Category: Possible Acts

“Censure of Jewish School Curricula” [Iraq] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Jewish schools’ curricula were censored in 1932.” “The Expulsion of the Jews from Muslim Countries, 1920-1970: A History of Ongoing Cruelty and Discrimination,” jcpa.org

Special legislation against Jews issued by German Parliament member Wilhelm Frick [Germany] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In the Reichstag Frick immediately proposed those discriminatory measures against the Jews which were enacted after he and the other Nazi conspirators had come into power in 1933. …” “Nuremberg Trial Defendants: Wilhelm Frick.” Online article 2) “…Two […]

“Sunday Closing Laws” [Greece] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Sunday closing laws were enacted in some communities as a means to protect non-Jews and to disadvantage Jewish merchants. AJC Global Jewish Advocacy; Anti-Semitism: An Assault on Human Rights; ajc.org

“Restriction on Enrollment for Jewish Students” [Canada] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “During the 20’s, 30’s and 40’s McGill University had a quota system for Jews, and through the 1960’s McGill had a quota on Jewish medical students.” “McGill University’s Rampant, Historic, and Current Anti-Semitism;” algemeiner.com 2) “During the 20’s, 30’s and 40’s when McGill […]

“Law Restricting the use of Yiddish in Public Administration” [Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Yiddish, long used as a language of public administration in Bessarabia and Northern Moldavia, was declared unacceptable.” yadvashem.org

Law of Inorodci issued by Russian Empire [Russia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Law on Inorodci published in 1910…declared that Jews were prohibited from wearing their traditional clothing throughout…of the Empire. In the same book as an Appendix to the same Law on Inorodci the regulations of the Korobka tax for Jews in Kurzeme […]

[Russian Occupied Moldavia [Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are excluded from the secondary schools and the universities. “Jewish Encyclopedia: Romania” Online article

“Restrictions on Jews” issued by the Minister of War [Imperial Russia; Present-day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) “A circular of the Minister of War instructs the Cossack authorities in the Caucasus and the Don Territory that Jews visiting the Don, Kuban and Terek provinces for the sake of the medicinal waters […]

Jewish Veterinarians Banned from Serving the State [Imperial Russia; Present Day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan] [Unconfirmed]    Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Minister of the Interior decreed that Jews that have graduated from a veterinary college are no longer to be admitted to the service of the State.” Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia; World Future Fund

“Banning of Jewish Children from Public Schools” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jewish children are no longer to be educated in public schools. [Another competing source states that in 10/1898 “Admission to public schools in Romania refused to 11,200 Jewish children.”] Singer, Isidore and Cyrus Adler: The Jewish […]

Order issued by the Minister of Interior [Present day Estonia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “On January 14, 1893 an Order of the Minister of the Interior was issued that obliged officials till November 1, 1893 to exile inside the Pale all Jews who lived outside it without legal grounds. In general, this was […]

“Banning of Jews from the Mining Industry” issued by the Imperial Council [Turkestan; Present Day Russia; Mongolia, China]    Commentary from other sources: 1) “In accordance with a proposal of the Imperial Council, the mining industry in Turkestan was closed to Jews.” Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia; World Future Fund

“Acquisition of Real Estate” [Imperial Russia; Present-day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “An order forbids non-Christians from acquiring real estate in the provinces of Akmolinski, Semirietchensk, Uralsk and Turgai.” Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia; World Future Fund

“Limiting of Jewish factory workers” issued by the Romanian government [Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Roumanian (Romanian) law is issued that limits the number of Jewish factory hands to one-third. Funk & Wagnalls: Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume IV (1903)

“Restrictions on Jews” issued by the Romanian Parliament [Kingdom of Romania; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) Romanian Parliament makes it easier to force Jews out of trades and off farms. “Husi in the Past: World Timeline 1820 to 1920;” kehilalinks.jewishgen.org

“Numerus Clausus Limiting the Enrollment of Jewish Students” [Imperial Russia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Numerus Clausus was enacted in 1887, stating that the share of Jewish students should be no more than 10 percent in cities where Jews were allowed to live, 5 percent in other cities, and only 3 percent in Moscow […]

“Senatorial Decree” issued by the Minister of Finance and the Senate [Imperial Russia; Present Day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) “A circular of the Minister of Finance and a Senatorial decree introduced rigorous restrictions concerning Jews engaged in the liquor traffic, permitting them to sell liquor only from their own homes […]

“Jewish Apothecaries Closed” order issued by the Goveror-General of St. Petersburg [Imperial Russia; Present Day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Governor-General of St. Petersburg orders fourteen Jewish apothecaries to shut down their businesses.” Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia; World Future Fund

“Prohibition on Jewish Head Cover” [Greece] [Unconfirmed]   Commentary from other sources: 1) “During this decade, Jewish head covers were forbidden for a time.” AJC Global Jewish Advocacy: Anti-Semitism: An Assault on Human Rights; ajc.org

Law issued by the Romanian Government [Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “A March 1876 law on recruitment therefore stipulated that all male residents were obligated to serve –in other words, that only citizens of other nations might avoid service. Jews had thus become subject to the draft even though they were not citizens […]

“Laws Limiting or Restricting Jewish Settlements” Issued by Prime Minister Bratianu [Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “During his first years in office, Bratianu reinforced and applied old discrimination laws, insisting that Jews were not allowed to settle in the countryside (and relocating those that had done so), while declaring many Jewish urban inhabitants […]

[Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed]   Commentary from other sources: 1) A law is issued forbidding Jews to sell spirituous liquors in rural districts. A law is passed prohibiting Jews from selling alcoholic beverage in the villages. Jews with citizenship will be required to apply for a special authorization. Kohler, Max J. and Simon […]

“Military Service for Jews” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are obliged to serve in the army. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)

“Jews banned from the Medical Profession” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews excluded from the medical profession in Roumenia [Rumania]. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916); Butnaru, I. C.: The Silent Holocaust – Romania and its Jews; (New York)

“Restrictions on Jews” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed]   Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are excluded from the medical profession. Butnaru, I. C.: The Silent Holocaust – Romania and its Jews; (New York); Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)

“Systematic Expulsion of Jews” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed]   Commentary from other sources: 1) The Ministry of Interior permits Jews settled in villages as of this date to continue to hold rented land until the expiration date of the lease. The contract cannot be renewed. Butnaru, I. C.: The Silent Holocaust – […]

Article 7 Romanian Constitution [Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “‘The status of Romanians … Only foreigners of Christian religion may become Romanians.” Raphael Langham: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 61

“Restrictions on Jews” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are prohibited from becoming/being lawyers. Butnaru, I. C.: The Silent Holocaust – Romania and its Jews; (New York)

Circular of the Roumanian [Rumanian] Ministry [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are prohibited from being innkeepers in rural districts. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916); Butnaru, I. C.: The Silent Holocaust – Romania and its Jews; (New York)

“Regulations for Jews Regarding Oath Taking” [Prussia / Germany] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) “All oath taken by Jews are to be done so in an synagogue or a school. 2) The [Jewish] oath taker has to bring two witnesses; there also has to be a Rabbi present or a Jewish scholar or assessor. […]

Bukovinian Regulation” [Present-day Romania/Ukraine] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The new regulation from the  local regional office that the Israeli Jews population may not keep Christian servants, did not comfort the Jews in any way.” Czernowitz Police, Hohes Praesidium der k.k. obersten Polizey-Behörde! 31 December 1853/ ANR, Fond “Guvernmântul Bucovinei;” MI 79/2.; dare.uva.nl

“Restrictions on Jewish Immigration” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) No Jew is allowed to enter Roumania [Rumania] unless he possesses 5,000 plasters and has a known occupation. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)

Compulsory military service for Jews [Russia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Compulsory military service for Jews Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 114

“Special Taxation of Jews” issued by the Romania Government [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) An annual tax of sixty plasters is placed on each Jews of Moldovia*. [Moldovia is currently known as Moldova.] Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)

“Statues on the Jews” issued by the Russian Government [Imperial Russia; Present Day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “To be sure, the new law contained a clause forbidding marriages before the age of eighteen, but it offered no privileges for those already married, so that the only result of the beholoh […]

Bessarabian Jewry [Russia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “By 1835, when Bessarabia began to lose its autonomy, Russian anti-Jewish laws began to be equally applied to Bessarabian Jewry. In 1869, 1879, 1886, and 1891 decrees of expulsion were issued to Jews of various cities.” Jewish Virtual Library, American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), Accessed 10/6/2015

Organic Regulation in occupied Wallachia [Russia / Occupied Wallachia and Moldavia / Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “During Russia’s occupation of Wallachia and Moldavia, a capable Russian administrator by the name of Count Pavel Kiselev took steps to rid the principalities of Turkish inefficiency and corruption…Probably his most important contribution to Romania, however, […]

Organic Regulation in occupied Moldavia [Russia / Occupied Wallachia and Moldavia / Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “During Russia’s occupation of Wallachia and Moldavia, a capable Russian administrator by the name of Count Pavel Kiselev took steps to rid the principalities of Turkish inefficiency and corruption…Probably his most important contribution to Romania, however, was […]

“Statutes on Conscription Duty” (Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti”) of Nicholas I [Russia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “When on 26 August 1827 Nicholas I (r. 1825–1855) issued his Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti (Statute on Conscription Duty) making Jews in Russia liable to personal army service and canceling their prior privilege of providing money ransom instead of […]

Decree issued by Nicholas I [Russia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1825, Tsar Nicholas I issued a decree stating that all Jewish men were now subject to a military draft when they reached the age of 18 and that they would be required to serve for 25 years. According to a memo the […]

“Annulment of a Jewish Community” [Bavaria] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “A resolution to dissolve a politically autonomous community in Floß (Upper Palatinate) and annul it against the will of its members. The residents of the settlements on the Judenberg are forced to choose their own mayor and their own community deputies. Only the police […]

“Code of John of Caradja” [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Code of John of Caradja of Wallachia repeats the ancient church laws against allowing Jews to bear witness against Christians. Chances, Jerome A.: Anti-Semitism – A Reference Book; (2012)

“Code Camachi” issued by Alexander Monize [Russian Occupied Moldavia; Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) Section 1430 of Code Cahmachi forbids Jews of Romania to acquire real property. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)

“Jews Banned from Owning Property,” 1807 [Imperial Russia; Present Day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, …] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Governments of Astrakhan, Caucasia, Little Russia, and new Russia, decree that no one among the Jews in any village or hamlet shall be permitted to hold any leases on land, to keep taverns, saloons, […]

“Moratorium on Debt Owed to Jews” issued by Napoleon [France] [Unconfirmed]   Commentary from Other Sources: 1) In May 1806, he [Napoleon] imposed a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews in Alsace and Lorraine. Levy, Richard (Editor): Anti-Semitism – A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (Volume 1, A-K); (Santa Barbara; 2005) Kamins, Toni: The […]

“Decree” issued by Alexander Monize [Principality of Moldavia; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Alexander Monize forbids Jews to buy farms products. Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)

“Jewish Decree” issued by Alexander Monize [Principality of Moldavia*; Present Day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Alexander Monize, ruler of Moldavia*, forbids Jews to rent farms. [Moldavia is currently known as Moldova.] Kohler, Max J. and Simon Wolf: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States; (1916)

“Trade Restriction for Jews” [Bavaria] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “A general and complete prohibition of trade (agriculture and property) for the recently joined territories of the Electorate of Bavaria – especially the Upper Palatinate – acutely restricted the incomes of many Jewish families.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO […]

Special tax issued by Francis I [Austria] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “LEIBZOLL (Ger., ‘body tax’), a special tax levied on Jews in Europe. Known under a variety of names – Judengeleit, Leibmauth, Judenzoll, péage corporel, etc. – it was first levied by the three landgraves of Thuringia in 1368, and became more common […]

“Jewish Emancipation Delayed” [France] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from Other Sources: 1) Jews, as well as other non-Catholic minorities, should have been granted citizenship automatically b the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens of August 26, 1789.  Nevertheless, full emancipation was delayed another two years: Protestants were granted citizenship in December 1789; the Sephardi Jews […]

“Tolerance Patent of 1781” [Present-day Austria/Hungary/Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Jews had it slightly better under Josef II. No longer were they required to wear a yellow markings, are allowed to attend schools for the first time and take on academic positions and work in a factory.  However, they were expected to […]

Pale of Settlement [Russia] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Area established by the empress of Russia Catherine II that restricts Jews to live only in certain parts of the empire with very few exceptions.” Beller, Steven: “The Virtual Jewish History Tour,” Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: 28 Jump up; (2007)

“Burning of the Talmud” in Kamenets-Podolski [Present-day Poland] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jacob Frank, a follower of the false Messiah Shabbetai Zevi, had begun his own movement which emphasized the Kabbalah and denigrated the Talmud. His practices, some of which were sexual in nature, were condemned by the local Rabbinate. In revenge, he […]

Lord Hardwicke’s Marriage Act [England] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jewish marriages were specifically exempted.” Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, page 44

Papal bull “Probe te Meminisse” issued by Benedict XIV [Present day Italy] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Benedict XIV wrote…in 1751…Probe te meminisse setting down rules for baptizing Jewish children.” Michael C. Thomsett: “The Inquisition: A History.” (2010) Online book; p. 120.  2) “Benedict XIV Probe te meminisse Dec. 15, 1751 Baptism of Jewish children.” […]

“Special Taxation of Jews” [Moldavia; Present Day Moldova, Romania, Ukraine] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were citizens of the nation but paid an annual tax that was higher than other citizens.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)

“Toleration Taxation of Jews” issued by Empress Maria Theresa [Habsburg Empire; Present Day Austria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary …] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were forced to pay “toleration taxes” and were subject to persecution.” “Hungary Virtual Jewish History Tour;” jewishvirtuallibrary.org 2) In 1747, during the reign of Empress Maria Theresa, the Jews of […]

Rescript Restricting the Peddling of Jews” issued by the Prussian Government referring to a Royal Saxon Law from 8/16/1746 [Prussia / Present Day Germany, Poland, Denmark, Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In response to an inquiry by a Jewish merchant to receive permission to sell linen from door to door, the government […]

Order issued by Empress Maria Theresa [Present-day Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “When in 1742 a heavy tax was imposed upon the Jews of Moravia, the exertions of Eskeles and Baron d’Aguilar secured its annulment by Maria Theresa.” A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Custom of the Jewish People […]

“Taxation of Jews under Maria Theresa” issued by Empress Maria Theresa [Habsburg Empire; Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary …] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1744 an annual “tolerance tax” of 20,000 guilders was levied on them. It was gradually increased, until it amounted to an annual sum of 160,000 guilders at the beginning […]

Law issued by Frederick William I [Prussia / Germany] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1730 a new Jewry law was promulgated: the eldest son was now obliged to own 1,000 and pay 50 taler and the second twice these amounts; all were subject to the condition that the number of protected Jews (Schutzjuden) […]

Papal bull “Emanavit Nuper” issued by Benedict XIII [France] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “As late as 1727, Pope Benedict XIII wrote Emanavit numer, laying down conditions in which Jews could be forcibly baptized.” Michael C. Thomsett: “The Inquisition: A History.” Online book (2010) p. 119 2) “Benedict XIII Emanavit nuper Feb. 14, 1727 […]

Decree issued by Frederick William I [Prussia / Germany] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1722, he [King Frederick William I] decreed that Jews could marry only if they purchased from him a certain number of wild boars. The king knew that Jews were not permitted to eat pork; the law was a way […]

Act to oblige Jews to maintain and provide for their Protestant children [England] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The object was to assist the conversion of Jews.” Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 40

An Act against Jews ingrossing Commodities imported in the Leeward Islands, and trading with the Slaves belonging to the Inhabitants of the same [Antigua] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) An Act against Jews ingrossing Commodities imported in the Leeward Islands, and trading with the Slaves belonging to the Inhabitants of the same Laws of […]

“Establishment of a Ghetto for Jews” issued by Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savory [Duchy of Savoy; Present Day France; Italy, Switzerland] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) In Turin, the ghetto system of segregation was established for Jews. Morgan, Howard: So Deeply Scarred: A History of “Christian” Anti-Semitism (2016)

“Banning of Jews from Vienna” Issued by Leopold I [Present-day Austria] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “4000 Jews were banned from Vienna by King Leopold I because they refused to be baptized.” “Anti-Semitism in Austria – a historical overview;” anarchismus.at

“Expulsion of Jews from Oràn” [Zayyanid Dynasty; Present-day Algeria] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews are expelled from Oràn.” “The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];” history.ac.uk

“Forced Conversion of Jews” issued by Shah Abbas II [Persia; Present-day Iran, …] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) All Persian Jews (and Christians) are made to convert to Islam during the reign of the Safavid shah, Abbas II. Various means were used to force the Jews to convert to Islam. They were required to […]

“Expulsion of Jews from Pernambuco” [Present-day Brazil] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were expelled from Pernambuco.” “The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];” history.ac.uk; “History of Pernambuco;” wikipedia.org

“Order” [Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) In 1645 the Jews of the ghetto were ordered to furnish several hundred uniforms for the soldiers. The Jewish Encyclopedia: The History, Religion Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People From the Earliest Times to the Present Day; edited by Isidore Singer; (New York/London)

Church laws of Moldavia and Walachia [Present-day Romania] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Greek Orthodox Christianity while geneally not as intensely anti-Semetic as Roman Catholcism was intolerant and priests preached anti-Semetic semons [sic]. The Church influenced the first legal codes in both Walachias and Moldavia–the Church laws of Moldavia and Walachia (1640). The Church […]

“Confinement of Jews into a Ghetto” issued Duke Francesco I [Duchy of Modena; Present-day Italy] [Unconfirmed]  Commentary from other sources: 1) In Modena, the ghetto system was introduced for Jews. Morgan, Howard: So Deeply Scarred: A History of “Christian” Anti-Semitism (2016)

“Expulsion of Jews” [Austria] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Expulsion of Jews from the Günzburg which belongs to the Austrian territories (Margravate of Burgau)” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO RESEARCH; rijo.homepage.t-online.de

“Expulsion of Jews” [Upper Bavaria] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “A new police order strengthens the expulsion of Jews from the dukedom of Bavaria. In addition, access to the territories is only permitted for those in transit and all subjects are prohibited from trading with Jews.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – […]

Papal Bull of Pope Paul V [Papal States; Present-day Italy] [Unconfirmed] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Regulates dowries of Roman Jews.” Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes; jewishencyclopedia.com