, in contravention of the highest prohibition previously published, county offices and city magistrates issue the required attestations to these domestic, first-born Jews applying for a wedding license, also in those cases where the Jew in question remains alone in this country, while one or more brothers of the same are married but living abroad; thus, the chief county officers shall make it known: that, when sooner or later, such a domestic Jew married abroad is to return, the given magistrate or county officer, on account of the irregularly issued certificates, shall be subjected, without mercy, to the appropriate and most severe punishment.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828. Page 63.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher Under the Bohemian system, Jews had to apply for wedding licenses through their county office, which was responsible for evaluating the truthfulness of the application, before forwarding it to the state office for approval.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 2, 1767
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Bohemian Government
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg; Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are prohibited to melt gold or silver on their own or face confiscation of the same.
5. Source	Politischer Codex, oder wesentliche Darstellung sämmtlicher, die k. k. Staaten betreffenden Gesetze und Anordnungen im politischen Fache. Praktisch bearbeitet von Ingaz de Luca, k. k. Rath und Professor. Dritter Band. (Wien; 1789); (Political codex or essential listing of all relevant laws and ordinances within the r[oyal] i[imperial] states/territories in the political field. Effectively edited by Ignaz de Luca, r[oyal] i[imperial] counsel and professor. Third Volume.); (Vienna; 1789)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 17, 1767
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript Number 661 addressed to the Mindener Chamber issued by King Fredrick II of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	The chamber is to prepare and submit lists of newly settled Jewish families every December and how much their protection money has increased.
5. Source	Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, Dritter Teil, 2. Akten, 1. Halbband (The Prussian State and the Jews) (1971) p. 779 ff.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 6, 1767
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Instruction for the Interim Chief-Coin-and-Mining-Meister-Office-Administrator in the Margrave of Moravia issued by Maria Theresa
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic; Margrave of Moravia
4. Text of Act	We, Maria Theresa (‘Maria Theresia’) […] Article One. [… instruct the Chief-Coin-and-Mining-Meister-Office-Administrator… regarding his duties …] Article Five […] Number 10) Since the presence of Jews in the royal Bohemian mining towns has already been prohibited by our highly honored/noble ancestors, so, We wish to direct Our Chief-Coin-and-Mining-Meister-Office-Administrator to this ‘Generalien respectu’ (law) of the mines in the Margrave of Moravia, so that the aforementioned can pay close attention to any violators. […]
5. Source	Chronologisch-Systematische Sammlung der Berggesetze der österreichischen Monarchie. Bearbeitet von Franz Anton Schmidt, Doctor der sämmtlichen Rechte, wirkendem Mitglied des vaterländischen Museums, und wirklichem Mitglied der k. k. ökonomisch-patriotischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen. (Wien; 1833); (Chronological-systematic collection of Mountain-Laws of the Austrian Monarchy. Edited by Franz Anton Schmidt, PhD in all laws, acting member of the patriotic Museum and a real member of the r[oyal] i[mperial] Economic-Patriotic Society in the Kingdom of Bohemia.); (Vienna; 1833);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 29, 1767
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Instruction” of the Government of the Electorate of Saxony
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Saxony
4. Text of Act	[…] 37) Furthermore, Jews who travel by post [carriage] are prohibited to leave anything with another Jews or anyone else or face confiscation [of the items] before they have reported it to the authorities and established legality; those (Jews) traveling by foot are not to enter/walk into any houses […]. 38) They must also at the time of their arrival show to posses an appropriate amount of money and deposit […] which is to be entered into their gate-papers (entry-papers); otherwise they are to be stopped. […]
5. Source	D. Johann Nicolaus Schwarzens, Rechtskonsulentens zu Dresden, Wörterbuch, über die Chursächsischen, auch Ober- und Nieder-Lausitzischen Gesetze, bus zum Jahre 1792. Erster Theil. Von A bis D. (“D. Johann Nicolaus Schwarzen’s legal-counsel to Dresden, Dictionary regarding the laws of the Electorate of Saxony as well as Upper and Lower-Lusatia until the year 1792. First Section.”); (Dresden; 1792);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 20, 1767
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by the Danish Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark, Norway
4. Text of Act	Ordered: that no apparent assemblies among the German Jews may be held in any place other than that which they have procured to hold their worship, unless this occurs within the scope of a special royal dispensation.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. [The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836]. Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 172.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher In 17th- and 18th-century Denmark, Ashkenazi Jews were known as “German Jews,” while Sephardi Jews were referred to as “Portuguese Jews.” For information on the differences between the two, see "Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews," chabad.org, by Menachem Posner.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 30, 1767
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict regarding bankruptcies issued by King Friedrich II of Prussia.
3. Geography of Act	Prussia
4. Text of Act	1. A voluntary and willful bankruptcy not only leads to the loss of the individual's good name and the inability to engage in any public or private professions, trades, guilds, or any other pursuits that an honest person might seek, but will also be punished, just like theft, with the public pillory, imprisonment in a fortress or a penal institution for a long time or possibly for life, corporal punishment, and possibly even death by hanging, depending on the circumstances and the scale of the bankruptcy. 2. If a Jewish bankruptcy is involved, his letter of citizenship (Schußbrief) will be revoked for him and his family. If such a bankrupt Jewish person dies, his parents and heirs will be required, before his burial, to settle his debts or provide surety for the payment. …. No Jewish bankrupt can escape the aforementioned penalties for bankruptcy, unless His Royal Majesty grants a special dispensation.
5. Source	W.G. von der Heyde, “Repertorium Der Polizeigesetze und Verordnungen in Den Königlich Preußischen Staaten [Repertory of Police Laws and Regulations in the Royal Prussian States],” Vol. 2, Halle, 1820, p. 114-115, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com and Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 8, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Even though it has been ordered several times, most recently on December 15, 1766, that in the course of certifying the applications of Jewish supplicants for wedding licenses, greatest care must be exercised with respect to firstbornship, as well as regarding the maximum permitted number of Jewish families and the avoidance of exceeding the same; given the many evaluations of Jewish wedding license applications, it must nevertheless be suspected, not without good cause, that one or the other city magistrate and county officer is disregarding the above-mentioned, very highest ordinance, issuing these irregular attestations according to personal whim, or even following a conflicting, punishable self-interest. The chief royal county officers are hereby instructed to make known to everyone the applicable [ordinance], with the addendum that in the event of a contravention, the issuer of such an untrue attestation will be subjected to the most palpable punishment, in addition to the fact that officers and magistrates are liable for this with all of their assets and property, the penalty of which shall be made available to pay the customary third to the denouncer.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828, p. 64.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The "denouncer's third" was a common practice since the middle ages for all kinds of punishable offenses; one third of the fine payable by the offender was to be diverted to the informant or denouncer, while the remainder was often split between the state and some restitutionary purpose, such as churches, schools, or poorhouses.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 22, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of Prince-Abbot Philipp
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Princely-Abbey of Corvey
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews may only take one penny of interests for each Reichsthaler for sums that are smaller than 10 Reichsthaler and only when the debtor has (legally) agreed to do so.
5. Source	Jahrbücher für die Preußische Gesetzgebung, Rechtswissenschaft und Rechtsverwaltung. Im Auftrage des königl. Justiz-Ministeriums herausgegeben von Karl Albert von Kamptz, königl. preuß. Wirklichem Geheim-Rath und Director in den Ministerien der Justiz und des öffentlichen Unterrichts. Neun und zwanzigster Band. Sieben und funfzig und acht und funfzigstes Heft (Yearbook of Prussian Legislation, Jurisprudence, and legal administration. On behalf of the Royal Ministry of Justice edited by Karl Albert von Kamptz, true-secret royal Prussian council and director of the ministries of justice and public education. Twenty-ninth volume; issues 57 and 58.); (Berlin; 1827);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 16, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript concerning the admission of Jews into protection.
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Württemberg
4. Text of Act	Since it has already happened several times, and only recently, that insolvent … protected Jews have contracted many debts through their trade, and then the creditors have lost their claims because there was no objectum executionis, His Highness graciously orders that from now on no Jew shall be admitted into protection unless he has at least 500 to 600 florins in assets, after deducting any passive assets, and has in this case identified himself with an irrefutable certificate from the authorities.
5. Source	A. L. Reyscher (ed.), “Vollständige, Historisch und Kritisch Bearbeitete Sammlung der Württembergischen Gesetze [Complete, Historically and Critically Edited Collection of Württemberg Laws],” Volume 14, Tübingen, 1843, p. 833, available online from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 16, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript concerning the admission of Jews into protection
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Württemberg
4. Text of Act	Since the case has already occurred several times, and only recently again, that insolvent Freudenthaler protected Jews have contracted many debts through their trade, and then the creditors have lost their claims because there was no objectum executionis, His Grace orders that from now on no Jew shall be admitted into protection unless he has at least 500 to 600 florins in assets, after deducting any liabilities he may have, and has in this case identified himself with an irrefutable certificate from the authorities.
5. Source	“Sammlung der Württembergischen Regierungs-Gesetze, [Collection of Württemberg Government Laws],” Part 3, Tübingen, 1843, p. 833, available from books.google.com.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 27, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” Archbishop-Elector Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn
4. Text of Act	[…] The trade with iron and copper shall be prohibited to Jews.
5. Source	Die Provinzial- und statutarischen Rechte in der preußischen Monarchie. Dargestellt vom wirklichen Geheimen Rath von Kamptz. Zweiter Theil. Die Provinzen: Pommern und Westphalen. (The provincial and legal statutes of the Prussian monarchie. Presented by the true secret council von Kamptz. Second Volume. The provinces: Pomerania and Westphalia.); (Berlin; 1827);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance on behalf of Maria Theresa via the Lower-Austrian government addressing the Magistrate of Vienna”
3. Geography of Act	Lower Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Jews are not [to] be tolerated among Christians and are prohibited to open up kitchens (Garkuchel) anywhere near Christians and under no circumstances in homes that house Christians.”
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 401
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 21, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	During the inquisition of a Jew in high court, due to his prohibited wedding on account of his being a third-born son, he claimed ignorance of the patent of October 16, 1726. In order to prevent the Jews from using such lack of knowledge as an excuse, all county officials will ensure the proper proclamation of said patent, since according to Section 6 of the patent, such officials and magistrates who allow the marriage of more than a single son, shall pay, without exception, a fine of 1,000 ducats from their personal monies, to be applied without exception.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828. Page 46.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 24, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of Prince-Bishop Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	[…] the delivery of meat to the houses of those who ordered these from them (Jews), has been graciously permitted, the peddling of the same [meat], however, the [peddling] with meat that was not ordered -- or any other kind -- is prohibited at a fine of five Rthl [Reichsthaler] nor grinding*, and the aforementioned officers as well as the local judges are to pay attention to/enforce this.
5. Source	Universität Münster. Einführung in die Frühe Neuzeit. Quelle: Münsterische Hofkammer 1755 and Fürstbischof 1768 ("University of Münster. Introduction to Early Modern Period. Source: Royal Chamber 1755 and Prince-Bishop 1768."); www.uni-muenster.de.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher “[…] jedoch das haußiren mit salbe, oder anderen nicht bestellten flesiches beij fünff Rthl strafe noch mahlen* verboten […]” *The text also reads “nor grind” – suggesting that Jews were also prohibited to grind meat; though, those two words appear to be almost an afterthought in the original text. The original document can be found in: Staatsarchiv Münster, Fürstentum Münster, Kabinettsregistratue 461 (“State Archive of Münster, Prince-Bishopric of Münster, Cabinet Registry 461.”)

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 1, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] The commercial-consensus (government agency) is to watch over and to stop the creation of secret and prohibited businesses (‘Unterhandlungen’)*, which means the businesses of Jews who are [currently] present in Vienna […and] the commissioner who arrives [there] from time to time is to watch over this […] and upon discovery [of a violation] to proceed with an investigation and confiscation of the goods […]
5. Source	Politische Verfassung der Israeliten im Lande unter der Enns und insbesondere in der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. J. L. E. Graf von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1821). (Political Constitution of the Israelis in the Country under/near Enns and especially in the R[oyal] I[mperial] Capital and Royal Seat of Vienna. J. L. E. Count von Barth-Barthenheim.); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *’Unterhandlungen’ are usually business transactions that require a middleman or a negotiator.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 6, 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Writ” of King George III
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hannover)
4. Text of Act	[…] We order herewith […] and remind the protected Jews who live in Our German provinces to especially heed the ordinances from April, 2/13, 1723, and June 9, 1733, in regards to any items sold outside of the annual markets. 2) […] on the other hand, however, all local and foreign beggar-Jews who arrive with few or no Thaler of goods/items (to sell) which will probably not be sufficient to earn them enough money to support them […] shall be prohibited [to enter] at all times according to ordinance of September 17, 1764 […]. 7) Local protected Jews, if they wish to leave their place of residency for a while together with their goods/commodities, and wish to visit local or foreign annual markets will have the same status as foreign Jews, and are to have their goods/items certified by the local authorities in exchange for 6 mgr (currency) in order to avoid a fine/punishment […]
5. Source	Sammlung der Verordnungen und Ausschreiben welche für sämmtliche Provinzen des Hannoverschen Staats, jedoch was den Calenbergischen, Lüneburgischen, und Bremen- und Verdenschen Theil betrifft, seit dem Schlusse in denselben vorhandenen Gesetzessammlungen bis zur Zeit der feindlichen Usurpation ergangen sind. Mit Genehmigung des Königl. Cabinets-Ministerii herausgegeben von Ernst Spangenberg, Dr. beider Rechte und köngl. Großbritannisch, honnoverschem Hof- und Canzley-Rathe in der Justiz-Canzley zu Zelle. Zweyter Theil, bis Jahre 1760 bis 1779 enthaltend. (Collection of ordinances and decrees that apply to all provinces of the state of Hannover, however, as far as Calenberg, Lüneburg, Bremen, and Verden are concerned, it contains a collection of laws until the conclusion of the aforementioned [places] by the hostile usurpation. Published by Ernst Spangenberg, PhD. of both laws and royal, Britisch Hanoverian Court and Legal Council in the Justice Office in Zelle, with the permission of the royal Cabinet-Ministers. Second Volume until [from] 1760 until 1779 inclusive.); (Hannover; 1820)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above general edict is several pages long and contains a number of paragraphs and addresses all citizens, except the parts that have been translated here.