Acts – Page 94 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 15, 1777
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Consensus” decree of Maria Theresa
3. Geography of Act	Archdukedom of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	We, Maria Theresa, […] are letting all of Our offices, district governors, authorities, judges, communities, subjects, and citizens, […] in Our Archdukedom of Austria know […] that we have decided […] to have now also all women and Jews be 'described' (counted) along with draft animals.
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 428.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 21, 1778
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Court decree, issued by the government of the Kingdom of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Although it has already been enshrined in law that any Bohemian Jews who enter into marriage without the requisite authorization shall be flogged and exiled from all hereditary lands; nevertheless, several cases have come to pass in which various Bohemian Jews, in contravention of said law, let themselves be married, without having received permission from the state government, some by domestic rabbis, others by foreign rabbis. Therefore, in order to put a stop to this criminal mischief, the afore-mentioned penalties of flogging and exile shall also be applied to the officiating, Jewish rabbis.
5. Source	Jaksch, Peter Karl (Ed.). Gesetzeslexikon im Geistlichen, Religions- und Toleranzfache, wie auch in Güter- Stiftungs- Studien- und Zensurssachen für das Königreich Böhmen von 1601 bis Ende 1800. Sechster Band von T – Z (Encyclopedia of Spiritual, Religious and Tolerance Laws, as well as Matters of Goods, Foundations, Education and Censorship, for the Kingdom of Bohemia, from 1601 until the End of 1800. Volume VI, from T through Z). Government Printing Office: Prague, 1828. Page 155.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 27, 1778
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued by the Prussian government
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews, who wish to become Christians, must show proof of their good conduct/behavior (‘Wohlverhaltens’), naturally these certificates must come from other authorities than Jewish ones who could be bias.
5. Source	Sammlung Preußischer Gesetze und Verordnungen welche auf die allgemeine Deposital-, Hypotheken, Gerichts-, Criminal- und Städte-Ordnung, and das allgemeine Landrecht, auf den Anhang zum allgemeinen Landrechte und zur allgemeinen Gerichtsordnung, and die landschaftlichen Credit-Reglements und auf Provinzial- und Statutar-Rechte Bezug haben, nach der Zeitfolge geordnet von Carl Ludwig Heinrich Rabe, Domainen-Cammer-Director Sr. königlichen Hoheit des Prinzen August von Preußen des St. Johanniter-Ordens der ehemaligen Ballet Brandenburg Regierungs-Rath, Erb- und Gerichtsherr auf Carmzow, Stahmehl, Hedwigsdorff und Friedeberg. Erster Band. Sechste Abtheilung. Enthaltend die Jahre 1774 bis 1781. (Collection of Prussian laws and ordinances which pertain to the general depository, mortgage, legal, criminal, and city regulations, and general land laws, (all the way) to the appendix to the common local/land laws and general court ordinances, and the credit regulations regarding farmers/agriculture as well as provincial and statutes, listed chronologically by Carl Ludwig Heinrich Rabe, Director of Domain Chamber of His royal majesty, Prince August of Prussia of the St. Johanniter-Order of the Ballot of Brandenburg, governmental council, Heritage/Heir Court-Judge for Carmzow, Strahmehl, Hedwigshoff und Friedeberg. First Volume. Sixth Division. Includes the years 1774 to 1781.); (Halle; 1822)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher A similar mandate was issued on July 20, 1774.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 21, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict issued by the Mayor and Council of the City of Frankfurt am Main
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	3) – Apprentices of merchants and tradesmen, butlers and footmen, as well as Jews under Letters of Protection, are completely prohibited from engaging in any games of chance, even if there is an element of skill involved, whether these are card, dice, or similar games, such that, whoever provides these individuals with cards or dice for gaming, shall be subject to a mandatory fine of fifty thalers for each occurrence; however, the players themselves -- apprentices of merchants and tradesmen, butlers and footmen – shall have to pay a meaningful fine, but Jews are to be subjected to a fine of 100 thalers in addition to both corporal punishment and imprisonment.
5. Source	“Wir Burgermeistere und Rath dieser des Heiligen Reichs Stadt Frankfurt am Mayn… [We, the Mayor and Council of this City of the Holy Empire, Frankfurt am Mayn…],” 1/21/1779; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 28; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 26, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	§5 of the Parliamentary Decision of the States of the Kingdom of Sweden, Granted, Consent, and Announced at the General Kingdom Day, Which Closed at Stockholm, January 26, 1779
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Sweden
4. Text of Act	Jews must not be allowed to have their Synagogue in more places in the Kingdom, than Stockholm and at most two or three other larger cities, where they can be under a better police and under a more vigilant supervision.
5. Source	Hugo Valentin, “Urkunder Till Judarnas Historia i Sverige [Records for the History of the Jews in Sweden],” Albert Bonniers, Stockholm, 1924, p. 16, available from runeberg.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The text of this Act is available in Swedish in the source above. Translator It was translated into English by Rodi Adelsson.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 26, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Riksdag Decision on Religious Freedom
3. Geography of Act	Swedish Empire
4. Text of Act	That Jews may not be allowed to have their Synagogue in more than one place in the Kingdom, other than Stockholm and at most two or three other larger cities, where they can be under a better Police and under a more vigilant supervision.
5. Source	Stockholmskällan, “Riksdagsbeslut om Religionsfrihet 1779 [Riksdag Decision on Religious Freedom in 1779],” stockholmskallan.stockholm.se, accessed July 3, 2024.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The Act was issued by King Gustav III. Additional research by Kate Wraith Translator The original text is in Swedish and translated to English using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 10, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by the Government in Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Jews are prohibited to enter mines [mining towns] and such cities/towns and to conduct any trade in them. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 17, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Circular” issued by Joseph II to all districts (‘Kreise’)
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bohemia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews who trade/exchange (‘einlösenden’) with gold and silver shall have their expired passports confiscated […] their use nullified and reported […] and new passports could be entrusted to them for the year [if they qualify…].
5. Source	Extractus deren vom einem höchlöbl. Kaiser. Königl. Landes-Gubernio im Königreiche Böhmen a 1sten Januar bis ultima Marti 1779 ergangenen Circularien, Generalien, und Patenten. (Excerpts/Extracts of the most praiseworthy imperial, royal, state-governmental circulars, general (edicts) and patens issued in the Kingdom of Bohemia from January 1st until the end of March 1779)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 25, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict” of Landgrave Friedrich of Hesse
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Landgraviate Hesse
4. Text of Act	By the grace of God, We, Friedrich, Landgrave of Hesse, Prince of Herzfeld, Ear of Catzenelnbogen, […] in addition to bestowing [upon you] Our grace, we also announce the following: After finding it necessary […] to further explain and modify parts of the Jewish Ordinance of anno 1749 and to further clarify what the Jews applying for protection must bring/offer and […] must follow; therefore, We determine and order, that 4) In the future, no Jew is to be granted protection (given residency) or to apply for one if he’s not the oldest son and is not able to fulfill the other requirements (‘requisita’) as states in the Jewish ordinance of 1749 §3 […] only when the father is no longer alive and the household of the widow would collapse/go under […] and when such circumstances have been verified/attested to by an officers, do We reserve the right to graciously dispense such request (permit) […] Since we have 5) noticed that when documenting the assets […] often fraud is committed; therefore, henceforth, each time a Jew is requesting protection – he and his father — if he’s still alive – are to swear an oath: that they each have assets in excess of 500 Reichsthaler each – after all debts have been deducted – which they can invest into their respective business. […] 6) In the future, no protection is to be granted to Jews in villages and towns (‘Dorfschaften’) where no Jew currently lives, […] and their number is not to exceed those of anno 1744 […] We had hoped that §19 of the Jewish Ordinance regarding the usurious contracts of the Jews and the 2nd § of the April 7, 1772, edict which already prohibited peddling to Jews, would receive more respect and would possibly discourage them (Jews), but since these (laws) are only partially heeded or not at all, […] We therefore order herewith all of Our officers, administrators, state servants to investigate the peddling of Jews more diligently and to report such incidences to the authorities without exception […]
5. Source	Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main; Freimann-Sammlung; Universitätsbibliothek UB, sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/freimann.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 3, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law 14.892 imposing a standard rate of taxation upon Jewish people regardless of occupation or social status.
3. Geography of Act	Russian Empire
4. Text of Act	We most mercifully command, from the coming year 1780 until the decree; to collect taxes in the Belarusian countries of Mogilev and Polotsk per capita from peasants at 55 kopfeks, including half a quarter of a ton of flour, and for the sale of wine at 20 kopfeks per head; from the cities per capita from burghers at 60 kopfeks, for the sale of wine at a ruble per head; from the villages for the sale of wine at 50 kopfeks per head; rent at 50 kopecks, and per capita from Jews at 50 kopecks each.
5. Source	“Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire, Since 1649,” Volume 20, 1775-1780, Saint Petersburg, 1830, p. 848-849, available from prlib.ru.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The text of this Act is available in Russian in the source above. Translator It was translated into English using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 22, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by the state government of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	All Jews who are found wandering about the land without the appropriate passport shall, if they are domestic Jews, be sent back to their place of birth, as long as they are not guilty of any crime; whereas foreign Jews, so found, shall be removed from Bohemia altogether.
5. Source	Engelmayr, Anton. Unterthans-Verfassung des Königreiches Böhmen. Erster Theil (Constitution for the Subjects of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Part One). Sollinger: Vienna, 1830. Page 353.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 10, 1779
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Ordinance” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV and addressed the collectors of the ‘Recognition-tax’ (‘Recognition-Geldes’)
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Those Jews in Altstrelitz, who fall behind one half year with their ‘Recognitions-Gelder’*, shall [be required to] leave the country immediately.
5. Source	Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden Verordnungen. Herausgegeben von Kanzley-Rath von Kamptz zu Neustrelitz. (“Repertory of the valid/issued ordinances in the Duchy of Meckenburg-Strelitz. Edited by Legal Council of Kamptz of Neustrelitz.”); (Neubrandenburg; 1794)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Recognition-Gelder seems to refer to dues/taxes that were required in parts of Europe.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 8, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Order” issued by Frederick, King of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[We] Frederick, King of Prussia by the grace of God, [… have noticed] that horse traders, especially those among Jews, finance (as a loan) the payment that is due when they sell horses to [our] subjects in the Duchy of Magdeburg and the Principality of Halberstadt in return for considerable amount of grain and other products and verbally promise all sorts of debt reduction […] so that with time, the owner’s debts have increased to such an extent that he cannot repay the loan at all or only to the detriment of his circumstances or his complete ruin. So in order to control this evil [practice], it is ordered and determined herewith: 1) that in the future, any horse trade between Christians and Jews […], if they are not paid off fully in cash, are to occur in front of the proper court-authorities who are not to take more than six Groschen [currency] as court-fees […] however, if the seller refrains from doing this, […] he shall not be entitled to any claims. 2) No promise of grain or other products beyond the loaned cash shall be valid. […]
5. Source	Sammlung Preußischer Gesetze und Verordnungen welche auf die allgemeine Deposital-, Hypotheken, Gerichts-, Criminal- und Städte-Ordnung, and das allgemeine Landrecht, auf den Anhang zum allgemeinen Landrechte und zur allgemeinen Gerichtsordnung, and die landschaftlichen Credit-Reglements und auf Provinzial- und Statutar-Rechte Bezug haben, nach der Zeitfolge geordnet von Carl Ludwig Heinrich Rabe, Domainen-Cammer-Director Sr. königlichen Hoheit des Prinzen August von Preußen des St. Johanniter-Ordens der ehemaligen Ballet Brandenburg Regierungs-Rath, Erb- und Gerichtsherr auf Carmzow, Stahmehl, Hedwigsdorff und Friedeberg. Erster Band. Sechste Abtheilung. Enthaltend die Jahre 1774 bis 1781. (Collection of Prussian laws and ordinances which pertain to the general depository, mortgage, legal, criminal, and city regulations, and general land laws, (all the way) to the appendix to the common local/land laws and general court ordinances, and the credit regulations regarding farmers/agriculture as well as provincial and statutes, listed chronologically by Carl Ludwig Heinrich Rabe, Director of Domain Chamber of His royal majesty, Prince August of Prussia of the St. Johanniter-Order of the Ballot of Brandenburg, governmental council, Heritage/Heir Court-Judge for Carmzow, Strahmehl, Hedwigshoff und Friedeberg. First Volume. Sixth Division. Includes the years 1774 to 1781.); (Halle; 1822)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 1, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance against usury of Jews” issued by the mayor and City Council of Frankfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt
4. Text of Act	Mayor and Council [of Frankfurt] renew the publicly issued ordinances of June 9, 1584, June 6, 1616, and 1646 and expand on them […] to prevent against 'usury and reckless borrowing, especially, those of the mercenary Jews, […] 2) As far as pledges are concerned that are worth little, such as cattle, which is often given as security for loans to Jews as well, they are not to be valid unless they are done in front of the [appropriate] mayor/magistrate (‘Schultheiß’) and appropriate taxation […] 5) […] this is to be done to deprive the mercenary Jews from having any opportunity to manipulate/change (‘Verstellung’) a loan into a purchase or into any other kind of contract by which poor people, who end up with merchandize instead of money, are clearly defrauded […]' which is why all trade/barter/lending is to be done with the knowledge and involvement of the [local] mayor/magistrate (‘Schultheiß’) […]
5. Source	Sammlung der Verordnungen der Reichsstadt Frankfurt von Joh. Conr. Beyerbach. Erster Theil. (Collection of ordinance of the Imperial City of Frankfurt by Joh. Conr. Beyerbach. First part.); (Frankfurt am Main; 1798)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The above legal text has been condensed to fit the allocated and text be found in its entirely in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 4, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order by the Grand Chamber of the Parliament of Brittany
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France; Brittany
4. Text of Act	Making right on the conclusions of the Attorney General of the King, enjoined and commanded Israel Créchange and all other Jews currently in Brittany to leave within a fortnight from the places of their establishment or in such other places fixed by the ordinances barely to be carried out extraordinarily against them, without, however, prejudicing the actions they may have against the individuals of the province. Ordered that at the behest of the Attorney General of the King the present judgment shall be printed, read, published and posted in the city of Brest and wherever necessary. Done in Parliament at Rennes on February 4th, 1780.
5. Source	Les Juifs En Bretagne, Claude Toczé, Annie Lambert. Chapitre 2. Négociants juifs en Bretagne au xviiie siècle; AND PAGE #
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The highest judicial authority in the province ordered the Second Enlargement of the Jews of Brittany in the Enlightenment since 1240 by this ordinance.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 9, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued Frederick Francis I, Duke of Mecklenburg and addressed to this government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4. Text of Act	Frederick Francis, Duke of Mecklenburg […] a Jewish girl/wench (‘Juden-Dirne’)* who is alleged to have been impregnated by a Jew outside of marriage and who has settled in our domain/jurisdiction, is to receive the usual punishment […] however, the matter is to be handled/processed as quickly as possible. […]
5. Source	Sammlung aller für das Großherzogthum Mecklenburg-Schwerin gültigen Landes-Gesetze von den ältesten Zeiten bis zu Ende des Jahres 1834. Dritter Band.(Collection of all state laws issued in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from the earliest times to the end of 1834. 3rd Volume.); (Wismar; 1835);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *Dirne can refer to a young woman or a prostitute.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 29, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” issued by Prussian government
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews shall not be hired for economic and industry/commerce matters (‘Oeconomie- und Wirschafts-Angelegenheiten’) […]
5. Source	Die Provinzial- und statutarischen Rechte in der preußischen Monarchie. Dargestellt vom wirklichen Geheimen Rath von Kamptz. Erster Theil. Die Provinzen: Brandenburg, Ost- und West-Preussen, Sachsen und Schlesien. (The provincial and legal statutes of the Prussian Monarchie. Presented by the true secret council von Kamptz. First Volume. The provinces: Brandenburg, East and West-Prussia, Saxony and Silesia.); (Berlin; 1826)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 8, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree, issued by Frederick II, King of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany and Poland
4. Text of Act	1. No country estates, regardless of their name, shall be leased to or managed by Jews any longer. Any landlord in violation of this section shall pay a fine of 500 guilders; the Jew, on the other hand, who dares to enter in such a forbidden contract, shall no longer be tolerated and be deported immediately and without mercy, along with his family. 2. Any such contractual relationships already in existence shall be terminated by the end of May of the current year. 3. In addition, anyone who employs a Jewish middleman as his agent in trade, shall pay a fine of ten percent of the value of the goods thus traded, whereas the Jewish middleman shall be subjected to three years in prison, followed by deportation. He who informs the authorities of such a violation, shall receive 1/3 of the fine as a reward. 4. All tolerated Jews in our Silesian lands shall concern themselves solely with commerce, in particular with the buying and selling of goods produced by domestic factories.
5. Source	“Verordnung, daß die von Adel auf ihren Güthern sich weiterhin keiner Juden bey ihren Oekonomien und Wirtschafts-Angelegenheiten bedienen; sondern die in Schlesien tolerirte Juden sich lediglich mit dem Commercio und Handlung beschäftigen sollen (Decree, that those of the nobility shall continue to refrain from hiring Jews for their domestic and financial affairs; and that the tolerated Jews of Silesia are to concern themselves solely with commerce and trade),” 3/8/1780; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 136; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 28, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jew-Ordinance, issued by Duke Eugen of Württemberg, for the City of Hochberg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	8. Every protected Jew shall give 15 guilders annually for his protection, to be paid in quarterly installments. Those Jews who do not own a house, shall pay an additional 2 guilders per year. 11. No head of household is allowed to keep more than two Jewish servants, and they need to be one male and one female, each unmarried. House-fathers in violation will be fined 10 thalers. 14. If a protected Jew should move his household, or even just by himself, the protection for his family and servants shall become void. In case of death, however, the widow and her children and servants may stay in this city for another 3 months, after which they will no longer be tolerated, unless a son or son-in-law of the deceased is granted protection before the end of the 3 months, in which case he may take his mother and the other relatives into his own household. 15. No protected Jews may give overnight shelter to foreign Jews without prior official permission, or be guilty of a misdemeanor. 19. If the protected Jews want to have dancing and musicians at their weddings, circumcisions etc., they have to obtain prior permission, under penalty of 5 guilders for every participant in such dance. 21. If the manservant of a protected Jew is found guilty of a crime, he shall be removed immediately from the city, but his house-father, who is responsible for his servant, shall be punished, too.
5. Source	Tänzer, P. Die Rechtsgeschichte der Juden in Württemberg 1806-1828 [Legal History of the Jews in Württemberg]. Kohlhammer: Berlin, 1922. Page 87.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree authorizing the collection of additional taxes from the Jewish community.
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
4. Text of Act	The tax on the marriage property of the Jews who left was again leased for three years, and according to the decree of January 3, 1774, the officials were repeatedly ordered to report the cases that had occurred in the meantime and the amount of them to the High Princely Court Chamber at the end of the year, under penalty of a five-florin fine.
5. Source	"Sammlung der Hochfürstlich-Wirzburgischen Landesverordnungen von 1771 mit 1800 ergangen sind [Collection of the High Princely Würzburg State Ordinances from 1771 to 1800]," Part 3, Franz Xaver Rienner, Wurzburg, 1801, p. 227, available from archive.org.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The collection of this additional tax was initially authorized in a decree dated April 15, 1773. The collection of this additional tax was authorized for a further six years under a decree issued on Jan. 3, 1774 before being authorized for a further three years under this law. See the above source, p. 52 for the 1773 decree and p. 61 for the 1774 decree. Translator The text of this Act is available in German in the source above. It was translated using Google translate.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 10, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance, issued by George III, King of Great Britain, King of Ireland, Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	All authorities and officials are hereby ordered to refrain from issuing passports, lodging permits and the like to foreign, vagabond Jews, lest they incur a severe punishment. Country roads shall be patrolled diligently, and any such riffraff, once in the custody of the authorities, shall be put in jail for one or more days, depending on the circumstances; and repeat offenders be put to hard labor in the quarry.
5. Source	“Erneuerte Verordnung wider die Betteljuden [Updated Ordinance against Mendicant Jews],” 10/10/1780; Decrees Collection; AR 379; Box 1; Folder 107 f.; Leo Baeck Institute.
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 17, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Prince-Bishop Franz Ludwig von Erthal
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
4. Text of Act	[…] the wealth/assets of a protected Jew shall be [no less than] 4000 fl. Rh. [Gulden Reichsthaler] in [the city of] Bamberg and 1,500 fl. Rh [on the countryside …].
5. Source	Geschichte der Juden im ehemaligen Fürstbistum Bamberg, bearbeitet auf Grund von Archivalien, nebst urkundlichen Beilagen, von Dr. A. Eckenstein. Districktsrabbiner. (History of the Jews in the Former Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, edited by A[dolf] Eckenstein, PhD, District-Rabbi); (Bamberg);
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 12, 1780
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Edict”* issued by King Frederich of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	We, Frederick, King of Prussia by the grace of God, Margrave of Brandenburg, […] announce herewith and make it known that despite our ordinances and edicts from November 13, 1719, December 10, 1720, January 21, 1725, September 30, 1733, January 3, 1737, September 9, 1738, and April 28, 1748, regarding the sneaking-in of beggar-Jews, we have noticed with disdain that this evil has increased in numbers and become out of control and that laws issued to combat this issue have been completely ignored […] we extend [the previously issued laws] with the power of this [new] command and order that: 1) No foreign Jew whatsoever, if they arrive by foot and not with one or another […] wagon (‘gedungenden Fuhrwerk’) or by post** or by horse, shall be admitted into Our lands henceforth, and they shall be taken across the border immediately [and expelled] regardless of any passport they may have received from a foreign authority. 2) Of the Jews who travel by foot, however, only those who wish to attend the exposition in Frankfurt are to be admitted or only those who have more than 50 Thaler of cash on them […].
5. Source	Sammlung Preußischer Gesetze und Verordnungen welche auf die allgemeine Deposital-, Hypotheken, Gerichts-, Criminal- und Städte-Ordnung, and das allgemeine Landrecht, auf den Anhang zum allgemeinen Landrechte und zur allgemeinen Gerichtsordnung, and die landschaftlichen Credit-Reglements und auf Provinzial- und Statutar-Rechte Bezug haben, nach der Zeitfolge geordnet von Carl Ludwig Heinrich Rabe, Domainen-Cammer-Director Sr. königlichen Hoheit des Prinzen August von Preußen des St. Johanniter-Ordens der ehemaligen Ballet Brandenburg Regierungs-Rath, Erb- und Gerichtsherr auf Carmzow, Stahmehl, Hedwigsdorff und Friedeberg. Erster Band. Sechste Abtheilung. Enthaltend die Jahre 1774 bis 1781. (Collection of Prussian laws and ordinances which pertain to the general depository, mortgage, legal, criminal, and city regulations, and general land laws, (all the way) to the appendix to the common local/land laws and general court ordinances, and the credit regulations regarding farmers/agriculture as well as provincial and statutes, listed chronologically by Carl Ludwig Heinrich Rabe, Director of Domain Chamber of His royal majesty, Prince August of Prussia of the St. Johanniter-Order of the Ballot of Brandenburg, governmental council, Heritage/Heir Court-Judge for Carmzow, Strahmehl, Hedwigshoff und Friedeberg. First Volume. Sixth Division. Includes the years 1774 to 1781.); (Halle; 1822)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher The heading for this edict reads: “Renewed and inculcated edict regarding the rampant/number of Jewish-beggars.” *Jews were often required to take common routes, which were often used to deliver mail, when traveling. The above edict is several pages long and contains 11 points and a number of subcategories. The full text can be found in the cited source. It has been abbreviated here to fit the allocated space.

1. Full Date of Act	1781
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Tolerance Patent of 1781"
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) "The Jews had it slightly better under Josef II. No longer were they required to wear a yellow markings, are allowed to attend schools for the first time and take on academic positions and work in a factory. However, they were expected to assimilate. They had to dress "christian," had to pick German names and they were not allowed to converse in their native language in public." "Anti-Semitism in Austria - a historical overview;" anarchismus.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 8, 1781
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	"Ordinance" issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Between now and May first [of this same year] all Jews, who are not privileged,* or have been granted concession* or a passport, shall leave the Dukain lands/territories to avoid severe capital punishment, penitentiary/prison, or even [labor]camps (‘Karrenstrafe’) […] However, the widows, the children of the aforementioned escort-Jews (‘Gleitsjuden’) […] as well as the truly sick are exempt [from this ordinance]. […] The eldest (representatives) and principles of the Jewry shall now and in the future report violators of this ordinance by name to the Dukian government or lose their own privilege* (‘privilegii’).
5. Source	Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden Verordnungen. Herausgegeben von Kanzley-Rath von Kamptz zu Neustrelitz. (“Repertory of the valid/issued ordinances in the Duchy of Meckenburg-Strelitz. Edited by Legal Council of Kamptz of Neustrelitz.”); (Neubrandenburg; 1794)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	Researcher *The term refers in one form or another to permits issued to Jews which allowed them to reside in a certain domain in Europe.