The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.
Displaying
425 –
450 of
742
1. Full Date of Act
1679
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Establishment of a Ghetto for Jews” issued by Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savory
3. Geography of Act
Duchy of Savoy
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) In Turin, the ghetto system of segregation was established for Jews.
Morgan, Howard: So Deeply Scarred: A History of “Christian” Anti-Semitism (2016)
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1684
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Order” of the government addressed to the City Council of Dresden
3. Geography of Act
Margrave of Meissen; Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act
““[…] Jews are not to be tolerated in Dresden (except during and) outside* of the annual markets. […]””
5. Source
Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsgeschichte der Stadt Dresden von Dr. Phil. Otto Richter, Archivar und Bibliothekar der Stadt Dresden. Herausgegeben im Auftrage des Rates zu Dresden. Erster Band: Verfassungsgeschichte (“Constitutional and Administrative History of the City of Dresden by Otto Richter (PhD.), Archivist and Librarian of the City of Dresden. Published by the Order of the Council of Dresden. First Volume: Constitutional History”); (Dresden; 1885);
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
*The notion of “ausserhalb der Jahrmärkte” in German refers to both the concepts of time and space and most likely prohibited Jews from visiting Dresden – except during the time of the annual markets – and from venturing outside of the annual markets. This order was issued repeatedly.
1. Full Date of Act
1690
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Jewish Legislation” issued in Yiddish by the Bishoprics** of Metz
3. Geography of Act
Papal France; Present-day France
4. Text of Act
““[…] Shoes or other footgear in red or blue leather or in any other color except black and white are forbidden to every(one) [Jew]**. The same rule applies to footgear of velvet or any other silken fabric, fringed or stitched, which is likewise forbidden. ”
5. Source
Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe; (2015)
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
Researcher
*The exact date of the legislation is unknown. **A Bishoprics is the office of the Bishop held by a “prince-bishop” who was also the civil ruler of a secular principality. A prince-bishop was usually considered an elected monarch. ***This ordinance was aimed at Jews and published in Yiddish.
1. Full Date of Act
1692
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Jewish Legislation” issued in Yiddish by the by the Bishoprics* of Metz
3. Geography of Act
Papal France; Present-day France
4. Text of Act
““[…] until now, the non-Jews might have supposed the gold worn by the Jewish women on their garments and clothes was imitation, while now they are positive that it is genuine. For this reason [an] announcement is made and a [notice] is given that beginning today, no person [Jew] – male or female – is permitted to have any veils, hats, borders of cloaks, or any other object of dress made or embroidered by non-Jews, whether directly or through an intermediary. Those who have already given something to be done outside by non-Jews must immediately recover these objects under penalty of a fine of twenty Reichstaler […]” ”
5. Source
Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
Researcher
*A Bishoprics is the office of the Bishop held by a “prince-bishop” who was also the civil ruler of a secular principality. A prince-bishop was usually considered an elected monarch. **The exact date of this ordinance is unknown.
1. Full Date of Act
1693
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Jewish Legislation” issued in Yiddish by the Bishoprics* of Metz
3. Geography of Act
Papal France; Present-day France
4. Text of Act
““It has also been decided that all women ought to wear a cloak and veil when going to the synagogue. Women who are not yet fifteen years old may go to the synagogue without a cloak or veil, but as soon as they reach the age of fifteen thy are subject to the rule […]. It is necessary to add that all fashionable styles of arranging their hair or those recently devised are also forbidden.” ”
5. Source
Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
Researcher
*The exact date of this ordinance is unknown. **A Bishoprics is the office of the Bishop held by a “prince-bishop” who was also the civil ruler of a secular principality. A prince-bishop was usually considered an elected monarch.
1. Full Date of Act
1694
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
An Act against Jews ingrossing Commodities imported in the Leeward Islands, and trading with the Slaves belonging to the Inhabitants of the same
3. Geography of Act
Antigua
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) An Act against Jews ingrossing Commodities imported in the Leeward Islands, and trading with the Slaves belonging to the Inhabitants of the same
Laws of the Leeward Islands, 3. Referenced in: The Laws of the Island of Antigua: Consisting of the Acts of the Leeward Islands, Commencing 8. Novem. 1690 Ending 21. April 1798, and the Acts of Antigua Commencing 10. April 1668, Ending 7. May 1804 : with Prefixed to Each Volume, Analytical Tables of the Titles of the Acts, and at the End of the Whole, a Copious Digested Index, no.11, Volume 1. (London; 1805: Bagster) (August 31, 1694) p. iv
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1697
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Jewish Ordinance” issued in Yiddish by the Bishoprics** of Metz, 1697*
3. Geography of Act
France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act
““[…] Young (Jewish) men and women, and particularly servants of both sexes, are not permitted to go to a dance at night without having been invited, under penalty of a fine of one Reichstahler.” ”
5. Source
Rader Marcus, Jacob and Marc Saperstein: The Jews in Christian Europe. (2015)
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
Researcher
The exact date of this ordinance is unknown. **A Bishoprics is the office of the Bishop held by a “prince-bishop” who was also the civil ruler of a secular principality. A prince-bishop was usually considered an elected monarch.
1. Full Date of Act
1702
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Act to oblige Jews to maintain and provide for their Protestant children
3. Geography of Act
England
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “The object was to assist the conversion of Jews.”
Langham, Raphael:The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 40
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1711
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Ordinance” issued by Empress Eleonora (1711)
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act
““[…] no Jew may be tolerated to stay over night […] on Sundays and during the time of the markets they may not be allowed to enter the city at all. […]””
5. Source
Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); Volume I); (Vienna; 1821);
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2017
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1718
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“General-Protection-Patent” (“Generalschutzpatent”) issued by the Prussian Government
3. Geography of Act
Prussia [Provisional]
4. Text of Act
““[…] The Jews of Frankfurt are strictly prohibited to export any raw goods from the country. […]””
5. Source
Stern, Selma: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden; Erster Teil/Die Zeit des Großen Kurfürsten und Friedrichs I; (“The Prussian State and the Jews; Part One/The Period of the Great Prince-Elector and Frederick I”); (Tübingen; 1962)
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2017
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1722
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Decree issued by Frederick William I
3. Geography of Act
Prussia / Germany
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In 1722, he [King Frederick William I] decreed that Jews could marry only if they purchased from him a certain number of wild boars. The king knew that Jews were not permitted to eat pork; the law was a way of showing his contempt even as he extorted money from them. It was a malicious and expensive ‘joke’ at Jews’ expense.”
Phyllis Goldstein: “A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism.” p. 1622) “This hard-boiled statement of the earthy, shrewd, and domineering Frederick William’s views on his realm and how he aimed to govern it flowed from his pen when his son, the future Frederick the Great, was but ten years old. It was meant to be read upon its author’s death, which did not occur until eighteen years later. The Prussian king’s deep religiosity pervades the text, but so does his religious bigotry toward Catholics and Jews… [Later, the King speaks to his son, the future King, about the Jews:] The Jews. As to the Jews, there are, unfortunately, very many in our lands who have no letters of protection from me. Those you must chase out of the country, because the Jews are locusts in a country and ruin the Christians. I beseech you to issue no new letters of protection, even if they offer you large sums for them, because it will be a great damage to you and the ruin of yoursubjects. [ . . . ]”“German History in Documents and Images, Vol. 2, From Absolutism to Napoleon, 1648-1815 – The Political Testament of Frederick William I (‘the Soldier King’)” (February 17, 1722) Online article; pp. 7-8
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
Mar. 1724
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Edict” of King Louis XV of France
3. Geography of Act
France/Louisiana; Present-day United States [Provisional]
4. Text of Act
““The edict of the late King Louis XIII of glorious memory […] shall be in force in our province and colony of Louisiana, in the execution of which, we enjoin the directors of said company*, and all of our officers, to remove from said country all the Jews who many have taken up their abode there – the departure of whom, as declared enemies of the Christian name, we command within three months, including the day these presents are published, under the pain of forfeiture of their bodies and states. […].” ”
5. Source
American Jewish Historical Society: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Issues 15-16;
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2016
8. Notes
Researcher
*The Indies company had been granted exclusive trading privileges in the province of Louisiana by Louis XV. Edict issued in New Orleans.
1. Full Date of Act
1727
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Papal bull “Emanavit Nuper” issued by Benedict XIII
3. Geography of Act
France
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “As late as 1727, Pope Benedict XIII wrote Emanavit numer, laying down conditions in which Jews could be forcibly baptized.”
Michael C. Thomsett: “The Inquisition: A History.” Online book (2010) p. 1192) “Benedict XIII Emanavit nuper Feb. 14, 1727 Necessary conditions for imposing baptism on a Jew.”“List of Papal Bulls on Jewish Question.” zionism-israel.com
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1730
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Law issued by Frederick William I
3. Geography of Act
Prussia / Germany
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In 1730 a new Jewry law was promulgated: the eldest son was now obliged to own 1,000 and pay 50 taler and the second twice these amounts; all were subject to the condition that the number of protected Jews (Schutzjuden) in any given locality should not increase. Foreign Jews in possession of at least 10,000 taler were allowed to settle in Prussia. The law also prohibited Jews from engaging in all crafts (except seal engraving) competing with Christian guilds; it prohibited them from dealing in a large number of goods (mainly local produce). *Peddling, in particular, was suppressed. Commerce in luxury wares (expensive textiles, spices, etc.) was permitted, as was moneylending and dealing in old clothes. The law applied not only to Brandenburg but to all Prussian territories, creating uniform conditions for the Jews and defining (in article 24) their juridical relationship to the state. The regular tax load was raised, in addition to extraordinary exactions. Jewish merchants were encouraged to become entrepreneurs and invest in manufacture, particularly of textiles (silk, ribbons, satin, lace, etc.). These businessmen were granted highly favorable conditions. Thus the king passed on to his son a basically contradictory policy, at the same time mercantilist and anti-Jewish; needing and encouraging Jews for their economic contribution he attempted to restrict their rights and numbers.”
Henry Wasserman: “Prussia.” Online article2) “Frederick William I (1713-40) limited…the number of tolerated Jews…By a charter granted in 1730, the number of tolerated Jews was reduced to 100 householders. Only the two oldest sons of the family were allowed to reside in Berlin – the first, if he possessed 1,000 thalers in ready money, on payment of 50 thalers, and the second if he owned and paid double these amounts. Vergleitete Jews might own stores, but were forbidden to trade in drugs and spices (except for tobacco and dyes), in raw skins, and in imported woolen and fiber goods, and were forbidden to operate breweries or distilleries. They were also forbidden to engage in any craft, apart from seal engraving, gold and silver embroidery, and Jewish ritual slaughter. Land ownership by Jews had been prohibited in 1697 and required a special license which could be obtained only with great difficulty. Jews might bequeath their property to their children, but not to other relatives.”Abraham Meir Habermann: “Berlin.” Online article
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1740
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Taxation of Jews under Maria Theresa” issued by Empress Maria Theresa
3. Geography of Act
Habsburg Empire
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In 1744 an annual “tolerance tax” of 20,000 guilders was levied on them. It was gradually increased, until it amounted to an annual sum of 160,000 guilders at the beginning of the 19th century”
“Middle Ages to the Ottoman Conquest;” porges.net; “Under Maria Theresa (1740–1780);” wikipedia.org
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1742
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Order issued by Empress Maria Theresa
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Czech Republic
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “When in 1742 a heavy tax was imposed upon the Jews of Moravia, the exertions of Eskeles and Baron d’Aguilar secured its annulment by Maria Theresa.”
A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Custom of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; The Jewish Encyclopedia (January 1906) Volume V. p. 223
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1746
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Rescript Restricting the Peddling of Jews” issued by the Prussian Government referring to a Royal Saxon Law from 8/16/1746
3. Geography of Act
Prussia
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “In response to an inquiry by a Jewish merchant to receive permission to sell linen from door to door, the government refers to a Royal Saxon Law from 8/16/1746 which prohibits Jews from selling merchants from door to door and that this law is still deemed valid in Saxony.”
Heinemann, Jeremias.: Sammlung der religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den Gesetze, Vervordnungen, Gutaschten, Berichte und Erkenntinisse. 1831; p. 45
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
Translator
This is dated 8/15/1829
1. Full Date of Act
1747
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Toleration Taxation of Jews” issued by Empress Maria Theresa
3. Geography of Act
Habsburg Empire
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Jews were forced to pay “toleration taxes” and were subject to persecution.”
“Hungary Virtual Jewish History Tour;” jewishvirtuallibrary.org2) In 1747, during the reign of Empress Maria Theresa, the Jews of Hungary were taxed for the privilege of remaining in the empire, and were threatened with expulsion if they did not pay.
JewishGen. Hungary: Assorted Census Records, 1781-1850; Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., (2008) wikipedia.org
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1747
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Order issued by Pope Benedict XIV
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act
““Should a Christian find a Jewish child in danger of death, he will certainly do something praiseworthy and most pleasurable to God by procuring eternal health for the child through baptismal water.””
5. Source
“The Popes Against the Jews; The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism.” David I. Kertzer. Page 50
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1749
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Jewish [Entry]Toll/Tax” issued by the Royal[ly appointed] Deputation
3. Geography of Act
Moravia [Provisional]
4. Text of Act
““[…] 5) […Jews are permitted to enter the city after paying the required entrance-fee …], however, hereto, it is strictly prohibited […] for any Jew to dare to enter the city on a Sunday or holy-day. […]” ”
5. Source
Juden in Mähren – Judengemeinden in Südmähren. Zusammengetragen und verfasst von Gerhard Hanak (“Jews in Moravia – Jewish Communities in Southern Moravia. Compiled and written/drawn up by Gerhard Hanak”); Europas-mitte.de; Accessed online 2/4/2018
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2018
8. Notes
Researcher
Even if Jews were required by the authorities (subpoenaed) to come to the city, they were not permitted to enter the city until the afternoon on a Sunday or holy-day. This very long document also discusses the terms according to which these toll-taxes are to be leased out for three years – via the “highest permission” (the king himself) to Conrad Leopold Donatius and Simon Hirschl in the amount of 7500 Gulden to be submitted monthly to the Royal Treasury (“k. k. Cameralcasse”) of Brünn.
1. Full Date of Act
1750
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Special Taxation of Jews”
3. Geography of Act
Moldavia
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Jews were citizens of the nation but paid an annual tax that was higher than other citizens.”
Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1751
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Papal bull “Probe te Meminisse” issued by Benedict XIV
3. Geography of Act
Present day Italy
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Benedict XIV wrote…in 1751…Probe te meminisse setting down rules for baptizing Jewish children.”
Michael C. Thomsett: “The Inquisition: A History.” (2010) Online book; p. 120. 2) “Benedict XIV Probe te meminisse Dec. 15, 1751 Baptism of Jewish children.”“List of Papal Bulls on Jewish Question.” Online article
5. Source
None
6. Researcher
None
7. Year of Research
N/A
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1753
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
Lord Hardwicke’s Marriage Act
3. Geography of Act
England
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) “Jewish marriages were specifically exempted.”
Langham, Raphael:The Jews in Britain: A chronology, page 44
““[…] 12) Jews are prohibited to send letters around to solicit wedding gifts, except to relatives. […] They are prohibited to have [access to] trade money which they [are known to] collect for weddings on markets. 16) A Jewish marriage without authorization is to be punished with a fine of 1000 Ducats. […]””
5. Source
Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, 1844); (Dr. Joh. Lutsche’s Weiland Imper[ial], Moravia[n], Silesia[n] Council of Appellations, Special Rights of Persons of Moravia and Silesia, especially in political terms. Vol. II); (Brünn; 1844);
6. Researcher
Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research
2017
8. Notes
None
1. Full Date of Act
1757
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)
“Burning of the Talmud” in Kamenets-Podolski
3. Geography of Act
Present-day Poland
4. Text of Act
Commentary from other sources:
1) Jacob Frank, a follower of the false Messiah Shabbetai Zevi, had begun his own movement which emphasized the Kabbalah and denigrated the Talmud. His practices, some of which were sexual in nature, were condemned by the local Rabbinate. In revenge, he arranged a dispute in Lvov (June 20) between himself and the local Jewish leaders. Bishop Nicholas Dembowski, who presided over the disputation, ruled in favor of Frank and ordered all copies of the Talmud found to be dragged through the streets and burned. Around 1000 copies of the Talmud were destroyed. Within a few years, many of Frank’s followers converted to Christianity.History of the Jewish People; jewishhistory.org