Unconfirmed Acts

The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.

Displaying 250 – 275 of 742

1. Full Date of Act	1289
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews required to wear a patch”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vienna orders Jews to wear a round patch “The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;” sohmer.net
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews from Italy”
3. Geography of Act	Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from southern Italy “Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;” sullivan-county.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of the Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Electorate of Cologne; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Deacon and the Schoolmaster of the cathedral Wikbold, accuses in his testimony, along with 25 other witnesses, regarding the crimes of the citizens of Cologne after the battle of Worringen, those and especially the extensive taxation of the Jews who belonged/were part of the Archbishops chambers/property.” UB zur Geschichte des Niederrheins 2, Nr. 892, S. 531-533 (“Certificate Book on the History of the Lower-Rhine 2, No. 892, p. 531-533”)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1290
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	3,000 Jews Expelled
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1290, all of England’s approximately 3,000 Jews were expelled from the country and banned from ever returning. (Jews were only allowed to live in England once more in 1656.)” Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, “The Most Famous Jewish Woman in Medieval England,” aish.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1292
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Mass Conversion of Jews in Nepal”
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Nepal
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “When it come to the question of the status of the Jews and especially their mission in the middle ages, the Kingdom of Nepal of the late middle ages deserves mentioning. It was here where the very first spontaneous “mass conversions” of Jews in the middle ages.” 2) This did not mean in any way that the Jews were integrated into the Christian community. Rather, the converted Jews were marked as “neofiti,” “christiani novi” or “christiani novelli” in the Kingdom of Nepal, often for generations to come.” Gruyter, Walter: Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. (2009)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1294
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Taxation of Jews In Mainz”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The right and claims of the Archbishop [Gerhard] on the Jews of Mainz remained intact. The Jews were to pay him 200 Mark during Gerhard’s lifetime. The 200 Mark taxation was not raised by Archbishop Gerhard, but was stipulated by the City of Mainz along with their other demands on the Jews.” “Menorah. Fünfter Jahrgang – Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft… (1927);” uibk.ac.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1294
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Taxation of Jews in the City of Mainz”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “On July 28, 1294 King Adolf of Nassau declares that all Jews are to be return to the jurisdiction of the city of Mainz and the Church. The Jews of Mainz were to be taxed freely and to pay their fief and other services to the church, as it was common in other cities and villages that were under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop.” “Menorah. Fünfter Jahrgang – Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft… (1927);” uibk.ac.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1294
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued to Jews of Erfurt
3. Geography of Act	Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In Germany the earliest mention of the Badge is in a dispensation accorded to the Jews of Erfurt, Oct. 16, 1294.” “Badge.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1294
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Discrimination of Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Under the [Polish-Lithuania] Commonwealth’s legal system, Jews endured economic restrictions called ‘restrictions,’ which also followed the Russian occupation.” “History of the Jews in Russia;” wikipedia.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1295
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Privilege of June 18, 1295” Issued by King Rudolph of Habsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “10 Jews become victims of the people of Mainz on Easter Sunday on April 19, 1283 after being accused of the ritual killing of a Christian boy. Archbishop Heinrich II of Mainz begins legal proceedings and reports to his benefactor Kind Rudolf of Habsburg. The latter turns on September 21, 1286 to the people of Mainz and other cities along the Rhine and demands that they support the Bishop in his pursuit and prosecution of the local Jews (because they allegedly kept a Christian family hostage and were charged with murder). Part of the Jews escape across the sea. That is why the King writes to the Council on December 6, 1286 and the people of Mainz to let them know that he has commissioned Archbishop Heinrich and Duke Eberhard von Katzenelnbogen to size and collect the properties of all escaped Jews from Worms, Speyer, Oppenheim and Wetterau and to administer over them. On the same date, Rudolph also warns the remaining Jews to assist Heinrich and Eberhard during their pursuit to track down the properties and assets of the escaped Jews. The city of Mainz took this as an opportunity for self-enrichment. Any property or assets it discovered that belong to an escaped Jew was either partially or completely confiscated.” “Menorah. Fünfter Jahrgang – Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft… (1927);” Online book; uibk.ac.at
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1295
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Instructions to clergy, issued by the Bishop of Montpellier
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“If Jews and Christians have been warned three times about providing domestic service to Jews, yet persist in their actions, then the Christian will be excommunicated and the Jew denied the communion of the faithful. Christians are also prohibited from grinding the Jews’ wheat, baking their bread, and providing them services of any kind. No notary may write an act providing for either manifest or hidden usury. Jews are to wear a round badge on their breast of a color different from that of their clothing. Jews may not dine with Christians, share meat with them, hold office, or appear in public at Eastertime.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 260.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1296
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict issued by the Parliament of Pisa
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The parliament of Sicily issued an edicts that required Jew to wear clothing that would make them distinguishable from the Christians.” Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 57
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1298
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Diocesan Synod of Würzburg” issued under Bishop Manegold
3. Geography of Act	Prince-Bishopric of Wurzburg [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“We have established that sacred objects are not permitted to be pawned off, except during times of [financial] distress of the church and only with the approval of the parishioners. Chalices and holy garments are not to be left with Jews, unless they are securely locked, so that they cannot be touched by their [Jews] hands and bring insult to the Savior.” , since King Adolf died in a battle on July 2 at Göllheim (Rhineland-Palatinate), the expert conclude that the Synod must have taken place before [July 2].”]
5. Source	Medieval Ashkenaz: Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im Spätmittlealterlichen Reich; Synoden und Konzilien 1, Nr. 6 (Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils 1, No. 6).
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	Researcher Additional comment from the source: “The date line is missing from the Latin manuscript. [However

1. Full Date of Act	1299
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Exhibita nobis” (“Show Us”) issued by Pope Boniface VIII
3. Geography of Act	Papal States
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Declaring Jews to be included among powerful persons who might be denounced to the Inquisition without the name of the accuser being revealed (V. R. i. 251). Deutsch, Gotthard and Joseph Jacobs: Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1299
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Forced Conversion of Jews” edicts issued by King James II
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Aragon
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) By an edict of 1278, Pope Nicholas III assigned Dominican and Franciscan friars the official duty of working to convert the Jewish community. As part of this project, King James II of Aragon granted Ramon Llull permission to preach in Jewish synagogues on the Sabbath. Haskell, Ellen: Mystical Resistance: Uncovering the Zohar’s Conversations with Christianity; (New York; 2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1299 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Statutes of the Council of Vich (Catalonia) (1299)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France; Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Jews are to wear a badge so large and of a distinct color on their breast, that they may be seen and recognized. Furthermore, we prohibit them from having Christian nurses. Meat butchered by Jews shall not be sold to the Christian faithful. Moreover, we enjoin all princes, Castilian barons, and other secular lords, as well as their administrators in the Diocese and Province of [Gallia] Lugdunensis, from letting Jews enjoy public office of any nature, under penalty of excommunication.”
5. Source	Grayzel, Solomon. The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century, Volume II (1254-1315). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1989. Page 262.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1300 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Peace Commandment of Mainz” ordinance issued by the City of Mainz
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Mainz; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…] if a Jew injures/wounds or hits/beats another Jew or Christian in Mainz, he has to pay five Pounds Heller for the beating and 10 Pounds Heller for the injury, and may remain in Mainz; should he lack the funds, [however], he shall sojourn outside of the city […] until he has come to an agreement with a Jew and a Christian, both of whom shall be honorable [people], and pay the penalty. […] A Jews who asks a citizen of Mainz to help him according to Jewish law, shall pay 40 Pounds of Heller to the city, while the helper shall leave Mainz for one month as penance. […]”
5. Source	Würzburg, StA, Mainzer Urkunden, Weltlicher Schrank, L 68/2 ½, Orig., dt., Perg. (Würzburg, State Archive, [Official] Documents of Mainz, Secular Cabinet, L68/2 ½, Orig[inal], [on] Parchment Paper”)
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2017
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1306
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Exile by King Philip IV “The Fair”
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	None
5. Source	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Exile of 1306. Toward the middle of 1306 the treasury was nearly empty, and the king, as he was about to do the following year in the case of the Templars, decided to kill the goose that laid the golden egg. He [Philip the Fair] condemned the Jews to banishment, and took forcible possession of their property, real and personal…Their houses, lands, and movable goods were sold at auction; and for the king were reserved any treasures found buried in the dwellings that had belonged to the Jews. That Philip the Fair intended merely to fill the gap in his treasury, and was not at all concerned about the well-being of his subjects, is shown by the fact that he put himself in the place of the Jewish moneylenders and exacted from their Christian debtors the payment of their debts, which they themselves had to declare. Furthermore, three months before the sale of the property of the Jews the king took measures to insure that this event should be coincident with the prohibition of clipped money, in order that those who purchased the goods should have to pay in undebased coin. Finally, Fearing that the Jews might have hidden some of their treasures, he declared that one-fifth of any amount found should be paid to the discoverer. It was on July 22nd the day after the Ninth of Ab, that the Jews were arrested. In prison they received notice that they had been sentenced to exile; that, abandoning their goods and debts, and taking only the clothes which they had on their backs and the sum of 12 sous tournois each, they would have to quit the kingdom within one month.” “France: Exile of 1306.” Online article 2) “Before the [14th] century ended, Jewish history in France came to an end, but not before the expulsion itself became preferable to continued existence in that country. The first throes began in 1306 when, on the order of Philip IV, all Jews were quietly arrested on a single day and ordered out of the country within a month. One hundred thousand left, settling in nearby lands in the hope of recall, well aware that avarice had prompted the king’s decision.” Flannery, Edward H.: “The Anguish of the Jews.” p. 107 3) “A much vaster [larger] expulsion [of Jews] from all royal lands came in 1306 under the secret instructions of King Philip IV of France, under whom the kingdom included the Ile-de-France, Poitou, Anjou, Champagne, Normandy, and Languedoc…” Lindemann, Albert S. and Levy, Richard S.: “Antisemitism: A History.” p. 75
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1308
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” from Rufach/Rouffach
3. Geography of Act	Fiefdom of Rouffach; Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Comment from Additional Sources: 1) “[…] A number of Jews of Rouffach were burnt outside of the city and the rest were expelled […].”
5. Source	Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich, hg.v. Alfred Haverkamp und Jörg R. Müller, Trier, Mainz 2014, EL01, Nr. 72, (“Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1310
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Diocesan Synod of Trier” Issued by Archbishop Balduin
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Vicesimo septimo, scienter coiens cum Iudaea vel Saracena vel Pagana vel e converso. Ista sunt statuta salubria provincialis concilii Trevirensis edita sollempniter per reverendum in Christo patrem et dominum Balduinum Dei gratia Trevirensis ecclesiae archiepiscopum sacri imperii per regnum Aralatense archicancellarium et publicata in ecclesia beati Petri Trevirensis, anno Domini MCCC decimo vicesima octava die mensis aprilis ratificata et approbata concorditer per ipsum provinciale concilium. (2)Bonn, UB, Best. S 731, fol. 40r-55r, hier: fol. 48r, Abschr. (14. Jh.), lat., Papier;Koblenz, LHA, Best. 701, Nr. 101, fol. 40v-42v (Abschr., 15. Jh.); ebd., Nr. 306, fol. 68r-90r (Abschr., 15. Jh.) (in beiden fehlt Kap. 89). • GRAYZEL, Church 2 (1989), S. 274 (dort fälschlicherweise als Kap. 93 verzeichnet); Statuta synodalia Trevirensis 1, S. 63-155, hier: S. 114; Sacrorum conciliorum collectio 25, Sp. 247-294, hier: Sp. 272; Concilia Germaniae 4, Sp. 127-165, hier: Sp. 148; Mittelalterliche Handschriften im Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz (2002) 2, S. 89 und 388 (zu den beiden Koblenzer Handschriften)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1310
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ghetto”
3. Geography of Act	Free Imperial City of Strasbourg; Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Comment from Additional Sources: 1) “In a leasing document (certificate), the existence of a Jewish ghetto in Strasbourg is mentioned.”
5. Source	Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich, hg.v. Alfred Haverkamp und Jörg R. Müller, Trier, Mainz 2014, EL01, Nr. 75, (“Corpus of the Sources on the History of Jews in the Late Middles Ages; Synods and Councils”)
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1311 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Statutes” of the City of Mühlhausen, year 1311*
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“[…]1) Any debt a citizen holds of another citizen may not be passed on to a Jew for usurious interest (‘ad iudeos sub usura’) or at a disadvantage to a Christian** or he shall be fined with one Mark and a penalty or one month of expulsion from the city. Instead, the debtor is to be made to repay the debt legally in court. 2) The meat of livestock/cattle, which a Jew has slaughtered, may not be sold in a butcher shop but only outside of it [or see a fine] of ten shillings. […] 4) Councilmen are not permitted to tax Jews individually but must require [such taxes] from the Jewry as a whole at a specific date of a year […] except when a foreign Jew arrives [new to the city]. […]”
5. Source	Mühlhausen i. Th., StadtA, Statuten der Stadt Mühlhausen von 1311, 10/T 8c, fol. 10r, 17r, 18v, 19v, und 28v., dt. und lat. (“Mühlhausen i[n] T[huringia], City Archive, Statutes of the City of Mühlhausen from 1311, 10/T 8c, fol. 10r, 17r, 18v, 19v, und 28v., German and Latin”);
6. Researcher & Translator	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research & Translation	2018
8. Notes	Researcher While these statutes were initially written down in 1311, other sections were appended and crossed out as late as 1351. *The words ‘at a disadvantage to a Christian’ were added at a later time.

1. Full Date of Act	1313 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Constitution” issued by the Council of Zamora, 1313 AD
3. Geography of Act	Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“1. Thirty days are allowed to all Jews that now do or hereafter reside in our province, for the execution hereof. That in criminal, civil, and all other causes, they shall not oppose nor defend themselves by the privilege they have; saying that as no Jew was summoned against them in the cause, they cannot be condemned; nor may they claim that or any other privilege to the prejudice of the Christian faith, nor presume to obtain such similar privileges. Therefore we obtain, that in criminal, and all other causes, the testimony of the Jews against Jews shall be valid as heretofore; but not of a Jew against a Christian, nor, as is proper or just, shall his testimony be received. […] 2. Henceforth Jews shall hold no post or dignity from kings, or any secular prince, and within the aforesaid time they shall resign those they now hold. 3. They are not to be admitted into frequent association with Christians, lest from the intimacy, they adopt their errors which they do not understand. 4. That they do not serve as witnesses against Christians, nor claim as hitherto the benefit of the laws. 5. That no Christian women, either temporarily or otherwise, act as wet nurses, or rear their children. 6. They are not to appear in public, from the Wednesday of Passion Week until Saturday; and on Good Friday are to close their doors and windows the whole day, not to mock the sorrow of Christians for the passion. 7. The Jews and Jewesses wear an ostensible sign, that they may be distinguished and separate among Christians, which is right, practiced in other states. 8. Notwithstanding their learning and reputation, they are not to practice medicine with the Christians. 9. They are not to invite Christians to their feasts, that Christians do not eat with Jews; particular they are not to eat their meat or drink their wine. 10. They are annually to pay tithes on their landed property, and the houses they occupy, the same as Christians did before they belonged to Jews. 11. Synagogues that have been newly erected or enlarged, shall be restored to their former state between this date, and the next great festival of the resurrection; this term is peremptorily fixed, and if at its expiration the Jews have not executed it, the judges, alcaldes, communities, and universities of the cities, towns, and places where synagogues have been recently erected and elevated, are to fulfill and have this ordinance executed, in virtue of holy obedience under the penalty of [the] Constitution. 12. They are not to practice usury, nor exact, nor take any interest from Christians, as is prohibited by the constitutions of Pope Clement V, enacted at the council of Vienne; and any person who acts contrary, or attempts to hide it, incurs the penalties ordained by the said council. 13. On Sundays and other Christian holidays, they are not to work publicly for themselves or other persons.”
5. Source	Global Jewish Advocacy, “Antisemitism: An Assault on Human Rights,”
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher *The exact date of the council is unknown.

1. Full Date of Act	1315 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Ordinance issued by the Court of Burgos (1315)
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Art. 27 – We order that whatever Christians owe to Jews on account of letters of debt, the Christians shall pay the Jews two thirds of the principal, while the remaining third shall be nullified, and nothing more shall be owed, in usury or otherwise.”
5. Source	Royal Academy of History (Spain). Córtes de los Antiguos Reinos de León y de Castilla [Courts of the Ancient Kingdoms of León and Castilla]. M. Rivadeneyra: Madrid, 1861. Vol. 1, Page 284. 11/21/2019
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1315
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Dress Code” Issued by Emir Ismael Around 1315
3. Geography of Act	Granada
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Emir Ismael Abu-I Walid forced the Jews of Granada to wear a yellow badge.” Bitton, Jimmy: “It’s Not 1938 Again;” jewishmag.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	None
8. Notes	None