Unconfirmed Acts

The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.

Displaying 100 – 125 of 742

1. Full Date of Act	722
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Constitutio 55” issued by Leo III
3. Geography of Act	Byzantine Empire; Present-day Turkey
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Leo III required that Jews live according to the Christian rites (“ut Judaei secundum christianismi ritum vivant”) and threatened those who deviated from the Christian customs and attempted to return to their Jewish customs and teachings with apostasy.” Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 16
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	740 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law issued by Archbishop of York
3. Geography of Act	England [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““No good Christian shall break bread or eat meat with a Jew.””
5. Source	“Twelve centuries of Jewish persecution: a brief outline of the sufferings of the Hebrew race in Christian lands, together with some account of the different laws and specific restrictions under which they have ar various times been placed.” Gustav Pearlson. Page 1
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	743 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by the Council of Rome
3. Geography of Act	Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““The tenth chapter that a Christian shall not dare to join his daughter in marriage to a Jew in any way, lest she will be defiled by his sect and perish to eternity. If any Christian should dare to join his daughter in marriage to a Jew (unless he should believe in Christ entirely and be baptized), or if a Christian should dare to sell to that Jew a slave or a bondwoman, or if a Christian widow should take a Jew for her husband or those [parents] who will consent to this, they shall be anathema.””
5. Source	Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” Page 539
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	768 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Letter Against Jews Owning Land” issued by Pope Stephen IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“For this reason We are touched by sorrow, anxious even unto death, since We have known through you that the Jewish people, ever rebellious against God and derogatory of our rites, within the frontiers and territories of the Franks, own hereditary estates in the villages and suburbs, as if they were Christian residents; for they are the Lord’s enemies… Christian men cultivate their vines and fields, and Christian men and women, living with those same deceivers both in town and out of town, are day and night strained by expressions of blasphemy… What was sworn to and handed over to those unbelievers by the Lord himself… has been taken away deservedly, in vengeance for the crucified Savior.”
5. Source	“Pope Stephen IV, ‘Letter Against Jews Owning Land.’ (768).” Alexis Rubin, Accessed online 9/14/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	807
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Dress Code for Jews” Issued by Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid
3. Geography of Act	Persia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Persian Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid ordered Jews to wear a yellow belt.” Bitton, Jimmy: “It’s Not 1938 Again;” jewishmag.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	814 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Capitulary for the Jews” issued by Charlemagne
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“1. Let no Jew presume to take in pledge or for any debt any of the Church in gold, silver, or other form, from any Christian. But if he presume to do so, which God forbid, let all his goods be seized and let his right hand be cut off. 2. Let no Jew presume to take any Christian in pledge for any Jew or Christian, nor let him do anything worse; but if he presume to do so, let him make reparation according to his law, and at the same time he shall lose both pledge and debt. 3. Let no Jew presume to have a money-changer’s table in his house, nor shall he presume to sell wine, grain, or other commodities there. But if it be discovered that he has done so all his goods shall be taken away from him, and he shall be imprisoned until he is brought into our presence. 4. Concerning the oath of the Jews against the Christians. Place sorrel twice around his body from head to feet; he ought to stand when he takes his oath, and he should have in his right hand the five books of Moses according to his law, and if he cannot have them in Hebrew he shall have them in Latin. ‘May the God who gave the law to Moses on Mount Sinai help me, and he may the leprosy of Naamon the Syrian come upon me as it came upon him, and may the earth swallow me as it swallowed Dathan and Abiron, I have not committed evil against you in this cause.’”
5. Source	“Medieval Sourcebook: Charlemagne: Capitulary for the Jews, 814.” Paul Halsall. September 1998, Accessed online 8/1/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	815
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Dress Code for Jews” Issued by Caliph Al-Mutavallil
3. Geography of Act	Persia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “…two yellow badges [are to be displayed], one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word dhimmi [a social status given to tolerated infidels] on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes.” Bitton, Jimmy: “It’s Not 1938 Again;” jewishmag.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	819
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Forceful Conversion of Jews” ordered by Archbishop Agobard
3. Geography of Act	Carolingian Empire; Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Agobard forcibly converted Jewish children, offering them or their parents no choice in the matter. This is the first time in France that such an act was recorded. [Until this time Jews were offered a choice between converting or being expelled or killed – but up until now there was a “choice”.] “Jewish Timeline – 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 – Part 1;” (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	845
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Anti-Jewish Decrees” issued by the Council of Meaux presided over by Bishop Amolo of Lyons
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of West the West Franks; Present-day Andora, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Spain
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) The Council of Meaux, under Amolo Bishop of Lyons, enacts anti-Jewish decrees. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	850 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree concerning the appearance of Jews
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Tunisia [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““A Jew who dresses like the Muslim and fails to wear the clothing that distinguishes him from them, will be incarcerated, beaten, and paraded ignominiously through the places inhabited by Jews and Christians as an example. ”
5. Source	Al-Wansharisi, Mi’yar, vol. 2. Page 51.The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, New York, 2008, page 323, Edited by Franziska Wagener
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	Researcher Date for reference only.

1. Full Date of Act	850
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree issued by Caliph al-Mutawakkil
3. Geography of Act	Iraq
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “In that year (235/850), al-Mutawakkil ordered that the Christians and all the rest of the ahl al-dhimma be made to wear honey-colored taylasans (hoods) and the zunnar belts. They were to ride on saddles with wooden stirrups, and two balls were to be attached to the rear of’ their saddles. He further required them to attach two buttons oil their qalansuwas (conical caps) – those of, their) that wore this cap. And it was to be of a different color from the qalansuwa worn by Muslims. He further required them to affix two patches on the exterior of then slaves’ garments. The color of these patches had to be different from that of the garment. One of the patches was to be worn in front oil the breast and the other on the back. Each of the patches should measure four fingers in diameter. They too were to be honey-colored. Whosoever of them wears a turban, its color was likewise to be honeycolored. If any of their women went out veiled, they had to be enveloped in a honey-colored izar (large wrap). He further commanded that their slaves be made to wear the zunnar and be forbidden to wear the mintaqa (Arab military belt). He gave orders that any of their houses of worship built after the advent of Islam were to be destroyed and that one-tenth of their homes be confiscated. If the place was spacious enough, it was to be converted into a mosque. If it was not suitable for a mosque, it was to be made an open space. He commanded that wooden images of devils be nailed to the doors of their homes to distinguish them from the homes of Muslims. He forbade their being employed in the government offices or in any official business whereby they might have authority over Muslims. He prohibited their children [from] studying in Muslim schools. Nor was any Muslim permitted to teach them. He forbade them to display crosses on their Palm Sundays, and he prohibited any Jewish chanting in the streets. He gave orders that their graves should be made level with the ground so as not to resemble the graves of Muslims. And he wrote to all his governors regarding this…” Al Tabari: “Decree of Caliph al-Mutawakkil (850)”
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	854
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews” declared by Emperor Louis II
3. Geography of Act	Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Declared that no Jews could remain within his Kingdom. “Jewish Timeline – 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 – Part 1;” (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	878
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Wearing of a Badge” issued by Emir Ibrahim ibn Ahmad
3. Geography of Act	Samanid Empire
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Emir Ibrahim ibn Ahmad orders Jews of Sicily to wear a badge. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	884
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Law issued by Basil I
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “884 BASIL I (Byzantine Empire) In his legal manual Epanagoge he reinforced the law prohibiting Jews from holding any civil or military office.” Birnbaum, Eli: “The History of the Jewish People.” (1996-2006) 2) “The Epanagoge [. . .] which was planned as an introduction to the proposed great collection of the laws, belongs to the period after 879.2 [Footnote:] Zacharia, Geschichte, takes the view that the Epanagoge was never officially published, and he is followed by Vogt, Basile I, 135, and P. Collinett, CMH IV (1924), 712; the official character of the Epanagoge is defended with arguments well worth considering by V. Sokoljskij ([. . .] On the character and significance of the Epanagoge), VV I (1894), 18 ff [. . .] In any case, the Epanagoge never enjoyed the position and widespread usage of the Procheiron, and [. . .] it was never completely translated into Slavonic.)” Ostrogorski, Georgije: “History of the Byzantine State.” pp. 240-41
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	888
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decree of Sicily”issued by Governor Seuàda ibn Muhammad
3. Geography of Act	Sicily; Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Saracen governor of Sicily order Jews to wear on their garments and put on their doors a piece of cloth in the form of donkey and to wear yellow belts and special hats.” “Jewish Identification: Jewish Badge;” jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	897
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Confiscation of Jewish Land”
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “[…] when Charles the simple granted to the Archbishop of Narbonne all the lands and vineyards of the Jews.” Russel, Bruce M. and John R. Oneal: The Fiddle and the Bow – Triangulating Peace (Bob Taylor’s Magazine) Volume II
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	898
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Confiscation of Jewish Property” ordered by Charles the Simple
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Charles the Simple confiscated Jewish owned vineyards, salt mines, and houses in Narbonne and donated them to the Church, and subjected them to the payment of tithes. “Jewish Timeline – 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 – Part 1;” (March 15, 2016) sraelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com; “FRANCE (formerly called Gaul);” Joseph Jacobs, Israel Lévi, Executive Committee of the Editorial Board., Isaac Broydé; jewishencyclopedia.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	905
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Mobility Taxation”
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Austria
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews are mentioned for the first time in the “Bridge Toll Regulation” of Bavaria in Raffelsetten (current day Austria). The customs ordinance contains a regulation for Jews if they wish to travel between Bavaria, Bohemia and Moravia, regardless, whether they live in Bavaria or not.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO RESEARCH; rijo.homepage.t-online.de
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	906 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Customs, Maritime and Stacking Ordinance” (‘Zoll-, Schiffahrts- und Stapelordnung’) issued by Louis IV, the Child (‘Ludwig das Kind’)
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Carinthia [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““[…] Jewish merchants are not only to pay a tariff/customs for their goods but also for their [workers]. […]””
5. Source	Engelman, Wilhelm: Das Judentum in Oesterrich und die böhmischen Unruhen (The Jewry in Austria and the bohemian Unrest); (Leipzig; 1845)9/25/2017
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	931
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Decree of “Forced Conversions of Jews” issued by Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos
3. Geography of Act	Byzantine Empire; Present-day Turkey
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) After a series of eco-disasters, including a plague, the emperor Romanos I called for the forced conversion of Jews or to exclude them from all of Christendom. “Jewish Timeline – 70 (9 Av 3830) JERUSALEM (Eretz Israel) to 1948 – Part 1;” (March 15, 2016) israelarticlesdraiman.blogspot.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	932
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon issued by the Council of Erfurt
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “1. Summary of the Canons…On 1 July of the year 932 of the Incarnate Lord, when a Synod was held in Erfurt…a letter- sent from Jerusalem to Constantinople and thence to Rome by the patriarch- was brought to King Henry…Then, immediately at the close of the third day, the Lord’s Temple was opened and he was manifestly seen by the Christians just as he was when formerly crucified. The Jews wanted to see this, but the more they strove to approach the further they were drawn back, and all the Jews on this side of the sea were so terrified by this miracle that they were baptized. On account of this it was enjoined in that letter that all the Jews who live among the Christians should either be baptized or be driven out from the entire Christendom.” Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” (1997) p. 555 2) “The Council of Erfurt, summoned by Henry I and presided by Hildibert, archbishop of Mainz, assembled on I July 932. The archbishops of Trier and Hamburg were among the participants, and the king himself tool an active part in the proceedings. Among other matters the Council dealt with a letter received from the Doge, the patriarch, and the bishops of Venice, informing them about disputations between Jews and Christians in Jerusalem and massive conversions to Christianity in Jerusalem and in the Byzantine Empire. The Venetian document called on the council to follow suit by forcing the Jews of the Kingdom either to convert or to leave, and to prohibit to Jews the commerce in Christian cult objects. While the council inserted the information about the miracles manifested in Jerusalem in the preamble to its canons…it took no positive action in the directions suggested by the Venetians.” Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” p. 553 3) “The synod of Erfurt in 932 had no Bavarian attendees, but after the council a Breviarium canonum was prepared and, because its principal manuscript tradition derives from St. Peter’s in Salzburg, it seems likely that the Breviarium was prepared for and sent to Archbishop Odalbert of Salzburg. Henry I was at Erfurt, and Erfurt’s decisions were communicated to Bavaria.” Geddes, Jane: “Speculum – Vol. 65, No. 4.” Medieval Academy of America; (1990) p. 999
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	937 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order issued by Pope Leo VII
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Italy [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“As to the Jews, concerning whom, dear brother, you have requested our instructions, whether it is preferable to subjugate them to the holy religion or to expel them from your towns, we send you our order, that you do not desist from preaching to them wisely, with the prudent counsel of God and the revereance in faith in the Holy Trinity and the incarnation of the Lord. And if they are willing wholeheartedly to believe and be baptized, we thank the omnipotent Lord with immense praises. If, however, they refuse to believe, expel them from your towns with our authority. Since we must not live in society with God’s enemies…Yet do not baptize them by force, or without their consent and wish, since it is written: Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast your pearls before swine.”
5. Source	“The Apostolic See and the Jews: History, Volume 7; Volume 109.” Shlomo Simonsohn. 1991, Page 11. Online book, Accessed on 11/10/2011
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	945
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Ban on Sea Travel” issued by the Senate
3. Geography of Act	Venice
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Venetian captains were forbidden from accepting Jews onboard their ships.” [There is another document from 992 AD in which Jews are mentioned – and the fact that they were not permitted on ships.] Virtual Jewish World: Venice Italy; jewishvirtuallibrary.org; Jewish Europe – Your Guide to Jewish Europe; History of Jewish Venice; jewishvenice.info
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1005
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Dress Codes” Issued by Fatimiden Kalif Al-Hakim
3. Geography of Act	Egypt
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim orders that the Jews of Egypt and Israel wear bells on their clothing and a Golden Calf made out of wood around their neck.” Michael Mannheimer: “1400 jähriger Rassismus im Islam: Hitler übernahm den Judenstern vom Islam;” (“1400 years of racism in Islam: Hitler took over the Jewish Star from Islam”) (June 27, 2014) michael-mannheimer.net
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1007
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Persecution” enacted by Duke Robert I
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Normandy; Present-day France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Persecution of Jews in Rouen by Duke Robert I. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None