Unconfirmed Acts

The following are Acts that are missing either a full date and/or an Official source.

Displaying 125 – 150 of 742

1. Full Date of Act	1008
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order of Caliph Hakim
3. Geography of Act	Algeria, Egypt, …
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim, orders Jewish and Christian residents to wear bells on their garments and a “golden calf” (made of wood) around the neck when bathing with Muslims. [There are two competing dates for this decree; some place the decree at 1005 while others date the decree at 1008.] Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (“the Mad”) issues severe restrictions against the Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden “golden calf” around their necks to remind them of the sin of worshipping the Golden Calf. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016); Roumani, Maurice M.: “The Silent Refugees: Jews from Arab Countries;” Mediterranean Quarterly (Duke University Press; Summer 2003) 14 (3): pp. 41–77
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1010
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ultimatum given to Jews” by Bishop Alduin of Limoges
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Bishop Alduin offered Jews of his diocese the choice between baptism or exile. Joseph Jacobs, Israel Lévi, Executive Committee of the Editorial Board., Isaac Broydé: “FRANCE (formerly called Gaul);” jewishencyclopedia.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1012
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Rhineland; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews are expelled from (parts of) the Rhineland.” Aiken, Lisa: Why Me God: A Jewish Guide for Coping and Suffering; books.google.com; “Historical Timeline;” biblicalzionist.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1016
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Ultimatum to Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Tunisia
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) The Jewish community in Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1017
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order of Pope Benedict VIII
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Pope Benedict VIII has a number of Jews beheaded. http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-antisemitism&month=0605&week=&msg=CZNFZjiilGFJLVVjL6CxpQ&user=&pw=
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1020
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Order of Pope Benedict VIII
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) An earthquake followed by a hurricane ravages Rome, Italy, and Pope Benedict VIII has a number of Jews arrested for alleged host desecration. They all “confess” under torture and are burned at the stake. Riots ensued after Jews were accused of causing the earthquake by their alleged denigration of the cross. Pope Benedict VIII ordered the beheading (others say burning) Jews for causing the disaster, and the resulting plague. [Some sources place this event around 1020, while a later chronicle of Cesare Baronius gives the date as 1017; another source (though not confirmed) places the date at 4/2/1021]. Horowitz, Elliott: Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence; jewishhistory.org; (New Jersey; 2006)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1026
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews,” 1026
3. Geography of Act	France
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) The French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by the Muslim Caliph Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French Towns. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1032
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Decimation of the Jewish Community”
3. Geography of Act	Morocco
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, killing 6000 Jews. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1033
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Fez Massacre” issued by Tamim, 1033
3. Geography of Act	Morocco
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) Following their conquest of the city from the Maghrawa tribe, the forced of Tamim, chief of the Zenata Berber Banu Ifran, tribe, perpetrated a massacre of Jews in Fez. Tamim’s forces killed over thousands of Jews, appropriated their belongings, and captured the Jewish women of the city. [The killings took place in the month of Jumaada al-Akhir 424 (May-June 1033 AD]. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1050 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Capitulary 6 issued by Council of Oviedo
3. Geography of Act	Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Under the sixth heading we admonish all Christians to assemble in church on Sabbath evening and to hear Sunday matins, masses, and all the hours; that they should not carry out servile work or go on the road except for purpose of prayer, or to bury the dead, or to visit the sick, or for the king’s secret, or because of a Saracens’ attack. No Christian should stay with Jews in the same house or take food with them. If anyone should violate this law of ours, he shall do penance seven days. If he should refuse to do penance, if a senior person, he shall be denied communion for a whole year, if a minor person, he shall receive one hundred lashes.”
5. Source	Linder, Amnon: The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” Page 558
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1066
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Banishment of Jews” by Badis ben Habus
3. Geography of Act	Kingdom of Granada; Present-day Spain
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are banished from Granada. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1074 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 14 issued by Council of Normandy/Rouen
3. Geography of Act	France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“Concerning the Jews, the canonical authority and the decree of the Blessed Gregory should be observed, that is, that they should not have Christian slaves or wet nurses.”
5. Source	Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” p. 558
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1078
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 10 issued by the Council of Girone
3. Geography of Act	Spain
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “They also decreed that the tithe from all the lands that were cultivated by the execrable cruelty of the infidel Jews should be paid by them to the church in whose parish these lands are situated, in the same way as if they were cultivated by Christians.” Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” p. 559
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1078
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 22 issued by the Council of Rome
3. Geography of Act	Italy
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Rome (1078) Gregory VII convoked this council, to which he invited the French bishops as well, with the declared object of finding a solution to the conflict between the papacy and the empire. It opened in the Lateran, on 19 November 1078. Only twelve canons promulgated by that council have been transmitted in their entirety, the rest being known only by their titles; canon 22, dealing with the Jews, is among the latter…[c.22]…That Jews should not be appointed over Christians.” Linder, Amnon: “The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages.” pp. 558-559
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1079
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Expulsion of Jews”
3. Geography of Act	Ireland
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Ireland. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1079 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Canon 6 issued by Council of Coyaca
3. Geography of Act	Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“That no Christian shall reside in the same house with Jews, nor partake of their food: whoever transgresses this decree shall perform penance for seven days or refusing to do it, if a person of rank, he shall be excommunicated for a year; if of an inferior degree, he shall receive 100 lashes.”
5. Source	“Twelve centuries of Jewish persecution: a brief outline of the sufferings of the Hebrew race in Christian lands, together with some account of the different laws and specific restrictions under which they have ar various times been placed.” Gustav Pearlson. Page 196
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1090
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Wormser Privilege” Issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich IV
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Germany / Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “During the Wormser Privilege, Jews are established as imperial “chamber servants” of the Holy Roman Empire in a collection of legal standards which set a groundbreaking precedence that had a positive as well as a negative impact on the Jews and their relationship to Christians for centuries to come.” Franz-Josef Ziwes: Studien zur Geschichte der Juden im mittleren Rheingebiet während des hohen und späten Mittelalters, S. 72 (Hannover 1995)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1096
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Forced Conversion of Jews” issued by Count Emicho
3. Geography of Act	Duchy of Rhineland; Present-day Germany
4. Text of Act	Commentary from Other Sources: 1) 1,200 Jews committed suicide in Mainz to escape Count Emicho’s attempt to forcefully convert them. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1100 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Laws regarding Dhimmis’ Servitudes Issued by Ibn Abdun in Seville
3. Geography of Act	Present-day Spain [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““Paragraph 157 – A Jew mustn’t slaughter an animal for a Muslim. The Jews may be authorized to open their own special butcher shops. Paragraph 164 – It is forbidden to sell a coat that once belonged to a leper, to a Jew or Christian, unless the buyer is informed of its origin. […]””
5. Source	Bat Ye’Or, the Dhimmi. Jews and Christians under Islam, 1985, page 187. Edited by Franziska Wagener 4/2016
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	Researcher The date for this law collection is believed to be around the year 1100.

1. Full Date of Act	1101 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Carnotensis Drecretal
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““If any of the Jews should buy a Christian slave or anyone from another sect and should circumcise him, having suffered under the control of a Jew, he shall remain free.””
5. Source	Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 4636 [Buch 3 und Add., 3.286]
6. Researcher	Joan Paez
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1117
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Persecution” by Henry II
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are persecuted in Rome. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1121 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	“Jewish Dress Code” issued by the Abbasid Caliphate
3. Geography of Act	Abbasid Dynasty [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	“”[… Jews are required to wear] two yellow badges, one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word dhimmi [Jew] on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have [to have] a small bell on their necks or shoes.” .”
5. Source	Johnson, Paul: A History of the Jews. (1987)
6. Researcher	Ziba Shadjaani
7. Year of Research	2015
8. Notes	Researcher The original documents have been lost. However, the decree has been found described in a Genisa* document (*documents found hidden in Jewish synagogues)

1. Full Date of Act	1140 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Corpus Iuris Canonici, decreed by the Catholic Church
3. Geography of Act	Holy Roman Empire [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““Just as the Jews are not to be forced to the faith so it must not be allowed to the converted to recede from it [166]. — Christian slaves bought by Jews should be set at liberty [211]. –Public offices are not to be committed to the Jews [211]. –Slaves who come from infidelity to the faith are to be set at liberty [211].””
5. Source	Corpus Iuris Canonici. Vol I. Catholic Church (ed. Emil Friedberg) [column numbers above]. Tauchnitz: Leipzig, 1879. Accessed online
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2016
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1144
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Blood libel
3. Geography of Act	England
4. Text of Act	Commentary from other sources: 1) “Life was incredibly hard for England’s Jews at the time. The first instance of a blood libel – where Jews were accused of killing a Christian child in order to use his blood in Jewish rituals – occurred in 1144 in the English town of Norwich. A second blood libel took place in 1255 – during Licoricia’s lifetime – when the body of a young child was found in a well in the town of Lincoln. The boy’s friends accused local Jews of kidnapping, torturing and murdering the child. Lincoln’s sheriff arrested over 90 Jews; 18 were executed. Both of the children at the centers of these blood libels were made into saints (St. William of Norwich and St. Hugh of Lincoln), stoking Christian hatred of local Jews still further.” Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, “The Most Famous Jewish Woman in Medieval England,” aish.com
5. Source	None
6. Researcher	None
7. Year of Research	N/A
8. Notes	None

1. Full Date of Act	1144 C.E.
2. Name of Act (or Short Description)	Edict of Louis VII, King of France
3. Geography of Act	Present-day France [Provisional]
4. Text of Act	““It has come to our attention that certain Jews, having converted to the Christian faith, deny it, instigated by the Devil, and have returned to Judaism; recognizing that this is a disgrace to the name of Christ and vehemently contemptuous of the Christian religion, such presumption being hurtful to the realm, we issue a decree to prohibit it. Therefore we decree and we sanction by the authority of the king, that whosoever among the Jews, successively having been reborn in Christ through the grace of baptism, should presume to return to his ancient error, may not dare remain anywhere in our kingdom, and should they be captured, either be condemned to death, or be punished by dismemberment.””
5. Source	Tardif, Jules, and Archives Nationales (France). Monuments Historiques (Cartons Des Rois, 528-1789) (Historical Monuments (Royal Cartons, 528-1789)). Paris: J. Cayce, 1866. Page 256, Item 470.
6. Researcher	Dominik Jacobs
7. Year of Research	2019
8. Notes	None