Acts – Page 97 – OAJA.org

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 10, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Court Decree” issued by Kaiser Joseph II
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] If a man or woman or whoever reports to any of the ‘higher or local’ municipalities (Ober- oder Kreisamt) and claims to be a Deist or an Israeli […] he (she) is to receive 24 lashes with a leather whip without further inquiry and to be sent home after it. This is to be repeated every time he comes to register himself, […].
5. Source	Frank, Gustav: Das Toleranz-Patent Kaiser Joseph II: Urkundliche Geschichte seiner Entstehung und seiner Folgen (The Patent of Toleration of Kaiser Joseph II; Documented History of its Emergence and its Consequences); (Vienna; 1882)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 17, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Notification” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	‘Permits to be present’ (‘Aufenthaltsbolleten’) [for Jews] are to be granted once for the entire duration of the annual market, but not longer; however, after the markets end, only those who have other chores/businesses to attend to in Vienna and can produce [the necessary] permits can [stay longer] – but not those [who stay] in order to sell their surplus of goods which is not permitted. […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); Volume I); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 3, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Royal Court Announcement” issued by the Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Since the public university is public and must be open to anyone [who wishes to attend], therefore, those foreigners of those religions which are tolerated or were not expelled from the hereditary lands, cannot be turned back, that is why – if they come to the University of Vienna which is well-established and enjoys an excellent reputation across all borders for the study of medicine – to the point that they come even from Prussian states to Vienna - and [those who] are really committed to this course-study, which the Royal Imperial government can easily verify - they cannot be denied [admission], if they do not otherwise appear/act suspicious to the police, in which case they will be turned back or dealt with for being a dangerous foreigner and not for being Jews […]
5. Source	Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence in the Austrian Imperial State. Volume I; Edited/Published by Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Count of Barth-Barthenheim)); (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 8, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The family-lists must be turned in by tolerated Jews according to the Patent of January 2, 1782, […] no later than the beginning of May or [they are to] be fined/punished […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher A similar law was issued about a decade later on July 2, 1793.

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 29, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance of Mainz” issued by the Electorate of Mainz*
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Mainz; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are obliged at the threat of nullification, to prepare and maintain their trade-books, contracts, and certificates/official documents in the German language and to use German letters/alphabet to sign them. […]
5. Source	Sammlung der im Gebiete der inneren Staats-Verwaltung des Königreichs Bayern bestehenden Verordnungen aus amtlichen Quellen geschöpft und systematisch geordnet von G. Döllinger, König. bayer. geheimen Hausarchivar und wirklichen Rath. Sechste Band; (München; 1838); (Collection of Regulations/Ordinances Existing in the Territories of the Internal State Administration of the Kingdom of Bavaria from official sources and systematically arranged by G. Döllinger, Royal Bavarian Secret House-Archivist and True Advisor; Volume VI), (Munich; 1838)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher *The Ordinance of Mainz (sometimes also known by its English name ‘Mayence’) was not only valid in the Archbishopric/Electorate of Mainz, but also in the Principality of Aschaffenburg when the latter became part of the Electorate of Mainz.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 19, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Court of Appeals in Copenhagen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	Regarding oaths administered to the Portuguese Jews in court proceedings: The Portuguese Jews in Copenhagen may take oaths in their own private synagogue with the ceremonies required by regulation, when they themselves procure the necessary ten men and a learned Jew from their congregation in the place of the rabbi, whose pronunciation is the most understandable, thereby ensuring that the intent of the [9/15/1747] ordinance is fulfilled.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 160.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher In 17th- and 18th-century Denmark, Ashkenazi Jews were known as “German Jews,” while Sephardi Jews were referred to as “Portuguese Jews.” For information on the differences between the two, see "Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews," chabad.org, by Menachem Posner.

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 20, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Circular, issued by the government of Prussia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	If a Jew is to testify in court but cannot read German, and thus unable to speak the oath himself, a rabbi shall declare to him in court: ‘We take your oath under Adonai, the god of Israel,’ and the testifying Jew shall respond with ‘Amen,’ which completes his oath.
5. Source	Koch, Christian Friedrich. Die Juden im Preussischen Staate (The Jews in the State of Prussia). Baumann: Marienwerder (Prussia), 1833. Page 96.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Sep. 24, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” of King George III and Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	[…] it was earnestly ordered numerous times that foreign vagabonding beggar-Jews are not be be permitted entry into our German lands […] and since the contagious epidemic/plague coming from the levant and the borders of Poland and Russia requires utmost prudence, […] and to ensure that the vagabonding foreign beggar-Jews and such riff-raff coming from such areas — who also happen to bring along packs of old clothing, pelts and contaminated goods, […] don’t bring an epidemic contagion into our lands by accident […] we are moved to […] repeat what was mandated under [the ordinances of] September 14, 1770, and November 28, 1771, […] and to earnestly prohibit the entry and presence of all foreign beggar-Jews and other vagabonds in Our German lands in order to avoid punishment/repercussions as outlined in the aforementioned ordinances […]
5. Source	Sammlung der Verordnungen und Ausschreiben welche für sämmtliche Provinzen des Hannoverschen Staats, jedoch was den Calenbergischen, Lüneburgischen, und Bremen- und Verdenschen Theil betrifft, seit dem Schlusse in denselben vorhandenen Gesetzessammlungen bis zur Zeit der feindlichen Usurpation ergangen sind. Mit Genehmigung des Königl. Cabinets-Ministerii herausgegeben von Ernst Spangenberg, Dr. beider Rechte und köngl. Großbritannisch, honnoverschem Hof- und Canzley-Rathe in der Justiz-Canzley zu Zelle. Dritter Theil, bis Jahre 1780 bis 1799 enthaltend. (“Collection of ordinances and decrees that apply to all provinces of the state of Hannover, however, as far as Calenberg, Lüneburg, Bremen, and Verden are concerned, it contains a collection of laws until the conclusion of the aforementioned [places] by the hostile usurpation. Published by Ernst Spangenberg, PhD. of both laws and royal, Britisch Hanoverian Court and Legal Council in the Justice Office in Zelle, with the permission of the royal Cabinet-Ministers. Third Volume until [from] 1780 until 1799 inclusive.”); (Hannover; 1821);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher Document is signed in Hannover.

1. Full Date of Act	Oct. 21, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order of the State Council of the King
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Every Jew will pay 2 f (florins) 6 d (deniers) and their pregnant wives the double ...
5. Source	"Archived Documents: Tarif de péage corporel" (Corporeal Tariff, Toulouse, Haute Garonne, France, January 26, 1783.) Accessed online.
6. Researcher & Translator	Cristina Penland
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher Regarding "leud" fees and tolls to be paid by Jews and collected for the benefit of Marie-Antoinette Carrion Baroness Murviel, lordess of Montagnac by decision of the Parliament of Toulouse of February 4, 1600 and by order of Mr. Intendant of March 28, 1775 ... confirmed by judgment of the Council of State of the King of October 21, 1783, and published October 19, 1783.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 9, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway, to all diocesan commanders, royal officers, and feudal lords in Denmark, as well as the Abbess of Valse
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark
4. Text of Act	In order to prevent foreign Jews from being tolerated or introduced, diocesan and royal officers shall immediately implement the most effective measures to apprehend these Jews, so that this disorder can be inhibited and stopped; likewise, at all ferry stations and to all skippers, it must be re-emphasized that they keep the king's measures in effect, in order to avoid bringing into the country such people, as it is quite forbidden for them to come here.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 35.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 20, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Instruction” issued by the Landvogt-Court and addressed to the Jewish in Riga
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Latvia
4. Text of Act	[…]1) The Jewish-elders […] shall be elected by the members of the community […]; however, he may not take office until he has been confirmed by the noble Landvogt-Court. 2) A new election is to take place each year in May, however, the previous elder may be merely reconfirmed […]. 15) Arriving Jews, who are poor and not just wonton beggars […] can ask for a small handout from their co-religionists with the permission of the Jewish-elder […]; however, he must see to it that such foreigners depart as soon as possible […]
5. Source	Buchholz, Anton: Geschichte der Juden in Riga bis zur Begründung der Rigischen Hebräergemeinde im J. 1842. Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. (History of the Jews in Riga until the foundation of the Hebrew community of Riga in the year 1842. Published by the Society for History and Antiquity of the Baltic-See provinces of Russia.); (Riga; 1899);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher The above instruction contains 19 points. It has been abbreviated to fit the allocated space but can be found in its entirety in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 26, 1783
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order, issued by Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Denmark, Norway
4. Text of Act	Regarding Jews who wander about without proper permission, reside in Copenhagen or in the countryside without proper passport and legitimization: foreign Jews and Jewesses who cannot prove that they came to Copenhagen legally, must pay without delay and without appeal, to the Chief of Police, instead of the [previously established] punishment of 1,000 imperial thalers, a fine they can pay, as the case may be, and in the absence of any payment, work for some time, the men at the rasp house and the women at the nursery, and, soon after having paid the fine or worked off their punishment, are to be sent out of the country, either at their own expense or the nation's. The elders of the Jewish nation shall publicize this order twice a year, by way of reading and proclaiming it in their respective synagogues.
5. Source	Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet i et tidsløb af naesten 200 aar, tilligemed alle lovsteder og offentlige foranstaltninger dem angaande, som ere udkomne fra 1651 til 1836. (The position of the Mosaic believers in Denmark, before and now: historically produced over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as all laws and public measures relating to the same which were published from 1651 to 1836). Forfatterens: Odense (Denmark), 1837. Page 36.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2020
8. Notes	Researcher A “rasp house” was a correctional facility formerly in use in Northern Europe, whose prisoners rasped wood to powder for dyeing.

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 27, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of the Princely State Government (‘fürstl. Landes-Regierung’)
3. Geography of Act	(Amt) Dillenburg; Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Germany; Princedom of Nassau-Diez
4. Text of Act	[… since] Jews from Leun and surrounding areas have dared to permit themselves to remain permanently in this land/country under the pretense of delivering soaps to chandlers/shopkeepers and to pursue all kinds of trade and to peddle; therefore, the princely office (‘fürstl. Amt’) is to have these investigated by the police authorities (‘Polizei-Bediente’), and should they come across any illegal peddlers, to confiscate their items/commodities. […]
5. Source	Dillenburgische Intelligenz-Nachrichten, des Jahres 1784. Mit gwöhlichen Registern über die Verordnungen und einem Hauptregister über alle in den bisherigen 12 Jahrgängen enthaltene öconomische, sittliche, medizinische, historische, litterarische und andere dergleichen Artikel. (“Intelligence-News of Dillenburg of the year 1784. With usual records of regulations and a main register of all the economic, moral, medical, historical, literary and other such articles [from] the previous 12 year”); (Dillenburg; 1784)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This order was signed in Dillenburg, Germany, on January 27, 1784.

1. Full Date of Act	Feb. 3, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Rescript” issued via special order by von Blumenthal*
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Prussia
4. Text of Act	[…] on this side of the Weser, peddling Jews and other riff-raff shall only receive shelter/lodging in taverns (‘Krügen’)** but not on farms and other inns and [they may] not establish any depots. […]
5. Source	Verzeichniss derer in dem 1783sten Jahre ergangenen Edicte, Patente, Mandante, Rescripte, und Haupt-Verordnungen […] Nach der folge der Zeit. (Register of edicts, patents, mandates, rescripts and main ordinances issued in the year 1783 […] In chronological order.)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	Researcher Joachim Christian von Blumenthal was a minister in the Prussian Generaldirektorium which handled all matters pertaining to finance, war and all domains. *’Krügen’ was another term for taverns/inns where alcohol was dispensed. The above is a summary of the full text both of which can be found in the cited source.

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 27, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Gracious Declaration-Edict, Regarding the Jewry in the Princely Oran[ange] Nassau Private Land. Given on the Day of 27 April 1784” issued by Prince Wilhelm d’Orange of Nassau
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Germany; Principality of Orange-Nassau
4. Text of Act	By the Grace of God, Wilhelm, Prince (‘Prinz’) of Oranian, Prince (‘Fürst’) zu Passau, Count of Caltzenellenbogen […] The Jewry of Our Princely land/domain Nassau has humbly complained how they have suffered and been restricted in their trade and business dealings as a result of our Jewish Ordinance of January 17, 1770, which they claim pushes them into poverty and makes it impossible for them to submit the [required] protection money* (‘Schutzgelder’) into our stately treasury (‘herrschaftliche Kasse’) […]. Even though, We have found the Jewry’s complaint to be irrelevant, greatly exaggerated, and unfounded for the most part after further examination, and repeat/confirm the content of this Jewish Ordinance once again. However, we have found it necessary to clarify certain points with this Declaration-Edict: 3) Even though protected-Jews (‘Schutzjuden’)** were permitted trade with foreign fabric/cloths according to article 13 of the new ordinance […] the fabric/cloth guilds have pointed out to Us old letters (‘Kurbriefe’) proving that only they are permitted to trade with cloth which is why the earlier permission is revoke herewith […]. 4) Even though, the prohibition to trade with wool and fruit in article 14, number 1 remains effective, We have authorized Our state government to dispense [permission] in special cases where the exception will not have a negative effect on the community. […]
5. Source	Dillenburgische Intelligenz-Nachrichten, des Jahres 1784. Mit gwöhlichen Registern über die Verordnungen und einem Hauptregister über alle in den bisherigen 12 Jahrgängen enthaltene öconomische, sittliche, medizinische, historische, litterarische und andere dergleichen Artikel. (“Intelligence-News of Dillenburg of the year 1784. With usual records of regulations and a main register of all the economic, moral, medical, historical, literary and other such articles [from] the previous 12 year”); (Dillenburg; 1784)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This edict contains 17 articles and a number of subcategories; it has been abbreviated in order to fit the allocated space. This edict was published in its entirety on Saturday, June 19, 1748, in the Intelligence-Newspaper of Dillenburg. Jews permitted to remain in certain domains were required to pay “protection-money” (Schulzgelder’) – a tax/fee that allowed them to settle so long they made that payment. *These Jews were then considered “protected-Jews” (‘Schutzjuden’) in that domain.

1. Full Date of Act	May 7, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Sale of Domestic and Foreign Books,” regulation issued by the government of Lower Austria
3. Geography of Act	Austria
4. Text of Act	Books imported from the German Hereditary Lands into Vienna may be sold by Jews on the open markets under the general permission by the Censorship Office. However, Jews who bring books from foreign lands to market for sale, must seek the permission of the government every time.
5. Source	Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien (1526-1847), Vol. I. A.F. Pribram. Vienna, 1918. p. 526. Accessed online.
6. Translator	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jun. 4, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree”
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] Jews are no longer allowed to work as a ‘seal graver’ without showing the necessary permission from the (department of) mint (Münzamt).
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 528.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 10, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordre Louis XVI” issued by Louis XVI
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	[…] the local authorities may no longer accept/admit Jews without the explicit permission of the king […]
5. Source	Die Juden in Preussischen Staate. Die geschichtliche Darstellung der politischen, bürgerlichen und privatrechtlichen Verhältnisse der Juden in Preußen, nach den verschiedenen Landestheilen, von C. F. Koch, königl. Preuß. Oberlandes-Gerichts-Assessor und Director des Land- und Stadtgerichts zu Culm. (Jews in the Prussian State. The historical presentation/account of the political, civil, and private legal circumstances/standings of Jews in Prussia according to various part of the country, [compiled] by C. F. Koch, royal, Prussian superior court assessor and director of the city and state court of Culm.); (Marienwerber; 1833);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Aug. 17, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Performance Permits,” decree issued by the government of Lower Austria to the Vienna Police Department
3. Geography of Act	Austria
4. Text of Act	In the future, the Vienna Police Department is hereby prohibited from issuing any performance permits or residence permits to Jewish musicians, as this would be in conflict with the Charter of Tolerance.
5. Source	Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien (1526-1847), Vol. I. A.F. Pribram. Vienna, 1918, p. 527. Accessed online.
6. Translator	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 11, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“The building of a Jewish temple is denied” […] decree issued by the Court Chancellery to the Lower-Austrian Government”
3. Geography of Act	Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] that the Jews of Vienna should not be permitted to build a new temple or to hire an actual Rabbi. […]
5. Source	Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; (Documents and files on the history of Jews in Vienna) p. 528.
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Nov. 26, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Publication/Order” issued by the [City] Council of Riga
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Latvia
4. Text of Act	[It has come to the attention of the (City) Council that residents in the suburbs are offering accommodations to Jews against previously issued ordinances instead of referring them to the Jewish-hostel … ]. That is why the highly-noble Council orders all the residents in the suburbs herewith again in all earnestness not welcome any arriving and departing Jews in their homes or to offer them any accommodation under any circumstances, but to rather refer them to the Jewish-hostel […] and those who violate this order of the authorities, and are caught, shall be fined 100 Rthlr [Reichsthaler] as per §4 of the Jewish-ordinance without exception […]
5. Source	Buchholz, Anton: Geschichte der Juden in Riga bis zur Begründung der Rigischen Hebräergemeinde im J. 1842. Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. (History of the Jews in Riga until the foundation of the Hebrew community of Riga in the year 1842. Published by the Society for History and Antiquity of the Baltic-See provinces of Russia.); (Riga; 1899);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Dec. 3, 1784
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	[…] in regards to the synagogue and the Rabbi for the Viennese Jews, the previously issued constitution is to remain valid.
5. Source	Politische Verfassung der Israeliten im Lande unter der Enns und insbesondere in der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. J. L. E. Graf von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1821). (Political Constitution of the Israelis in the Country under/near Enns and especially in the R[oyal] I[mperial] Capital and Royal Seat of Vienna. J. L. E. Count von Barth-Barthenheim.) (Vienna; 1821)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This decree was issued in response to requests of the Jewry to be permitted to create a prayer-house; however, since it was determined that there are no more than 65 Jewish families and a total of 504 Jewish individuals living in Vienna, this request was denied and the prohibition for Jews to build a synagogue was confirmed and reissued.

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 2, 1785
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” of the Royal Chancellery
3. Geography of Act	House of Habsburg-Lorraine; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	In order that the Jews, who eagerly occupy themselves with silly devil-banishments and such things, are not further fed in their fallacies through new writings and [… and so that] their education and elucidation/enlightenment isn’t delayed or even completely prevented, that is why in the future, all books that may contain such inconsistencies (‘Ungereimheiten’) may they be in the local language or in Jewish or Hebrew [shall be prohibited…] and [future] printing [of these writings] are to be prohibited with ‘Typum non meretur’ (not deserving of print).
5. Source	Geschichte der Juden in Wien (1156-1876) von G. Wolf. (Wien, 1876); (History of Jews in Vienna by G. Wolf); (Vienna; 1876)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 17, 1785
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Governmental Decree” issued by the Government of Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg/Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	It has been reported [to us] that various Jews roam/run around (‘umherlaufen’) and pose as servants of protected Jews (‘Schutzjuden’) who in turn charge these vagabonds a certain annual fee and obtain passports from the authorities for them under the pretense that they work for them. However, since such protected Jews are in no way permitted to send around their servants to do all sorts of unknown trades in their district, much less in the neighboring ones […] that is why the local authorities are to keep a close eye on such Jews […] and to have them arrested along with any goods they may have on them — regardless of any passports/permits they may have connived to get — and to report [such incidences]. At the same time, all protected Jews are to be forewarned that they should not get involved in such activities in the future or lose their own protection.
5. Source	Sammlung der Verordnungen und Ausschreiben welche für sämmtliche Provinzen des Hannoverschen Staats, jedoch was den Calenbergischen, Lüneburgischen, und Bremen- und Verdenschen Theil betrifft, seit dem Schlusse in denselben vorhandenen Gesetzessammlungen bis zur Zeit der feindlichen Usurpation ergangen sind. Mit Genehmigung des Königl. Cabinets-Ministerii herausgegeben von Ernst Spangenberg, Dr. beider Rechte und köngl. Großbritannisch, honnoverschem Hof- und Canzley-Rathe in der Justiz-Canzley zu Zelle. Dritter Theil, bis Jahre 1780 bis 1799 enthaltend. (“Collection of ordinances and decrees that apply to all provinces of the state of Hannover, however, as far as Calenberg, Lüneburg, Bremen, and Verden are concerned, it contains a collection of laws until the conclusion of the aforementioned [places] by the hostile usurpation. Published by Ernst Spangenberg, PhD. of both laws and royal, Britisch Hanoverian Court and Legal Council in the Justice Office in Zelle, with the permission of the royal Cabinet-Ministers. Third Volume until [from] 1780 until 1799 inclusive.”); (Hannover; 1821);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2019
8. Notes	Researcher *Schutzjude (‘Schutzjuden pl.) were Jews who were given special permits to travel and/or settle in the land in which the permit was valid.

1. Full Date of Act	May 23, 1785
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Official Royal Court Announcement” (‘Hofbescheid’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court
3. Geography of Act	Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	The Chief-Police-Authority/Directive (‘Polizeioberdirection’) is to be notified immediately and every time a whole-sale license or any other permit is granted to Israelis […]
5. Source	Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung zusammengestellt mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf Nieder-Oesterreich, von Chrysostomus Fauller, k. k. Polizei-Beamten. Zweiter Band. (Wien; 1828); (Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations for the Police-Administration in the Austrian Empire. Published between the years 1740 – 1825 and Arranged in alphabetical-chronological order with special consideration to Lower Austria by Chrysostomus Fauller, r[oyal] i[mperial] Police Officials/Authorities/Officers. Second Volume.); (Vienna; 1828)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	None