Unconfirmed Acts

The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.

Displaying 375 – 400 of 742

1. Full Date of Act	1539
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” issued by Emperor Ferdinand
3. Geography of Act	Hungary
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “…Emperor Ferdinand ordered the Jews to be expelled at the request of the inhabitants of Nagyszombat.” Schreiber, Sandor: Jewish Inscriptions in Hungary: From the 3rd Century to 1686. (1983) p. 136
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1539 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ordinance” issued by Landgrave Philipp of Hesse, year 1539
3. Geography of Act	Landgraviate of Hesse; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] 1) […] Jews are not to attack/insult the Christian belief in any way and are to live according to the Torah and not the teaching of the Talmud. 2) [… Jews] are not to build new synagogues. 3) [… they are] not to discuss/debate religion with Christians […] 4 […] 5) They may only do business in places (cities/towns etc.) where there are no guilds present or [where] there are no objections from the guilds […] 6) They are to be honest and sincere in their dealings and trades. 7) […] not charge/take more than 5% in interest […] and to make loans only in the presence of an officer or in cases of married people, only with the prior knowledge of the partner […] 8) […] may not bribe officers of the landgraviate. 9) […] sexual contact to Christians […] and loans on stolen goods is to be punished with death. 11) Foreign Jews are prohibited to do business within the landgraviate of Hesse. […] 12) Officers of the landgraviate are to strictly watch over and enforce the Jewish ordinance. […] 14) Each Jew is to pay a ‘protection fee’ […] in accordance with his wealth. […]””
5. Source	Hecker, Horst: Jüdisches Leben in Frankenberg (“Jewish Life in Frankenberg by Horst Hecker”), 2011; Accessed online;
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1540 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Order” issued by the Council of Constance, year 1540
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany; Prince-Bishopric of Constance [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““Henceforth, no Jew may enter the city and its jurisdiction without having given a sufficient commitment (‘genugsame Verschreibung’) that he’s neither going to lend, purchase, exchange or in any other fashion trade in Constance or with the citizens, residents, or relatives in the city of Constance where someone remains in debt to them. If a Jew violates this […] he shall be physically punished and fined according to the findings and preferences (‘Erkenntnis’) of the Council. […]””
5. Source	Badenia oder das badische Land und Volk. Eine Zeitschrift zur Verbreitung der historische-topographisch-statistischen Kenntiniß des Großherzogthums. Herausgegeben von Dr. Joseph Bader, Großherzgl. Archivrath. Zweiter Band. (“Badenia or the Land and Peoples of Baden. A Periodical for the Dissemination of the historical-topographical-statistical knowledge of the Grand Duchy. Edited by Joseph Bader, PhD, Council-Archivist of the Grand-duchy. Second Volume.”); (Heidelberg; 1862);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher Jews were permitted to buy, sell, or exchange using cash – so long as no debt remained (to be paid off at a later date) at the end of the deal.

1. Full Date of Act	1543
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Regulation” Issued by Philip I of Hessen
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Philip I requires that all Jews and their wives and children over the age 8 are to attend church services, and that the priests are to report those who do not attend church. Plus, he orders that all Jewish books that go against Christian beliefs to be gathered and burnt.” Philip der Großmütige: Beiträge zu Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Zeit. Hessen. Dietrich, Julius Reinhard, Bernhard Müller (1904) p. 25
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1545
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Trade Limitations” issued by Prince Petru Raresh
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1545, Jews complained to the Polish King that the Moldavian Prince Petru Raresh prevented them from taking Turkish horses to Poland and Lithuania, a common trade item at the time.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1545 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance” (“Landesordnung”) issued by the Moravian Government
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] The Jews are not to/may not live in villages, or hold markets, but only in cities and markets. […]” ”
5. Source	Scari, von Hieronymus: Systematische Darstellung der in Betreff der Juden in Mähren und in k. k. Antheile Schlesiens Erlassene Gesetze und Verordnungen; (Brünn; 1835); (“Systematic Representation in Regards to the Jews of Moravia and the Laws and Ordinances Issued in the Imperial and Royal[ly Owned] Parts of Silesia”);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher It is unclear from the old original text whether the ordinance meant to say that Jews are only permitted […] to live in the cities and visit markets, or whether it actually meant to say that Jews are only allowed to live in cities and markets (which is much less likely).

1. Full Date of Act	1548
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Mandate” Issued by Kaiser Karl V. of Augsburg
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Kaiser Karl V of Augsburg issues a mandate against the usury of Jews in the territory of Worms which the Bishop Dietrich had explicitly confirmed in 1554.” Jüdische Geschichte im Alten Reich 1300-1800, Ehrenpreis, Stefan, Andreas Gotzmann, Stephan Wendehorst (2013) p.134
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1550 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Dice-Tax” (‘Würfelzoll’)* of Tyrol, year 1550
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] each Jew pays 30** dice [when crossing.] ”
5. Source	Rauscher, Peter: Den Christen gleich sein. Diskriminierung und Verdienstmöglichkeiten von Juden an österreichischen Mautstellen in der Frühen Neuzeit (16./17. Jahrhundert); (“Egal to Christians. Discrimination and Earning-Potential/Opportunity of Jews in Austrian Toll-Crossings”);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The above is a translation of a summary from an authoritative source. The ‘Würfelzoll’ (dice-tax) was a Jewish ‘Leibzoll’ (body tax) in the Middle Ages all the way up to the 17th Century. Its origins of the ‘Würfelzoll’ are obscure. **One of the theories behind requiring Jews to pay 30 dice was to remind Jews of the 30 pieces of silver that Judas took as payment to betray Jesus.

1. Full Date of Act	1550
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Limitation of Privileges for Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “By the 16th century many Moldavian princes started to limit privileges previously granted to Jews.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1551 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by Archduke Ferdinand
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “…when the Habsburg dynasty came to power under Austrian Archduke Ferdinand…The Jews of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia were eventually allowed to return to their homes following the expulsion, but even though Habsburg rule was among the most liberal in all of Europe, a law was enacted in 1551 requiring Jews to wear distinctive clothing to separate them from the majority, Christian population.” “Virtual Jewish History Tour; Czech Republic.” Online article
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1551
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Imperial/Royal Police Ordinance” issued by Imperial Police Authorities, year 1551
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] Jews may not cede/sell their demands they hold on one Christian to another Christian without voiding [the demand]. […]””
5. Source	Sammlung der im Gebiete der inneren Staats-Verwaltung des Königreichs Bayern bestehenden Verordnungen aus amtlichen Quellen geschöpft und systematisch geordnet von G. Döllinger, König. bayer. geheimen Hausarchivar und wirklichen Rath. Sechste Band; (München; 1838); (‘Collection of Regulations/Ordinances Existing in the Territories of the Internal State Administration of the Kingdom of Bavaria from official sources and systematically arranged by G. Döllinger, Royal Bavarian Secret House-Archivist and True Advisor; Volume VI’), (Munich; 1838);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher This ordinance prohibited Jews from selling IOUs or any contract they held with any Christians without voiding them. The ‘Mortgage Law’ of June 1, 1822, established via §53 a exception for mortgages.

1. Full Date of Act	1552
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Upper Bavaria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Final and complete expulsion of Jews from the since 1505 reunited dukedom of Bavaria; residency, acquisition of real estate and commercial enterprises are forbidden to the Jews in the ducal territory.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO RESEARCH; rijo.homepage.t-online.de
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1553
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Upper Bavaria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Final and complete expulsion of Jews from the since 1505 reunited dukedom of Bavaria; residency, acquisition of real estate and commercial enterprises are forbidden to the Jews in the ducal territory.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO RESEARCH; rijo.homepage.t-online.de
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1555
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ordinance Requiring Jews to Wear A Badge” issued by Duke of Candia
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Greece
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) In Candia (Crete), then under Venetian rule, Jewish shops had to be distinguished by the badge. David d’Ascoli, who published in 1559 a Latin protest against the degrading regulation, was severely punished and his work was destroyed. “Jewish Identification: Jewish Badge;” jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1560
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Toll/Tax Ordinance (‘Zollverordnung’) of Rovereto,” year 1560
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““Jews passing through on foot pay 10 Kreuzer […] those on a horse pay 20 Kreuzer.””
5. Source	Studien zur Geschichte und Gesellschaft Vorarlbergs. Regionalstudie zur Geschichte einer Weltanschauung [-] Antisemitismus in Vorarlberg. Herausgegeben von Werner Dreier in Zusammenarbeit mit der Johann-August-Malin-Gesellschaft. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Wissenschaft und Forschung in Wien, des Landes Voralberg, der Landeshauptstadt Bregenz sowie der Stadt Hohenems. (“Studies Regarding the History and Society of Voralberg. A Regional study Regarding the History of a Weltanschauung [-] Anti-Semitism in Voralsberg. Published by Werner Dreier in Cooperation with the Johann-August-Malin-Society. Printed with the support of the Federal Ministry for Science and Research in Vienna, the State of Voralberg, State Capital of Bregenz and the City of Hohenems.”); (Bregenz; 1988);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1561
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree” of King Ferdinand
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Czech Republic [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““The Jews of Prague should once a week attend a Jesuit sermon in the Salvator-Kirche (church) and should send their children thither.””
5. Source	The Jewish Encyclopedia: The History, Religion Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People From the Earliest Times to the Present Day; edited by Isidore Singer; (New York/London);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1565
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Council of Milan under Pope Pius IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““We strenuously demand of the rulers that they designate… a certain place in which Jews shall live apart from Christians. And if any Jews have homes of their own in the city, they must sell them to Christians within six months…””
5. Source	Conciliarum omnium generalium et provincialium Collectio Regia, Vol. XXVI, p. 137
6. Researcher	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1566
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Act issued by King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland & Grand Duke of Lithuania
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Lithuania / Poland [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians.”
5. Source	“Lithuania; The Act of 1566.” No author, Accessed online article 8/30/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1571
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Special Taxation of Jews” issued by the Landgraviate of Hesse, year 1571
3. Geography of Act	Landgraviate of Hesse; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] Also, a Jew – as often as he passes through [the City of Gemünden] – gives each time 1 Albus* (‘alb’) [and] 3 dice [in the form of] tariffs/customs/tolls (‘Würfelzoll’) […]””
5. Source	Hecker, Horst: Jüdisches Leben in Frankenberg (“Jewish Life in Frankenberg by Horst Hecker”), 2011; Accessed online;
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher “…item ein Jud, so oft er Furzeucht [=durchzieht] gibt allemahl 1 alb 3 wurffell Zoll” … The word ‘alb’ refers to the Albus, which was a common currency in that region. It was common for Jews to pay a monetary fee when crossing a toll/bridge and (usually 3) valuable dice. This practice had morphed into a sick sport in later years – which still occurred all the way up to the 18th century – in which traveling Jews were asked to turn over any valuable dice when encountered. If they did not have any, they had to either pay a ransom or were beaten.*

1. Full Date of Act	1579
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” issued by Prince Peter Schiopul
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1579, Prince Peter Schiopul (Peter the Lame) ill-treated Jews and expelled Polish born Jewish merchants from Moldavia.” 2) “On January 8, 1579, the sovereign of Moldavia, Peter Schiopul (Peter the Lame), ordered the banishment of the Jews on the grounds that they are ruining the merchants and had a total monopoly on Moldavian commerce.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1580
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Toll/Tax” Ordinance (Zollordnung) of Seefeld, year 1580
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““A Jew passing through pays one Gulden*.” ”
5. Source	Studien zur Geschichte und Gesellschaft Vorarlbergs. Regionalstudie zur Geschichte einer Weltanschauung [-] Antisemitismus in Vorarlberg. Herausgegeben von Werner Dreier in Zusammenarbeit mit der Johann-August-Malin-Gesellschaft. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Wissenschaft und Forschung in Wien, des Landes Voralberg, der Landeshauptstadt Bregenz sowie der Stadt Hohenems. (“Studies Regarding the History and Society of Voralberg. A Regional study Regarding the History of a Weltanschauung [-] Anti-Semitism in Voralsberg. Published by Werner Dreier in Cooperation with the Johann-August-Malin-Society. Printed with the support of the Federal Ministry for Science and Research in Vienna, the State of Voralberg, State Capital of Bregenz and the City of Hohenems.”); (Bregenz; 1988);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher It appears that there was no attempt made to distinguish between Jews on foot and those on horseback in Seefeld in terms of the payment that was required. *A Gulden was a historical German and Dutch gold coin. 1 Gulden was worth about 300 Pfennigs/pennies at the time, making Seefeld one of the more expensive border/toll crossing in the region for Jews.

1. Full Date of Act	1591
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jews Exterminated” command given by Prince Emanual Aaron
3. Geography of Act	Moldavia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In despotic fashion he ordered the decapitation of 19 Jews of Jassy without due process of law. By his command the entire Jewish community of Bucharest was exterminated.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1593
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Prohibition” issued by the Cardinal Rusticucci, year 1593
3. Geography of Act	Papal States [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] Jews are forbidden to sew/make clothes out of new fabric. […]””
5. Source	Vogelstein, Hermann and Paul Rieger: Geschichte Der Juden in Rom. Zweiter Band; 1420-1870 (History of the Jews in Rome. Volume II. 1420-1870); (Berlin; 1895)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	0201
8. Notes	Researcher This prohibition had fallen into obscurity until the Christian tailors and dressmakers in Rome grew envious of the Jewish competition in the early 17th century and demanded from the Rota the strict enforcement of this prohibition. Surprisingly, the holy Rota sided with the Jews years later and this prohibition was revoked.

1. Full Date of Act	1595
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Constitution of the Jews” issued by the Polish Police
3. Geography of Act	Poland [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““It is forbidden to go through the streets the streets at night playing or musical instruments, nor shall anyone, whether householders, young men, or boys, should or yell in the streets. If a person does such things, or if a fight breaks out at night, or if someone attacks a citizen or damages his home, the night watch are required to awaken one or two of the officials, who are expected to get up immediately and admonish the people to go home. If, however, they have been very violent, the officials have the authority to put them under arrest until the morning, when the chief officials of the community – may their Rock and Redeemer guard them – will settle their cases.” ”
5. Source	Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	Researcher Even though the text of the ordinance does not mention the word Jew anywhere, this law was aimed at Jews. The ordinance itself was called “Jewish Ordinance” and was printed in Yiddish.

1. Full Date of Act	1598
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish-Ordinance” issued by the Council of the Imperial City of Wimpfen,* year 1598
3. Geography of Act	Imperial City of Wimpfen; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] the honorable, guarded/careful, and wise council of Wimpfen have felt/noticed (‘befunden’) that foreign Jews are seen in and around Wimpfen and often appear in the city, especially during market days, trade/act/bargain (‘hanndlen/), do all sorts of business such as buying and selling and exchanging money, and commit all sorts of other forbidden actions/contracts (‘anndere verbottene Contrect treiben’) and numerous [of them] stay here day and night and become a burden to the citizens and those in the community. Therefore, the […] honorable council has deemed it good to issue an ordinance for them […]. Firstly, no Jew is to live in ‘Unndern-‘ or ‘Oberneyseßhaim, Kochendorff, Neckhersulm, Hainßen, Grundelßhaim, Wagenbach, Kirchhausen, Rappenaw, Bonfeldt, Hüpfelbower Hoff’ or anywhere near there, or stay overnight, [so] a Jew found to be housing one over night shall pay 3 batzen** and the harbored one (‘der beherbergte’) shall pay a fine of 3 batzen as well. […]””
5. Source	Jüdisches Leben Kraichgau e. V. : Dem Vergessen entrissen. Jüdisches Leben im Kraichgau. Ausstellungskatalog zur Wanderausstellung Eppingen 2011 (Jewish Life in Kraichgau e. V.: Snached (away) from Oblivion. Jewish Life in Kraichgau. Exhibition catalog for the traveling/hiking exhibition [of] Eppingen [in] 2011);
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2018
8. Notes	Researcher The Imperial City of Wimpfen is now called Bad Wimpfen and is located in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. *A batzen was a Swiss coin used in and around that region as a form of payment. This Jewish ordinance was renewed and expanded upon in 1626; 1630; 1756; 1760. The names of the cities have been copied from the text verbatim.