Unconfirmed Acts

The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.

Displaying 450 – 475 of 742
1. Full Date of Act 1765
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Privilege” (‘Privilegium’) of King Stanislaw Augustus, year 1765
3. Geography of Act Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““Jews are prohibited to purchase leather in the streets of the city [of Schwerin].” ”
5. Source Mitteilungen des Gesamtarchivs der Deutschen Juden. Herausgegeben von Eugen Täubler. Vierter Jahrgang. (“Communications of the Complete Archive of German Jew. Edited by Eugen Täubler. Forth Edition.”); (Leipzig; 1914);
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2018
8. Notes
Researcher
The above is a translation of a German summary of the original Latin text.
1. Full Date of Act 1766
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Ordinance” of the Feuderheim/ [City] of Mannheim, year 1766
3. Geography of Act Present-day Germany [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““The local Jews here may drive no more than one cow to the pasture and [must] refrain from any kind of illegal activities (‘allem Verschleifs enthalten’) to avoid severe punishment.” ”
5. Source Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins. Neue Folge. Band III. (“Repository of the History of the Upper Rhine. New issue. Volume III.”);
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2018
8. Notes
Researcher
In 1730 it was ordered that Jews could not own more than one cow.
1. Full Date of Act Oct. 1768
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Ordinance on behalf of Maria Theresa via the Lower-Austrian government addressing the Magistrate of Vienna”
3. Geography of Act Lower Austria; Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““Jews are not [to] be tolerated among Christians and are prohibited to open up kitchens (Garkuchel) anywhere near Christians and under no circumstances in homes that house Christians.””
5. Source Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 401
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2016
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1772
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Pale of Settlement
3. Geography of Act Russia
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “Area established by the empress of Russia Catherine II that restricts Jews to live only in certain parts of the empire with very few exceptions.” Beller, Steven: “The Virtual Jewish History Tour,” Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: 28 Jump up; (2007)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act Jun. 1776
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Body Toll Tax for “Coin Jews” decree issued by the Court Chancellery to the “Bancodeputation*”
3. Geography of Act Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““The ‘Bancodeputation’* is as asked to order the ‘toll booth owners’ of Vienna (Linienwegmautinhabern) in response to the ‘body toll lease’ (Leibmautpachtung) and to hire a soldier for 17 Kreuzern to accompany Jews to the ‘Toll Leasing Office’ (Leibmautpachtungsamt) and to not let them leave without an exit permit issued by this very office.” ”
5. Source Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 425
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2016
8. Notes
Researcher
*This office must have been related to the treasury office.
1. Full Date of Act 1781
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Tolerance Patent of 1781”
3. Geography of Act Present-day Austria/Hungary/Czech Republic
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Jews had it slightly better under Josef II. No longer were they required to wear a yellow markings, are allowed to attend schools for the first time and take on academic positions and work in a factory. However, they were expected to assimilate. They had to dress “christian,” had to pick German names and they were not allowed to converse in their native language in public.” “Anti-Semitism in Austria – a historical overview;” anarchismus.at
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1789
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Jewish Emancipation Delayed”
3. Geography of Act France
4. Text of Act Commentary from Other Sources: 1) Jews, as well as other non-Catholic minorities, should have been granted citizenship automatically b the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens of August 26, 1789. Nevertheless, full emancipation was delayed another two years: Protestants were granted citizenship in December 1789; the Sephardi Jews of southwestern France in June 1790. And the Ashkenazi Jews of Alsace and Lorraine only in September 1791. Levy, Richard (Editor): Anti-Semitism – A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (Volume 1, A-K); (Santa Barbara; 2005)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1790
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Jewish Protection Letter” (‘Judenschutzbriefe’), issued by Landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel, year 1790*
3. Geography of Act Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Germany; Principality of Orange-Nassau [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““By the grace of God, We, Wilhelm the ninth, Landgrave to Hesse […] announce herewith publicly that we have taken on the Jews – with the reservations of previous ordinances – and allowed them to settle with wife and child […] and to live in Our sovereign protection (‘landesherrlichen Schutz’) […] as long as they adhere to the current laws and especially to the already issued Jewish ordinances […] and to behave accordingly, and to not to take advantage of anyone or burden them with excessive usury. For this protection, the […] Jew is to pay for himself and his family the usual silver and war contribution and all other fees, which they owe and are to submit to us and are to pay duly and not to fall short on […] We have signed this letter of protection Ourselves and have sealed it with our Princely secret seal as it occurred in our City of Residency of Kassel […]” ”
5. Source Hecker, Horst: Jüdisches Leben in Frankenberg (“Jewish Life in Frankenberg by Horst Hecker”), 2011. Accessed online;
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2018
8. Notes
Researcher
*Even though, we do have the original text of the ‘Schutzbrief’ of Wilhelm the ninth, it is unclear when exactly this document was signed. Experts in the field have narrowed it down to the first half of the 1790s.
1. Full Date of Act 1792
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Special tax issued by Francis I
3. Geography of Act Austria
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “LEIBZOLL (Ger., ‘body tax’), a special tax levied on Jews in Europe. Known under a variety of names – Judengeleit, Leibmauth, Judenzoll, péage corporel, etc. – it was first levied by the three landgraves of Thuringia in 1368, and became more common after the major expulsions of the 15th and 16th centuries…The Leibzoll was known as Leibmauth in Vienna ‘and was introduced not as a financial but as a police measure, to keep away a considerable number of useless Jews, and to supervise their conduct’…By the Toleranzpatent of Joseph II it was abolished (1782), but Joseph reserved the right to exact its equivalent. Ten years later [1792] Francis I introduced the Judenbolleten for the same purposes; it survived until 1848.” “Leibzoll.” Online article
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1799
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Trade Restriction for Jews”
3. Geography of Act Bavaria
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “A general and complete prohibition of trade (agriculture and property) for the recently joined territories of the Electorate of Bavaria – especially the Upper Palatinate – acutely restricted the incomes of many Jewish families.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO RESEARCH; rijo.homepage.t-online.de
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1803
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Jewish Decree” issued by Alexander Monize
3. Geography of Act None
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Alexander Monize, ruler of Moldavia*, forbids Jews to rent farms. [Moldavia is currently known as Moldova.] Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1804
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Decree” issued by Alexander Monize
3. Geography of Act Principality of Moldavia; Present Day Romania
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Alexander Monize forbids Jews to buy farms products. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1806
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Moratorium on Debt Owed to Jews” issued by Napoleon
3. Geography of Act France
4. Text of Act Commentary from Other Sources: 1) In May 1806, he [Napoleon] imposed a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews in Alsace and Lorraine.
Levy, Richard (Editor): Anti-Semitism – A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (Volume 1, A-K); (Santa Barbara; 2005) Kamins, Toni: The Complete Jewish Guide to France; (New York; 2001)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1806
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Governmental Instruction” issued by the Austrian Government and addressed to the representatives of the Jewry
3. Geography of Act Present-day Austria [Provisional]
4. Text of Act ““[…] In case the salaries of the employees/servants, who are in the service of the Jewish community in Vienna, are to be increased or such Individuals are to be retired, the highest permission (of the Royal Imperial Lower Austrian Government) must be obtained by the representatives of the Jewry. […]””
5. Source Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; (Wien; 1821); (Contributions to the Political Statutes of the Austrian Royal State; published by Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Earl of Barth-Barthenheim); (Volume I); (Vienna; 1821);
6. Researcher Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research 2017
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1807
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Jews Banned from Owning Property,” 1807
3. Geography of Act Imperial Russia
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Governments of Astrakhan, Caucasia, Little Russia, and new Russia, decree that no one among the Jews in any village or hamlet shall be permitted to hold any leases on land, to keep taverns, saloons, or inns, whether under his own name or under a strange name, or to sell wine in them, or even to live in them under any pretext whatever, except when passing through.” Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia; World Future Fund
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1817
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Code Camachi” issued by Alexander Monize
3. Geography of Act Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present-day Romania
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Section 1430 of Code Cahmachi forbids Jews of Romania to acquire real property. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1818
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Code of John of Caradja”
3. Geography of Act Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present-day Romania
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) Code of John of Caradja of Wallachia repeats the ancient church laws against allowing Jews to bear witness against Christians. Chances, Jerome A.: Anti-Semitism – A Reference Book; (2012)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1824
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Annulment of a Jewish Community”
3. Geography of Act Bavaria
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “A resolution to dissolve a politically autonomous community in Floß (Upper Palatinate) and annul it against the will of its members. The residents of the settlements on the Judenberg are forced to choose their own mayor and their own community deputies. Only the police administration is in the Christian quarters. This very unique law in Bavaria lasted until the mid-19th century.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO RESEARCH; rijo.homepage.t-online.de
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1825
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Decree issued by Nicholas I
3. Geography of Act Russia
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1825, Tsar Nicholas I issued a decree stating that all Jewish men were now subject to a military draft when they reached the age of 18 and that they would be required to serve for 25 years. According to a memo the tsar sent his generals, ‘The chief benefit to be derived from the drafting of Jews is the certainty that it will move them most effectively to change their religion.’ When Nicholas discovered that very few Jewish soldiers were converting to Christianity, he issued a new order.” “A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism.” Phyllis Goldstein. p. 216
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1827
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Statutes on Conscription Duty” (Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti”) of Nicholas I
3. Geography of Act Russia
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources:1) “When on 26 August 1827 Nicholas I (r. 1825–1855) issued his Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti (Statute on Conscription Duty) making Jews in Russia liable to personal army service and canceling their prior privilege of providing money ransom instead of conscripts, he followed a policy consistent with European enlightened monarchies, which sought to transform ‘their’ Jews from a medieval corporate entity into useful subjects integrated into the society with which Jews shared rights and obligations.””Yet some differences between Jews and non-Jews applied: most significantly, Jews were required to provide conscripts between the ages of 12 and 25, whereas for others the conscripts were between 18 and 35.” The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe: Miltary Service in Russia, yivoencyclopedia.org 2) In Russia, there were many instances of coercion to convert the Jews. In 1827, Tsar Nicholas I sought to sever Jewish boys from their religious and cultural roots by impressing them into 25 years of military service, a more onerous term than Christian males endured. The Tsar hoped to make the young Jewish soldiers both Russian and Christian. S.M. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland: From the Earliest Times Until the Present Day, Vol. 2, (New York: KTAV, New York, 1975), p. 14
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1831
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Organic Regulation in occupied Moldavia
3. Geography of Act Russia / Occupied Wallachia and Moldavia / Present-day Romania
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “During Russia’s occupation of Wallachia and Moldavia, a capable Russian administrator by the name of Count Pavel Kiselev took steps to rid the principalities of Turkish inefficiency and corruption…Probably his most important contribution to Romania, however, was to oversee the drafting and ratification of the Règlement Organique or Regulamente Organice (Organic Regulations) — one for each principality. These two charters (or constitutions) were the first fundamental laws in the principalities and gave identical political structures to both Wallachia and Moldavia. The Organic Regulations were put into effect in July 1831 in Moldavia and in January 1832 in Wallachia. They remained in effect for about 25 years, until the end of the Crimean War (1854-1856) and the Congress of Paris (1856)…Unfortunately, Chapter 3, Section 94 of the Organic Regulations was blatantly anti-Semitic. It required that Jews register with the local authorities, specifying their occupation. The purpose of this requirement was to allow the state to expel any Jews who were unable to demonstrate their ‘usefulness’ to the satisfaction of the government. It was also a way for non-Jewish merchants to eliminate the competition.” “Modern History 1830-1839; Organic Regulations.” Online article
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1832
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Organic Regulation in occupied Wallachia
3. Geography of Act Russia / Occupied Wallachia and Moldavia / Present-day Romania
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “During Russia’s occupation of Wallachia and Moldavia, a capable Russian administrator by the name of Count Pavel Kiselev took steps to rid the principalities of Turkish inefficiency and corruption…Probably his most important contribution to Romania, however, was to oversee the drafting and ratification of the Règlement Organique or Regulamente Organice (Organic Regulations) — one for each principality. These two charters (or constitutions) were the first fundamental laws in the principalities and gave identical political structures to both Wallachia and Moldavia. The Organic Regulations were put into effect in July 1831 in Moldavia and in January 1832 in Wallachia. They remained in effect for about 25 years, until the end of the Crimean War (1854-1856) and the Congress of Paris (1856)…Unfortunately, Chapter 3, Section 94 of the Organic Regulations was blatantly anti-Semitic. It required that Jews register with the local authorities, specifying their occupation. The purpose of this requirement was to allow the state to expel any Jews who were unable to demonstrate their ‘usefulness’ to the satisfaction of the government. It was also a way for non-Jewish merchants to eliminate the competition.” “Modern History 1830-1839; Organic Regulations.” Legislatia, no. 1, pp. 21-32
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1835
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) Bessarabian Jewry
3. Geography of Act Russia
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “By 1835, when Bessarabia began to lose its autonomy, Russian anti-Jewish laws began to be equally applied to Bessarabian Jewry. In 1869, 1879, 1886, and 1891 decrees of expulsion were issued to Jews of various cities.” Jewish Virtual Library, American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), Accessed 10/6/2015
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1835
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Pale of Settlement” issued by Tsar Nicholas I
3. Geography of Act Imperial Russia
4. Text of Act ““3. A permanent residence is permitted to the Jews [several provinces are named] Article 11. Jews who have gone abroad without a legal exit-permit are deprived of Russian citizenship and not permitted to return to Russia. 12. Within the general area of settlement and in every place where the Jews are permitted permanent residence, they are allowed not only to move from place to place and to settle in accordance with the general regulations, but also to acquire real estate of all kinds with the exception of inhabited estates, the ownership of which is strictly forbidden to Jews. […] 23. Every Jew must be registered according to the law in one of the legal estates of the realm. Any Jew not complying with this regulation will be treated as a vagrant.””
5. Source Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia; World Future Fund
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None
1. Full Date of Act 1835
2. Name of Act (or Short Description) “Statues on the Jews” issued by the Russian Government
3. Geography of Act Imperial Russia
4. Text of Act Commentary from other sources: 1) “To be sure, the new law contained a clause forbidding marriages before the age of eighteen, but it offered no privileges for those already married, so that the only result of the beholoh was to increase the number of families robbed by conscription of their heads and supporters.” Dubnow, Simon: History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, From the Earlist Times until the Present Day (1915); Volume I; (Philadelphia; 1918)
5. Source None
6. Researcher None
7. Year of Research N/A
8. Notes None