“Special Taxation of Jews” issued by the Landgraviate of Hesse, year 1571 [Present-day Germany; Landgraviate of Hesse] [Provisional]: “[…] Also, a Jew – as often as he passes through [the City of Gemünden] – gives each time 1 Albus* (‘alb’) [and] 3 dice [in the form of] tariffs/customs/tolls (‘Würfelzoll’) […]” [Researcher’s note: “…item ein Jud, so oft er Furzeucht [=durchzieht] gibt allemahl 1 alb 3 wurffell Zoll” … *The word ‘alb’ refers to the Albus, which was a common currency in that region. It was common for Jews to pay a monetary fee when crossing a toll/bridge and (usually 3) valuable dice. This practice had morphed into a sick sport in later years – which still occurred all the way up to the 18th century – in which traveling Jews were asked to turn over any valuable dice when encountered. If they did not have any, they had to either pay a ransom or were beaten.]
Hecker, Horst: Jüdisches Leben in Frankenberg (“Jewish Life in Frankenberg by Horst Hecker”), 2011; Accessed online; Researched and Translated by Ziba Shadjaani 9/5/2018