Unconfirmed Acts

The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.

Displaying 300 – 325 of 742
1. Full Date of Act 1349 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Ordinance” issued by Archbishop Ernst von Pardubitz of Prague
3. Geography of Act Present-day Czech Republic [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““The appearance, [and] the similarity in the external appearances, which the Jews demonstrate with the Christians in [terms of] clothing, often leads to the danger that Christen men intermingle with Jewish women by mistake and Jews with Christian women. In order that such despicable incidences of such mixing on the pretext of error may no longer be excused […] we order that male Jews shall wear broad hats on their heads and not caps/hoods (‘breite Hüte und nicht Kapuzen’). The women, however, are to wear their hair over their foreheads in a high-coiffed (‘hochfrisiert’) manner under their veil. […] so that they may be distinguishable by such signs from the Christians at all times; if however, the Jews do not adopt such signs within two months of publication of these guidelines as of today, a church ban shall be placed on them and any intercourse/contact with Christians shall be forbidden to them […] and the Lord of each place who does not require such conduct from them shall be punished and the spiritual authority of the state or the village in which such Jews remain who are undistinguishable, shall impose an exclusion on them from all general religious activities until the Jews have obeyed this present order. […]””
5. Source Steinherz: Samuel: Jahrbuch – Der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Cechoslovakischen Republik; III Jahrgang; (2008); (Yearbook – The Society for the History of the Jews in the Czech Republic, III Year; (2008));
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2017
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1350 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Law of evidence issued in Magdeburg
3. Geography of Act Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““[…] For about money no Jew’s oath is permissible against Christian persons and no Jew may convict a Christian man about money. […]””
5. Source Magdeburg-Breslauer Systematisches Schoeffenrecht III, 2, 38.The Jews in Medieval Germany, Chicago 1949, page 262
6. Researcher Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1350
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Hebrew and the Practice of Judaism outlawed”
3. Geography of Act Ethiopia
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “From the 14th century onward, with the brief exception of the rule of one Jewish emperor named Tewodros II in the 1800’s, the vast majority of Ethiopian Jews were forced to live as powerless and exploited landless peasants.” “The History of Ethiopian Jewry;” unitedwithisrael.org
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1352
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Order issued by Church Council of 1352
3. Geography of Act Bulgaria
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “The church’s struggle with heresy in Bulgaria also affected the Jews. The Church Council of 1352 excommunicated Jews and heretics. Three Jews were condemned to death on a false charge of blaspheming saints. Although the verdict was repealed by the czar, the mob took vengeance on the accused.” “Virtual Jewish History Tour; Bulgaria.” Online article
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1359 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Special Taxation of Jews” issued by Charles V
3. Geography of Act France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““[Jews must pay] … an entry fee of fourteen florins per head of household and one florin for each member, and, in addition, seven florins per year and by ‘land tenure’ and a florin for each family member.””
5. Source Les expulsions des Juifs de France, (The expulsions of the Jews from France) Dr. Richard Rossin, former Secretary General of the MSF. Co-founder of MDM. Delegate of the Collectif Urgence Darfour.
6. Researcher Cristina Penland
7. Year of Research 2019
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1360
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Ordinance Requiring Jews to Wear Distinguishing Markings” issued by Pope Innocent VI, 1360
3. Geography of Act Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1360 an ordinance of the city of Rome required all male Jews, with the exception of physicians, to wear a coarse red cape, and all women to wear a red apron. Inspectors were appointed to enforce the regulation. Noncompliance was punished by a fine of 11 scudi; informers who pointed out offenders were entitled to half the fine.” “Jewish Identification: Jewish Badge;” jewishvirtuallibrary.org 2) “The Jews were also forced to labor at the restoration of the walls of Rome without any compensation.” “History of the Jews in Italy;” wikipedia.org
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1361
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Cancelation of Debts Owed to Jews” issued by Ottocar I
3. Geography of Act Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1361 he (Ottocar) personally examined the notes held by the Jews against citizens of the Altstadt and canceled those which had not been paid; five years later he transferred the house of the Jew Lazarus, in the vicinity of the Church of St. Nicholas, to the university.” Gotthard Deutsch and Schulim Oschser: Jewish Encyclopedia: Prague; jewishencyclopedia.com
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1365
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Expulsion of Jews” issued by the Magistrate of Metz
3. Geography of Act France
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) In 1365 they [Jews] were expelled by the magistrates, who assigned their presence as the cause of the destruction of twenty-two houses by lightning. Deutsch, Gotthard and U. Ury: Metz; Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1367
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Expulsion of Jews”
3. Geography of Act Hungary
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Hungary. “Ger 312 Jews 14th – 17th Centuries;” aclassen.faculty.arizona.edu
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Special tax issued by German government
3. Geography of Act Germany
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “LEIBZOLL (Ger., ‘body tax’), a special tax levied on Jews in Europe. Known under a variety of names – Judengeleit, Leibmauth, Judenzoll, péage corporel, etc. – it was first levied by the three landgraves of Thuringia in 1368, and became more common after the major expulsions of the 15th and 16th centuries. Principalities which excluded Jews issued, for a fee, a ticket of passage or limited sojourn which guaranteed their safety, enabled the authorities to control their coming and going, and was also a source of income. Due to the political fragmentation of Europe, having to pay the Leibzoll (in addition to the regular customs duties) was for the Jews a moral degradation as well as an economic burden, for the Leibzoll was accompanied by humiliating legal formulas. In addition, it was levied many times within one political or provincial unit, according to local usage.” “Leibzoll.” Online article
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1368
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Jews required to wear a patch”
3. Geography of Act Present-day France
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vabres orders Jews to wear a round patch.
“The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;” sohmer.net
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1376
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Expulsion of Jews” ordered by King Louis of Hungary
3. Geography of Act Hungary
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “King Louis of Hungary expels the Jews from Buda.” Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500; A History of East Central Europe, Volume III (1994)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1381
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Expulsion of Jews from Strasbourg”
3. Geography of Act Present-day France
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Strasbourg. “Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;” sullivan-county.com
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act Jul. 1385
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Jewish Regulations” issued for Coburg by Margrave Katharine and her Sons
3. Geography of Act Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““[…] pawnbroking is permitted to Jews except with chasubles, bloody garments, wet hats, and cuirasses/armor/harnesses (‘Harnische’) from the castle in Coburg. Jews who wish to move away from Coburg may do so unhindered, but may not owe any outstanding taxes […]” ”
5. Source Lämmerhirt, Maike: Juden in den wettinischen Herschaftsgebieten: Recht, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft im Spätmittelalter. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Thüringen; Kleine Reihe Band 21; (Wien/Köln; 2007); (“Jews in the Wettinian Territories/Dominions: Law, Administration, and Economy in the late Middle Ages. Publications of the Historical Commission for Thuringia; Small Series Volume 21; (Vienna/Cologne; 2007)”);
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2018
8. Notes
Researcher
Margrave is a medieval title of royal, chivalric rank — it was a hereditary title given to nobles who had jurisdiction over a certain domain and whose job it was to oversee and defend a border province during the Holy Roman Empire and/or a kingdom.
1. Full Date of Act 1389
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Expulsion of Jews from Kurpfalz” Issued by Ruprecht II
3. Geography of Act Present-day Germany/France
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “After being in power for less than a year, Ruprecht II cases out all Jews and assumes all of their properties and starts to sell them to local citizens.” Löwenstein, Leopold: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland (Band 1): Geschichte der Juden in der Kurpfalz: nach gedruckten und ungedruckten Quellen dargest.— Frankfurt a. M., 1895 p. 16
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1389
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Official Registry” of Archbishop of Peter of Mainz, year 1389*
3. Geography of Act Archbishopric of Mainz; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““[…] the Jews are required to submit two pounds of pepper [corns] to [the estate] of the Archbishop at the beginning of each year. […]””
5. Source Magdeburg, LHA, Cop. 1389, Orig., lat. (“Magdeburg Main (State) Archive, Copy 1389, Orig[inal], Latin.”);
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2018
8. Notes
Researcher
Peppercorns, like many other spices, were extremely valuable and often hard to obtain and considered a ‘luxury item.’ *The original document has been lost and was most likely recreated sometime during Archbishop Peter’s reign; the above date refers to the date of the copy which can be found in the Main State Archive of Magdeburg, Germany.
1. Full Date of Act 1391
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Mass Conversion of Jews in Iberia”
3. Geography of Act Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1391 a considerable number of Jews are baptized by force against their will on the Iberian peninsula.” Gruyter, Walter: Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. (2009)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1394
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Expulsion of Jew” issued by King Charles VI
3. Geography of Act France
4. Text of Act Commentary from Other Sources: 1) That twenty-year period was later extended another six years and then another ten in 1374. But the new king, Charles VI, declined to agree to the years added to the original twenty, and in 1394 he decreed that the following year Jews had to get out of France altogether, even in those areas where they were living under the ungratified decree extension. Kamins, Toni: The Complete Jewish Guide to France; (New York; 2001)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1397
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Code Regulae Juris “ad Decus,” No. CXXXIII
3. Geography of Act Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““Jews shall not bear arms.””
5. Source Manuscript J 15, CXXXIII. Published in: Kisch, Jewry Law in Medieval Germany, New Jersey 2003, page 121.
6. Researcher Franziska Wagener
7. Year of Research 2016
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act Apr. 1397
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Law” of Maria de Luna of Aragon
3. Geography of Act Kingdom of Aragon; Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““[…] because these perfidious Jews are thirsty for Christian blood, as enemies would be, and it is dangerous for Christians to obtain any medical help from Jewish doctors when they are sick […] we ordain and establish that no Jew, in any case of a Christian’s infirmity, should dare to exercise his office unless a Christians doctor will [also] take part in the cure.””
5. Source Soyer, Francois: Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories in the Early Modern Iberian World. (Leiden/Bosten);
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2020
8. Notes
Researcher
A punishment of imprisonment and a fine of 10 pounds was imposed.
1. Full Date of Act 1407
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Concilium Herbipolense, Capitulum 24 (1407 AD)
3. Geography of Act Present-day Germany. [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““They are not to discuss the Catholic faith with the common man; they may not dare to keep unwilling sons or wives from approaching the path of the Christians; they should not visit sick Christians, nor practice medicine around them.””
5. Source Concilia Germaniae, v.5, 11
6. Researcher Joan Paez
7. Year of Research 2015
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1412
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Charter” (‘Freibrief’) of Johann II, Bishop of Würzburg, 1412
3. Geography of Act Bishopric of Wurzburg; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““We, Johann, chosen/elected (‘Erwelter’) of the Stift [a territory in the Holy Roman Empire that enjoyed the status of a free imperial state] (Bishopric) of Würzburg by the grace of God, publicly announce with this letter/charter that […*] the aforementioned Jews and Jewess may [accept and] loan [money] on all kinds of pledges by day and by night, except on pledges that adhere to mass, namely chalices, church garments, and books – as one is to protect/honor the sacrament – and on wet** garments, in which people have been murdered […] however, the same Jews and Jewess, who want to move far away from us, shall first submit/pay all the taxes/levies (‘czins’) [up until] that same year. […].***””
5. Source Die Juden in Franken. Ein unpartheiischer Beitrag zur Sitten- und Rechtsgeschichte Frankens von Dr. Ludwig Heffner, praktischer Arzt zu Würzburg, Konservater des historischen Vereins daselbst. Mit 29 Urkunden-Beilagen (Nürnberg; 1855); (Jews in Frankonia. An Non-Partisan Contribution Regarding the Moral and Legal History of Franconia by Dr. med. Ludwig Heffner, practical physician to Würzburg, Conservator of the Historical Association there (of the same city). With 29 [Official] Documents Attached.); (Nuremberg; 1855);
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2018
8. Notes
Researcher
*For the most part, Johann grants Jews numerous rights contained in this charter with some exceptions. He does this mostly to profit from the revenue the Jews would generate in his domain. Two years later, he requires that Jews submit their taxes every 6 months. **This appears to refer to bloody garments. ***This charter is valid for three years.
1. Full Date of Act 1415
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Papal Bull by Pope Benedict XIII
3. Geography of Act Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act “2. Jews are to be punished and convicted of blasphemy for reading or listening to slanderous works written about Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary… 3. Jews will be punished who speak ill of our Lord Jesus Christ, his mother the Virgin Mary, any of the saints, any of our sacraments… 5. It is prohibitted to Jews to build new synagogues or repair old ones… 6. Jews of either sex are not permitted to be practicing doctors, surgeons, apothecary, merchant… 7. In order to prevent communion between Jews and Christians, we order that our loyal princes…designate areas for Jews to inhabit…”
5. Source De Los Rios, Historia Social, Politica, y Religiosa de los Judios de Espana y Portugal, v. 2, 1876: 627-653
6. Researcher Joan Paez
7. Year of Research 2016
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1415
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Order” issued by Pope Benedict XIII
3. Geography of Act Papal States; Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Pope Benedict XIII ordered all copies of the Talmud to be delivered to the bishops and the Italian dioceses and held by them, subject to further instructions. Green, Jonathan and Nicholas J. Karolides (Reviser): Encyclopedia of Censorship; (New York; 2005)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1419
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Ordinance” addressed directly to Jews
3. Geography of Act Present-day Czech Republic; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““[…] that you [Jews] shall no longer be permitted to work, build, construct, smear, sew – or whatever you may call it – for Christians. That means, you may still sew, […], bake bread, ferment beer, forge [metal], cut meat, weave, construct, built, hammer – or whatever you may call it – for yourselves and your kind [coreligionists]. Your elders are to be responsible/liable, so that none of the items/things that you have made are sold to Christians; otherwise, not only will the items that you have made with your hands be taken away, but you will also receive punishment […].””
5. Source Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906)
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2017
8. Notes None