Acts – Page 92 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 5, 1771
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree of the Lower-Austrian government to the Magistrate of Vienna”
3. Geography of Act	Austria
4. Text of Act	Maria Theresa has ordered Duke Wallis, who let the deadline pass, to tolerate the Jews until Saint Michael’s Day in his territory*. After that, they are to be put up somewhere else. […] those Jews who do not pay their taxes on time due to poverty, […] are to be expelled immediately from Vienna […] in all seriousness.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 408.
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher *The text reads that he has to tolerate them in his “house” (Haus), but in this case, it refers to his territory.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 15, 1771
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition to visit the annual markets of Vienna”
3. Geography of Act	Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Her Majesty, held in the highest esteem, has decided that Jew are prohibited to visit and sell [their merchandize] on the annual market of Vienna and that this [law] is to be part of the current Austrian constitution.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 419.
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 14, 1771
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	As it has come to pass that a Jewish applicant for a wedding license, in order to fraudulently obtain the required permit, produced a falsified attestation of his and his bride’s assets, and thus created the necessity to prevent any such illegal schemes in the future; thus all chief royal officers of the counties are to impress on the magistrates and county offices, that the same shall, in such attestations of assets for Jewish petitioners for a wedding permit, not use numerals for the sum of the combined assets, but letters, with penalties to be faced for any contraventions.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Zweiter Band von E – H (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume II from E – H). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828. Page 65.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 15, 1771
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Prince-Bishopric
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are prohibited from trading with fat cattle (‘Fettvieh’). […]
5. Source	Eckstein, Adolf (District Rabbi): Geschichte der Juden im ehemaligen Fürstbistum Bamberg, bearbeitet auf Grund von Archivalien, nebst urkundlichen Beilagen, (History of the Jews in the Former Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, edited on the basis of archiving, together with documented supplements); (Bamberg; 1898)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This prohibition was issued and revoked several times throughout history in the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg. It was initially issued on May 8, 1700, then repeated on October 11 and 31, 1712. The cattle trade was permitted on June 8, 1713; prohibited October 24, 1748; permitted on October 10, 1771; prohibited on May 19, 1795, and March 15, 1796.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 18, 1771
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the Danish Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Art. 4. No Jew who does not have a royal letter of safe passage may be put ashore anywhere in Denmark, regardless of what passport he may bring from foreign places, and those Jews who reside in the provinces must not be transferred to Zealand without carrying the appropriate passport and proof that he is traveling in the course of a lawful pursuit, as well as the date of his return home. Whoever houses or conceals a traveling Jew, without reporting it, shall, in addition to the mulct provided for in Article 1, be punished according to law, such as in a house of corrections, and the skipper or ferryman who transports any such Jew shall, under the ordinances of December 10, 1748, and October 7, 1750, be obliged, in addition to bringing back such Jews, to pay 10 imperial thalers for each Jew, or in the absence of payment, he shall suffer corporal punishment, in accordance with the ordinance of December 6, 1743.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 34.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher Zealand is the largest island in Denmark proper; its most prominent city is Copenhagen, the Danish capital.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 28, 1771
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Government of Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[The ordinance of September 14, 1770 is renewed and the local authorities are ordered to enforce this or to be subject to his majesty's disfavor] and to not issue any passports/permits to foreign vagabonding Jews under any circumstances […] and any officer (person with authority) who acts in violation of this [order…] is to be personally punished and no excuse is to be accepted. 2) Rather, all beggar-Jews and such riff-raff shall be turned away as soon as they reach our borders […]
5. Source	Des Königreichs Hannover Landes-Gesetz und Verordnungen, insbesondere der Fürstenthümer Calenberg, Göttingen und Grubenhagen. In einem Auszug nach alphabetischer Ordnung gebracht von Friedrich Christoph Willich, Doctor der Rechte und königliche Großbritannisch Honnoverschen Rath. Erster Band. A - G. Zweyte Auflage. (“State Laws and Ordinäres of the Kingdom of Hannover, especially the principalities of Calenberg, Göttingen and Grubenberg. As abstracts in alphabetical order prepared by Friedrich Christoph Willich, JD, and Royal Britisch Council of Hannover. First Volume, A - G. Second issue.”); (Göttingen; 1825);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Pale of Settlement
3. Geography of Act	Russia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "Area established by the empress of Russia Catherine II that restricts Jews to live only in certain parts of the empire with very few exceptions." Beller, Steven: "The Virtual Jewish History Tour," Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: 28 Jump up; (2007)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 2, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Renovator-Ordinance” (‘Renovator-Verordnung’) issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[The Ordinance of May 9, 1774, is renewed and] the Jews in this present country shall not take on/harbor (‘aufnehmen’) foreign vagabonds.
5. Source	Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden Verordnungen. Herausgegeben von Kanzley-Rath von Kamptz zu Neustrelitz. (“Repertory of the valid/issued ordinances in the Duchy of Meckenburg-Strelitz. Edited by Legal Council of Kamptz of Neustrelitz.”); (Neubrandenburg; 1794)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 30, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews holding the proper passports/permits and their servants can continue to pursue their actual way of earning a living – peddling – as in the past; however, under the expressed condition that they must not -- under any circumstances and under severe punishment – come in (contact) with [any] jugs and houses where illness may rage (‘daß sie bey schwerer Strafe nicht in diejenigen Krüge und Häuser einkehren, worin Krankeiten grassieren’).
5. Source	Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden Verordnungen. Herausgegeben von Kanzley-Rath von Kamptz zu Neustrelitz. (“Repertory of the valid/issued ordinances in the Duchy of Meckenburg-Strelitz. Edited by Legal Council of Kamptz of Neustrelitz.”); (Neubrandenburg; 1794)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 2, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by Duke Adolphus Frederick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] 4) Since there has been a sufficient regulation issued regarding foreign Jews being found with other Jews or in taverns, [a regulation] which the Jews living in Fürstenberg are required to obey […] and since [it stipulates…] that a each Jew [living in Fürstenburg] is liable for any foreign Jew who is found with him/living with him/at his house (‘bey ihm sich aufhandelde fremde Jude einzustehen verbuden ist’); […] it is ordered that if a foreign Jew is found in the city, the host/innkeeper (‘Wirt’), at whose establishment in which the Jew lodges, must inform the courts immediately or face a fine of 5 Rthlr. [Reichstahler]. He is to stop Jews immediately and ask that they ID themselves. [If the Jew has the proper paperwork, he’s not to be bothered further…] If it’s a foreign Jew who is traveling through the country and can legitimize his presence with the necessary certificates/permits, he can be allowed a 24 hour stay (‘Aufenthalt’) […] If he requires a longer stay for whatever reasons, it must be approved by the Government in writing and he may not stay past the time noted in his permit […] or pay 5 Rthlr. [Reichstahler] for every day he overstays. A Jew staying longer than 24 hours shall pay the treasury (‘Fiscum Judicii’) 24 ßl. per day. However, if the Jew does not have any passport or any other documents [… and] proper permission to be in the land […] he’s to be taken to the nearest border and expelled from the city […] if it’s too late in the day, he’s to be given a place to stay overnight and expelled first thing in the morning. If such a Jew is found in the land, […] he is to be empathically and severely beaten/receive bodily punishment (‘’nachdrücklich, allenfalls am Leibe, zu bestrafen’). […].
5. Source	Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden Verordnungen. Herausgegeben von Kanzley-Rath von Kamptz zu Neustrelitz. (“Repertory of the valid/issued ordinances in the Duchy of Meckenburg-Strelitz. Edited by Legal Council of Kamptz of Neustrelitz.”); (Neubrandenburg; 1794)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher A similar ordinance was issued on May 5, 1764.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 7, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance” of Landgrave Friedrich of Hesse
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Landgraviate Hesse
4. Text of Act	By the grace of God, We, Friedrich, Landgrave of Hesse, Prince of Herzfeld, Earl of Catzenelnbogen, […] in addition to bestowing [upon you] Our grace, we are also letting you know herewith: Even though, the parliament-law of 1731 and […] 1739 and 1749, had attempted to curb/put an end -- not only to the immense disadvantage and ruin the increased/excessive arrival of the Jewry brings to Our other subjects […] but also the excessive abuse in peddling and usury […]. However, in an attempt to supplement these laws, these healthy ordinance were deviated from – and not only by the ordinance of August 24, 1751, which permitted peddling in the countryside where it was to be tolerated the least […] but also by the ordinance of October 12, 1751, which gave [hope] to the second Jewish son and the third and even the daughter for [possibly] being granted protection-letters which burdened the land with many additional Jewish families and opened the path for more to arrive day by day. […] That is why we order the following herewith: §1) As per the Jewish Ordinance of 1749, according to which no foreign Jew may be accepted/received in Our land […] and of the local Jews only the first son of the first marriage can be granted protection and only if they fulfill the requirements as per §3 of the aforementioned ordinance […] §2) Article §19 [which says] that Jew are prohibited to peddle outside of the annual markets, and that instead they are permitted to offer/sell their items in their inns/taverns or private houses (‘Wirths- und Privat-Häuser) is to be valid once and for all. §3) Furthermore, in order so that Jews do not commit illegal usury with fruits, as they have done up to now, and bring about an increase in prices, it is Our order that in times when the harvest is not great, and fruits are worth more than they normally are, they may not be sold above price or [they will] be confiscated. […] §4) They (Jews) may not keep any fruit hidden – may these be low or high in price – at the threat of the same punishment. […]
5. Source	Center for Jewish History; legal document: Fredrick, Landgraviate of Hesse, April 7, 1772.; www.cjh.org; Accessed online;
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 10, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Frankfurt: Reinforcing Edict of January 14, 1755 Forbidding Citizens and Jews to give any soldier anything else than is stated in the edict from January
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	It came to our attention that the citizens and Jews of this city impinge against the decree released on January 14, 1755. Citizens and Jews of this city are lending clothes, beverages, food and other wares against taxes to the here working soldiers. By this the soldiers are not only driven to chagrin, they also run into debts and are therefore tempted to desert. Therefore it became necessary to warn all citizens and especially the Jews one last time to reread the edict released in January. This edict forbids to give any, soldier no matter of which level of command he is, anything else than is stated in the edict from January. Metrics and weights are not to be overstepped. Citizens and Jews are also not allowed to lend them money or similar wares. All lenders shall be rejected from the department of war without being given their taxes. But they have to receive a penalty for acting against this law. Conclusum in Senatum, Thursday, September 10, 1772.
5. Source	Decrees Collection, AR 379, Leo Baeck Institute Archive, New York. Researched/Received Translation from Leo Baeck Institute 1/7/2015 NEED MORE INFORMATION (ITEM NAME - PAGE # - RESEARCHER/DATE)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 13, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	§1 of Law 13.865 imposing a standard rate of taxation upon Jewish people regardless of occupation or social status.
3. Geography of Act	Russian Empire
4. Text of Act	From the Jews … a per capita tax of one ruble for each.
5. Source	“Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire, Since 1649,” Volume 19, 1770-1770, Saint Petersburg, 1830, p. 571, available from prlib.ru.
6. Researcher	Jennifer Allison
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher The text of this Act is available in Russian in the source above. Translator It was translated into English using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 15, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance” (“Judenordnung”) issued by Augustus II
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Saxony; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] the Jews are neither to be permitted to build a synagogue nor to have a specific place for the public/communal performance of their Jewish ceremonies, but rather, each Jewish head of the household ('Hausvater') is to carry out such (prayer) with his own (family) as quietly as possible. […] Jews who fail to submit the personal tax by the set date are to be expelled. […]
5. Source	Landtags-Acten von den Jahren 1836-1837. Beilagen zu den Protocollen der ersten Kammer. Erste Sammlung (“Parliamentary Files of the Years 1836-1837. Supplements for the Protocols of the First Chamber, First Collection/Volume I”); (Dresden)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 16, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	§8 of Title I of the Landescostitution [Land Constitution] of Bayreuth
3. Geography of Act	Principality of Bayreuth
4. Text of Act	Since from now on it has been observed that Jews often engage in transactions with Christians, particularly with simple country folk, in buying, selling, exchanging, lending, pawning, and other contracts, leading frequently to serious losses; we therefore decree that any contracts established between Christians and Jews, when they are individually or repeatedly valued at more than twenty guilders in Franconian currency, must always be reported to Our officials with the appropriate documentation in the protocol. Otherwise, they shall be invalid and shall not create any binding obligations on the part of the Christians.
5. Source	“Landescostitution, 1772 [Land Constitution, 1772],” in Friedrich Christian Arnold, “Beiträge Zum Teutschen Privat-Rechte [Contributions to German Private Rights],” Volume 2, Ansbach, 1842, p. 207-216, available from dlc.mpg.de.
6. Researcher	Lara Joy Pabst (DLA Piper UK)
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using chatgpt.com.

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 11, 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order by the Municipal officers prohibiting Jews to trade in the city of Blois.
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	We Mayor, Aldermen and Council members forming the municipal body of the city of Blois, (…) make Jews prohibited to trade sell and debit goods and to make any commerce in this city, under punishment of confiscation and a fine of a thousand pounds.
5. Source	Les métiers de Blois. Documents recueillis et publiés par Alfred Bourgeois" SOCIÉTÉ DES SCIENCES ET LETTRES DE LOIR-ET-CHER. Documents recueillis et publiés PAR Alfred BOURGEOIS Archiviste de Loir-et-Cher Vice- Président de la Société des Sciences et. Lettres TOME l. GRANDE IMPRIMERIE DE BLOIS 2, rue Haute. MD CCCLX XXXII (The trades of Blois. Documents collected and published by Alfred Bourgeois "SOCIETY OF SCIENCES AND LETTERS OF LOIR-ET-CHER" Documents collected and published by Alfred BOURGEOIS Archivist of Loir-et-Cher Vice-President of the Society of Sciences and Letters TOME I. GREAT PRINTING DE BLOIS 2 High Street MD CCCLX XXXII); 5/27/19
6. Researcher	Cristina Penland
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 6, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Marriage Ordinance” issued by Joseph II/Maria Theresa
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Because of the many untimely Jewish marriages, Jews are prohibited [henceforth] to get married without having registered [and received permission]. This includes those who do not have the means to make a living; they shall leave from here.
5. Source	Bulletin der Polnischen Historistischen Mission. Institute für jüdische Geschichte Österreichs, St. Pölten. Galizische Judengemeinden unter Maria Teresia und Joseph II. (“Bulletin of the Polish Historical Mission. Institute for Jewish History of Austria, St. Pölten. Galician Jewish communities under Maria Theresa and Joseph II.”)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2013
8. Notes	Researcher Vom wegen dem unzeitig vielfaltigen jüdischen Heurathen wird den Juden ohne sich zu melden alles heurathen verboten. Dabey auch diejenigen, so keine Mittel zu leben haben, sich von dannen hinweg begeben sollen.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 8, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Regulation on Marriage for Jews issued by the Government of Galicia
3. Geography of Act	Europe (multi-countries)
4. Text of Act	[…] It is prohibited to all Jews to get married, whether inside or outside the cordon, without prior obtaining permission from the government and having paid the imposed tax. In case of violation all assets will be confiscated or a corporal punishment will be imposed.
5. Source	Edicta et Mandata Universalia Regnis Galiciae et Lodomeriae, Rozkazy yUstawy Powszechne Krolestwom Galicyi y Lodomeryi Ogloszone. AB 1773-74 [Universal Edicts and Mandates of the Kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria 1773-1774], page 44.
6. Researcher	Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Editor Present-day Poland and Ukraine

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 15, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree on the additional taxes owed by the Jewish community.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	The additional taxes on the marriage property of those Jews who leave the country are to be claimed in the future … paid in cash … [and reported to the Court] Chamber.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen von 1771 mit 1800 ergangen sind [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances from 1771 to 1800]," Part 3, Franz Xaver Rienner, Wurzburg, 1801, p. 52, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher The collection of this additional tax was authorized for a further six years under a decree issued on Jan. 3, 1774. In a decree issued on July 1, 1780, the additional tax was authorized for a further three years. See the above source, p. 61 for the 1774 decree and p. 127 for the 1780 law. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	May 10, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree reiterating the prohibition of Jewish trade on Sundays and holidays.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Speyer
4. Text of Act	We have now received the very unpleasant information that here and there in the Princely Bishopric the Jews are engaging in trade and commerce on Sundays and holidays, to the greatest annoyance; This criminal undertaking, however, was already strictly prohibited by the decree of June 6th, 1744, which was published in print because of the desecration of the Sabbath. We therefore adhere to this decree and hereby order, firstly, that the provisions contained therein, sections 12 and 13, concerning the prohibition of trade and behavior by Jews on Sundays and holidays under penalty of law, be observed more strictly than has previously been the case here and there, according to reports received, and that the authorities should continue to monitor cases of contravention as strictly as possible.
5. Source	“Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Speierischen Gesetze und Landesverordnungen vom Jahr 1770 bis 1787 [Collection of the High Princely Speyer Laws and State Ordinances from 1770 to 1787],” Part 4, Bevern, 1788, p. 194, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2024
8. Notes	Researcher The decree of June 6, 1744, is available in German in: “Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Speierischen Gesetze und Landesverordnungen vom Jahr 1743 bis 1770 [Collection of the High Princely Speyer Laws and State Ordinances from 1770 to 1787],” Part 3, Bevern, 1788, pp. 25-30, available from archive.org. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 5, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Resale of Sheep’s Wool,” royal resolution issued by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria
3. Geography of Act	Austria
4. Text of Act	The purchase of sheep’s wool by Jews with the intent of reselling, rampant across the land, is to cease completely and under penalty of confiscation.
5. Source	Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien (1526-1847), Vol. I. A.F. Pribram. Vienna, 1918. p. 422. Accessed online.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 27, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition for Jews to purchase 'property' [land] Royal Ordinance in response to a report by the highest judicial authority”
3. Geography of Act	Archdukedom of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	All purchasing [of property] by Jews and non-Catholics, […] are to be prevented with more accuracy. […]
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 422.
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance was issued in response to a Jew purchasing a garden.

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 7, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim, Archbishop of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Regarding the local Jewry and their walks on Sundays and holidays, it is hereby ordered that on those days, Jews shall be prohibited from frequently walking to and fro all across the city, as well as across the bridges and public walkways. However, those departing from the city, as well as those in need of a doctor, barber or pharmacy shall be allowed to come and go, as needed for that purpose.
5. Source	Schaab, Carl Anton. Diplomatische Geschichte der Juden zu Mainz und dessen Umgebung, mit Berücksichtigung ihres Rechtszustandes in den verschiedenen Epochen (Diplomatic History of the Jews in Mainz and its surroundings, under consideration of their legal situation across the various epochs). Zabern: Mainz, 1855. Page 402.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 30, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	General Protection Order for the Jewish community, issued by Maximilian Friedrich, Bishop of Münster
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Münster
4. Text of Act	The general protection order for the Münster Jewish community, which expired on January 1st, is renewed by the state for a further 10 years,… with the additional provisions: that the state-confirmed rabbi must always be resident in the country and must watch over the disorder of insignificant Jewish schoolmasters who do not do business; that the employment of such private teachers should not exempt the contribution to the maintenance of the common schoolmaster; that the Jews who move in with state protection to replace the Jews who have left must pay at least 500 thalers and must possess property.
5. Source	“Sammlung der Gesetze und Verordnungen welche in dem Königlich Preussischen Erbfürstenhume Münster … vom 1763 bis 1802 [Collection of Laws and Regulations in the Royal Prussian Hereditary Princely Estate of Münster … from 1763 to 1802],” Volume 2, Münster, 1842, p. 207, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	Kate Wraith
7. Year of Research	2025
8. Notes	Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 15, 1773
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Government of Marburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
4. Text of Act	[…] 4) In order that debtor […] are not required to pay excessive interests (‘Douceurs’) as it has been done by the Jews until now […] We wish to set the rate of interest (‘Mäckelgeld’) at 2 per cent which we have decided and order herewith […] anyone who has the audacity to take too much from a debtor is to return the overcharged amount to him and pay the same amount to the local orphanage. […]
5. Source	Neue Sammlung der Landes-Ordnungen, Ausschreiben und anderen allgemeinen Verfügungen, welche bis zum Ende des Oktobers 1806 für die Gebietstheile Kurhessens ergangen sind. Vierter Band. Jahre 1785 bis 1806 einschlieslich. (“New collection of state/country ordinances, announcements, and other general regulations/decrees which have been issued for the territories of Kur-Hesse until the end of October 1806 inclusive.”);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None