Unconfirmed Acts

The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.

Displaying 225 – 250 of 742

1. Full Date of Act	1267
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law issued by Pope Clement IV
3. Geography of Act	Holy See
4. Text of Act	…the entire Talmud, together with its commentaries and additions, and all their [other] books represented freely to you and your subordinates by the Jews. Once the books have been presented, they can restore to the said Jews those which shall accord with the text of the Bible, as well as those concerning which there is no suspicion that they contain blasphemies and errors, or any falsity whatsoever. …We have heard with sorrow and now relate that the Jews of the Kingdom of Aragon, having neglected the Old Testament which the majesty of his creator conferred through his servant Moses, falsely pretend that the Lord handed down a certain other law or tradition which they call the Talmud. In its huge volume, which is said to be larger than the text of the Old and New Testaments are contained innumerable abuses and blasphemies against the Lord Jesus Christ and his most blessed mother.
5. Source	“Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity.” Online book, Accessed 10/1/2011; Jeremy Cohen. 1999, Page 331-332
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2021
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1268
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Statutes of the Synod of Clermont (1268)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Priests are to see to it that their parishioners do not live in the homes of Jews, dine at their tables, or accept their medicines. No one may entrust Jews with offices or magistracies.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 249.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1269
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“City Law/Regulation/Concession” for Prague issued and confirmed by King Ottokar II of Bohemia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Jews are not to take more than 5 pennies per each Mark [5%] in interests and six [pennies] for each pound and one penny for every 30 pennies […]. A Jew cannot serve as his own witness. He must have/bring a Christian and a Jew [to serve as witnesses on his behalf]. If a Jewish man is caught with an unmarried Christian woman, he is to lose his life […] If a Jewish man is caught with the [Christian] wife of an honest [Christian] man, his punishment is to be impalement by the roadside, and his belongings are to go to the [local] judge. Jews are not to accept bloody or wet [church] garments as pledges/pawns […] If a chalice, book, or a church garment is found on a Jew, he’s to return them without compensation if he cannot say from whom he received them […]”
5. Source	Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Fränkischen und Deutschen Reiche bis zum Jahre 1273. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Historischen Commission Für Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland. Bearbeitet unter Mitwirkung von Albert Dresdner und Ludwig Lewinki [und] von Julius Aronius. (Regesta regarding the History of Jews in Franconia and German empires until 1273. Published by the Historical Commission for the History of Jews in Germany. Edited and gathered by Albert Dresdner, and Ludwig Lewinki [and] by Julius Aronius. (Berlin; 1902);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2020
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jul. 1269
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Provisions of the Jewry issued by King Henry III
3. Geography of Act	England [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“It is provided by the king […] that, all debts to Jews which are fees […] be quit to the Christians by whom they are owing and to their heirs for ever, with their arrears. The charters of the fee-debts a foresaid, wherever they shall be found, be returned to the Christians who owe the debts or to their heirs. […] No Jew shall sell any such fee to a Christian on pain of forfeiture of life and chattels. […]”
5. Source	The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History, ed. by Joe Hillaby, Caroline Hillaby, New York 2013, page 31
6. Researcher	Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1271
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canons issued by the Council of Saint-Quentin (1271)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“To insure that Jews not be of higher station than Christians, as well as to prevent offenses against both canon and civil law, secular princes are not to aid Jews in collecting debts owed by clerics, under penalty of vigilant and unrelenting canonical punishment, especially if such aid is given by way of distraining [church] property.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 278.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1273
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jews Expelled from Winchelsea Around 1273
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Simon de Montfort … issued an edict expelling the Jews from his home city of Leicester. This proved to be the start of a host of expulsions from various cities and towns – …” Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 18
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinances of Ovido issued in the District of Socastiello
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The most obvious and important document showing us the importance of this Jewish community in the thirteenth century is that of the Ordinances of Oviedo from 1274. The ordinances specify neighborhood in which Jews should live, called the District of Socastiello. In additions, the Ordinances also regulate the business of usury and of stolen objects. Until these Ordinances, Jews lived in the city in the same neighborhoods as Christians, both inside and outside the walls. But from 1274 forward, Jews were required to reside in a particular area, the District of Socastiello. It seems that anti-Jewish guidelines were also followed in the rest of the peninsula, although here the effect seems to have been lower… Keep in mind that in those years in Oviedo houses had already exceeded the wall, and some may also have established outside the walls, as there were estates in the fifteenth century in the west which bore the nickname ‘of the Jews’…Today nothing is left standing of the ancient Jewish quarter. Just the same narrow streets that Christians and Jews shared in the Old Oviedo for centuries and documentation that allows us to reconstruct and imagine that Jewish Community…” “Oviedo’s Ordinances.” Online article 2) “In 1274’s municipal ordinances, the city limited the Jew’s activities: they were not allowed to perform money-lending after sunset, and they could not lend money to women married to Oviedo citizens. Nowadays, there are no remains of the medieval Jewry, and it is not possible to locate the communal institutions that must have ruled Oviedo’s Jewish community’s daily life.” “The Jewry of Oviedo.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Diocesan Synod of 1274/75” Issued by Archbishop Werner von Eppstein of Mainz/Mayence
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Mainz [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] with the highest authority, it has been decided that Jews are not allowed to hold Christians subjects (servants) in their homes under the pretext of feeding their children (wet-nurses), either in this service or any other reason. […] Christians who presume to live with those (Jews) are to be excommunicated, because through the constant interaction and constant familiarity, they (Jews) can easily divert the spirit of the simple Christian to their abiding unbelief, or their accursed intemperance. Therefore, we decide that within two months of this publication of this statute, all Christians of our churches who life in the houses of Jews under whatever pretext will be removed from these houses to never return there. All Christians who violate this [decision] are to be excommunicated […] and all other Christians are to avoid dealing and trading with those Jews who are audacious enough to keep Christians in their homes.”
5. Source	Medieval Ashkenaz: Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im Spätmittlealterlichen Reich; Synoden und Konzilien 1, Nr. 1 (“Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils 1, No. 1”).
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	2017
8. Notes	Researcher The text of the Synod contains no date. It is clear, however, that it falls into the reign of Werner von Eppstein (1259-1284) and processes mainly the provisions of the Second Lugdunese (1274). Therefore, it must have been issued sometime between 1274 and 1284. Because the resolutions of the Lugdunense were adopted mainly in the Synod and not in the later issued revisions, Johanek and Ungar date the Synod of Mainz/Mayence to be somewhere around 1274/1275 (thus, immediately after the Council of Lyon).

1. Full Date of Act	1274
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by King Edward I
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “ In 1274, under Edward I., its shape [of the badge] became that of the Tables of the Law.” “Badge.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1275
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Statute of Jewry” issued by King Edward I
3. Geography of Act	England [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	…The King hath ordained and established that from henceforth no Jew shall lend anything at usury either upon land or upon rent or upon other thing….And that each Jew after he shall be seven years old, shall wear a badge on his outer garment…in the form of two tables joined of yellow fait of the length of six inches and of the breadth of three inches. And that each one, after he shall be twelve years old pay three pence yearly at Easter of tax to the King…
5. Source	“Statutum de Judeismo 1275.” No author, Accessed online 11/1/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Mar. 1, 1278
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“De Decanis” (“Of the Deans”) statues of the Provincial Council of Trier
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] with regards to the Jews, the provisions are as follows: Priests must never pawn sacred objects with Jews, and monks not without the specific permission of the Archbishop. Literarily uneducated Priest are prohibited to dispute with Jews in front of a lay audience. Priest should forbid persons under them from taking/accepting any kind of healing (drinking) potions/medicine (Heiltrank) or any kind of remedy from Jews. In order to enforce this prohibition ‘The Noble Advocates,’ the territorial lords/local rulers (Landsherren) are also encourages to force Jews under the threat of penalty to neither engage in the healing arts (Heilkunst), nor to offer Christians a healing potions (Heiltrank). […] Furthermore, Jews are strictly prohibited from demanding anything in access of the capital of the loan or to demand interest in case of a delayed payment; also, they are not to sell their goods more expensively due to any delays [in payment] [and Christians are prohibited] from investing with ‘Kawertschen’ (class of money lenders) and Jews for the sake of a gain.”
5. Source	Medieval Ashkenaz: Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im Spätmittlealterlichen Reich; Synoden und Konzilien 1, Nr. 2 (Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils 1, No. 2).
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher The oldest preserved manuscript from the 14th century, as well as the older editions, date the year of the statue at 1227 or earlier. However, in their editions, due to the mention of the Second Council of Lyons (1274), Blatau, Marténe and Durant have decided to move the date to 1277. n their opinion, an L had failed in the date data. Of course, the revision was scarcely accepted until very recently; for example, Rösch, Wucher (1994), Schreckenberg, Adversus-Judaeos – Text 3 (1994) etc. also take 1327 into account. Arens (1912), compares the statue with other councils and takes into account the respective historical context. The conclusion is that 1277 has the highest probability, although, later additions have, of course, been added to the manuscript. Furthermore, he was the first to recognize that the dating (March 1) would be able the year 1278 due to the Trier style. This dating is the preferred here. This approach is followed by Pixton, Espiscopacy (1995) and Johanek Statues (1998).

1. Full Date of Act	1279
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jews ordered to attend sermons delivered by Dominican Friars
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The object was to increase the number of converts.” Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 22
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1280
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Statutes of the Council of Poitiers (1280)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“VI. No Christian nurses may serve within the homes of Jews on pain of a fine of 50 solidi, three quarters of which is to be donated to the poor. To make it more difficult to lend at usury, no cleric may write or seal loan contracts for Jews. Christians are not to lend to Jews at interest. Christians are not to partake of Jewish foods or medicines, nor are they to take money at usury from Jews, except in cases of necessity, and in the presence of witnesses. Otherwise, they will pay a fine of 50 solidi, three quarters of which will be donated to the poor.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 252.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Apr. 1280
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” of Knight Gerhard Scherfgin (Gerardus Scherfgin)
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Cologne; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] allot to our son, Henricus, […] a pension of six Cologne Marks [annually] which is to be paid by the Jews.”
5. Source	Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln 2, Nr. 198, S. 162-167 (“Sources on the History of the City of Cologne 2, No. 198, p. 162-167”);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher Gerhard had been a member of the Schöffenkolleg (entity permitted to issue legislations in the city of Cologne) since 1259, and was according to Groten one of the most famous knights of his time.

1. Full Date of Act	1281
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by Alfonso the Wise
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Alfonso the Wise took offense at Jews not when he was gathering power, but when he began to lose it. Toward the end of his reign, he was betrayed by his son Sancho, who led a revolt against him (1280-1281). Alfonso’s fierce reaction included an apparently out-of-the-blue attack on the very Jews with whom he had been so intimate. …Jews of Toledo were imprisoned in their own synagogues. The wealthiest among them were made to pay exorbitant ransoms. Many were tortured and forced to convert.” James Carroll: “Constantine’s Sword.” p. 328 2) “Alfonso X ordered the imprisonment of the Jews in their synagogues, from which they were not to be released until the community paid him a special tax. Notables of the community remained in prison for many months. Attempts were even made there to convert them and several were executed.” Haim Beinart: “Toledo.”
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1282
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order of Archbishop of Canterbury
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders all London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1283
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Jews Expelled from Windsor in 1283
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Simon de Montfort … issued an edict expelling the Jews from his home city of Leicester. This proved to be the start of a host of expulsions from various cities and towns – …” Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 18
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1284
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews required to wear a patch”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Nimes orders Jews to wear a round patch “The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;” sohmer.net
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	Jan. 1285
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Laws/Statues” under the Chairman of Archbishop Jakob II Swinka of Gniezno
3. Geography of Act	Archbishopric of Gniezno; Present-day Poland [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] Furthermore, we order that no one should dare to deposit sacred [liturgical] books with Jews or pledge them in any way, except in severe distress (emergencies/plight) and only with the permission of the prelates.”
5. Source	Medieval Ashkenaz: Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im Spätmittlealterlichen Reich; Synoden und Konzilien 1, Nr. 3a (“Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils 1, No. 3a”).
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1285
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Diocesan Synod of Legnica”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[C. 32:] Unless the Jews return money that they were given…they shall be checked by a censure of the church. … [C. 33:] We also order that none of the Jews should dare to keep holy objects or books.”
5. Source	Antiquissimae Constitutiones Synodales: Provinciae Gneznesis, C. 32-33, 177-8Researched and
6. Researcher & Translator	Researcher Ziba Shadjaani Translator Joan Paez
7. Year of Research & Translation	Research 2015 Translation 2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1286
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued by Sancho IV of Castile
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Apart from the provisions of the Ordinances, it is significant to note the fact that in 1286 Sancho IV added provisions for the Council of Oviedo to prohibit Jews from having a separate magistrate, and subjected them to the same magistrates who hear cases of the other residents of the city.” “Oviedo’s Ordinances.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1286
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Declaration by King Rudolph I”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Kind Rudolph I calls Jews his “chamber servants” [implying that they are unfree and that he has complete jurisdiction over them].” “Menorah. Fünfter Jahrgang – Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft… (1927) ;” uibk.ac.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	King Edward I
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “When King Henry III died in 1272, King Edward I ascended the throne and faced increasing pressure from indebted aristocrats to end Jewish money-lending. In 1287, he ordered England’s Jews to pay an enormous tax of 20,000 marks to the crown. In Winchester, the entire Jewish community was imprisoned in Winchester Castle until the onerous tax was raised.” Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, “The Most Famous Jewish Woman in Medieval England,” aish.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1287
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were expelled from Gascony.” “The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];” history.ac.uk
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1288
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Statutes of the Synod of Arles (at Lille) (1288)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“XII., Item VI. Jews are to wear unlike signs on their breasts. They are not to have Christian nurses, partake of foods in common with Christians, or appear in public at Eastertime.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 258.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None