Possible Acts – Page 4

[Possible/Probable] Papal Bull of Pope Paul V [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Regulates dowries of Roman Jews.” Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes; jewishencyclopedia.com

[Possible/Probable] “Confinement of Jews into a Ghetto” issued by Duke Vincenzo Gonzaga [Duchy of Mantua; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) In Mantua, Jews were required to live in a walled ghetto. The gates of the ghetto were locked at sunset and unlocked at dawn. Morgan, Howard: So Deeply Scarred: A History of “Christian” […]

[Possible/Probable] Marranos expelled from England [England] Commentary from other sources: 1) “As a result of enquiries by the Lord Chamberlain all Portuguese merchants suspected of Judaising were expelled.” Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 28

[Possible/Probable] “Blood Purity Law” issued by the Jesuit Church [Roman Catholic Church] Commentary from other sources: 1) The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyone descended from Jews to the fifth generation. Caroll, James: Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews; (New York; 2002)

[Possible/Probable] “Jews Exterminated” command given by Prince Emanual Aaron [Moldavia; Present Day Moldova, Romania, Ukraine] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In despotic fashion he ordered the decapitation of 19 Jews of Jassy without due process of law. By his command the entire Jewish community of Bucharest was exterminated.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” issued by Prince Peter Schiopul [Moldavia; Present-day Moldova, Romania, Ukraine] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1579, Prince Peter Schiopul (Peter the Lame) ill-treated Jews and expelled Polish born Jewish merchants from Moldavia.” 2) “On January 8, 1579, the sovereign of Moldavia, Peter Schiopul (Peter the Lame), ordered the banishment of […]

[Possible/Probable] “Ordinance Requiring Jews to Wear A Badge” issued by Duke of Candia [Present-day Greece] Commentary from other sources: 1) In Candia (Crete), then under Venetian rule, Jewish shops had to be distinguished by the badge. David d’Ascoli, who published in 1559 a Latin protest against the degrading regulation, was severely punished and his work […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Upper Bavaria] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Final and complete expulsion of Jews from the since 1505 reunited dukedom of Bavaria; residency, acquisition of real estate and commercial enterprises are forbidden to the Jews in the ducal territory.” “Chronologie zur Geschichte de Juden in Bayern (906 – 1945);” RIJO RESEARCH; rijo.homepage.t-online.de

[Possible/Probable] Order issued by Archduke Ferdinand [Present-day Czech Republic] Commentary from other sources: 1) “…when the Habsburg dynasty came to power under Austrian Archduke Ferdinand…The Jews of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia were eventually allowed to return to their homes following the expulsion, but even though Habsburg rule was among the most liberal in all of […]

[Possible/Probable] “Limitation of Privileges for Jews” [Moldavia; Present Day Moldova, Romania, Ukraine] Commentary from other sources: 1) “By the 16th century many Moldavian princes started to limit privileges previously granted to Jews.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries; Geography, History, Social Status (2008)

[Possible/Probable] “Jewish Mandate” Issued by Kaiser Karl V. of Augsburg [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Kaiser Karl V of Augsburg issues a mandate against the usury of Jews in the territory of Worms which the Bishop Dietrich had explicitly confirmed in 1554.” Jüdische Geschichte im Alten Reich 1300-1800, Ehrenpreis, Stefan, Andreas Gotzmann, Stephan […]

[Possible/Probable] “Trade Limitations” issued by Prince Petru Raresh [Moldavia; Present Day Moldova, Romania, Ukraine] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1545, Jews complained to the Polish King that the Moldavian Prince Petru Raresh prevented them from taking Turkish horses to Poland and Lithuania, a common trade item at the time.” Kogan, Yefim: History of Jews […]

[Possible/Probable] “Jewish Regulation” Issued by Philip I of Hessen [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Philip I requires that all Jews and their wives and children over the age 8 are to attend church services, and that the priests are to report those who do not attend church. Plus, he orders that all Jewish […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” issued by Emperor Ferdinand [Hungary] Commentary from other sources: 1) “…Emperor Ferdinand ordered the Jews to be expelled at the request of the inhabitants of Nagyszombat.” Schreiber, Sandor: Jewish Inscriptions in Hungary: From the 3rd Century to 1686. (1983) p. 136

[Possible/Probable] Mandate issued by Prince Elector John Frederick I [Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Since 1432 Jews had been forbidden to take up permanent residence in Electoral Saxony. It is unclear why Elector John Frederick issued a mandate at the beginning of August 1536 that prohibited them from staying there, engaging in business, or […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Habsburg Empire; Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Jews were also expelled from Pressburg, Oedenburg (Sopron), and Tyrnau.” “Middle Ages to the Ottoman Conquest;” porges.net

[Possible/Probable] “Order” issued by Eldermen (“Schöffen”) of Prague [Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic, Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “When the guilds of sword-makers complained to the city that individual Jews were engaging in sword making and were selling these along with other handmade items to Christians, the Eldermen (‘Schöffen’) of Prague ordered the […]

[Possible/Probable] “Mandate” addressed to Duke Salm [Vienna] Commentary from other sources: 1) “A mandate to Duke Salm is the first [document] to mention [the wearing of] a Jewish sign [in Vienna].” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Erster Band. (Wien; 1918) p. 3

[Possible/Probable] “Burning of the Talmud” issued by Maximilian I [Holy Roman Empire; Present Day Italy, Spain, Germany,…] Commentary from other sources: 1) A converted Jew Johannes Pfefferkorn receives the authority of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, to destroy the Talmud and other Jewish religious books in Frankfurt, except the Hebrew Bible. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All […]

[Possible/Probable] “Papal Bull” issued by Pope Alexander VI [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Demanded one-twentieth of Jewish property throughout the world for three years in order to finance the war against the Turks. Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes, jewishencyclopedia.com

[Possible/Probable] “Banning of Jews from Vienna” [Present-day Austria] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Archbishop of Salzburg issues a ‘Judenverbot’ [ban on Jews].” “Anti-Semitism in Austria – a historical overview;” anarchismus.at

[Possible/Probable] “Secret Baptism of Jewish Children” issued by King Manuel of Portugal 3/19/1497 [Kingdom of Portugal; Present-day Portugal] Commentary from other sources: 1) “King Manuel I, in an effort to prevent Jews from fleeing the persecutions, secretly ordered the baptism of all children between the ages of four and fourteen.” “1497 March 19, PASSOVER IN […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews from Naples” [Kingdom of Naples; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were expelled from Naples.” “The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];” history.ac.uk

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews and Confiscation of Property” [Lithuania] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews expelled and their property confiscated and distributed among local Christians.” [Jews were allowed to return 1501 and some of the properties were returned.] Morgan, Howard: So Deeply Scarred: A History of “Christian” Antisemitism. (2017)

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Tuscany; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Tuscany. Armstrong, Karen: The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (New York); p. 8

[Possible/Probable] Order issued by the Council of Donauwoerth [Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Orders applicable to Jews issued by the Council of Donauwoerth, which included restrictions in the trading of grain, prohibiting the setting up market stalls, prohibiting adult male Jews leaving the ‘Judengasse’ (Jews’ alley) on Sundays and on many church holy days, […]

[Possible/Probable] Jews expelled from Sicily [Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews expelled from Sicily Around 1492-1493 Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology

[Possible/Probable] Order issued by King John II [Portugal] Commentary from other sources: 1) “…the vast majority of the Jews who left Spain in 1492 went to Portugal. King John II made them pay for the privilege of settling in his kingdom. He charged each individual for the right to stay in the country for eight […]

[Possible/Probable] Ordinance issued by Emperor Askia Mohammad [Songhai Empire; Present-day Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, the Gambia] Commentary from other sources: 1) “[Aksia Mohammad I prohibit[s] Jews to live or trade in his Kingdom on urging from Al-Maghili.” “C. 1490 MUHAMMAD AL-MAGHILI (Tlemcen, North Africa);” jewishhistory.org

[Possible/Probable] “Canceling of Debt Owed to Jews”issued by King Ladislas VI [Hungary] Commentary from other sources: 1) “King Ladislas VI canceled all debts owing to the Jews.” “Middle Ages to the Ottoman Conquest;” porges.net

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews from Lucca” [House of Medici; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were expelled from Lucca.” “The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];” history.ac.uk

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Parma; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Parma. Armstrong, Karen: The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (New York); p. 8

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Vicenza; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Vicenza. Armstrong, Karen: The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (New York); p. 8

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Perugia / Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews are expelled from Perugia.” Armstrong, Karen: The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (New York); p. 8

[Possible/Probable] Papal bull “Numquam Dubitavimus” issued by Sixtus IV [Aragon] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Numquam dubitavimus by Sixtus IV in 1482, empowered Ferdinand of Aragon to appoint inquisitors to extirpate heresy and to prevent Jewish practices among those who had been converted to Christianity.” Solomon Grayzel: “Bulls, Papal.” Online article

[Possible/Probable] “Special Taxation of Jews” issued by Pope Sixtus IV [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Orders taxation of Roman Jews at a tithe during the Turkish war, and the carnival tax of 1,100 gulden. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest […]

[Possible/Probable] Decree issued by Bishop Mathias [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “…in the years 1464-78, under Bishop Mathias, the Jews of Landau were required to make an annual payment of 120 pounds heller for the right of retaining their ghetto. The same bishop ordered all the Jews of his diocese to submit to […]

[Possible/Probable] Stautues von Nieszawa issued by Casimir IV Jagiellon, 11/1454 [Poland] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Just like the Synod of Breslau and the Synod of Ofen […] it was ordered that Jews of either sex are to wear clothing that will distinguish them from Christians.” Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews from Moravia” [Present-day Czech Republic] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from the crown cities of Moravia. Dershowitz, Alan: Chutzpah, Online book, p. 187

[Possible/Probable] “Papal Bull” issued by Pope Nicholas V [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Prohibits social intercourse with Jews and Saracens. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; The Jewish Encyclopedia

[Possible/Probable] “Super Gregem Dominicum” (“Super Shepherd Sunday”) issued by Pope Eugene IV [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Revokes the privileges of the Castilian Jews and imposes severe restrictions on them. Forbids Castilian Christians to eat, drink, live or bathe with Jews or Muslims and declaring invalid the testimony of Jews or […]

[Possible/Probable] “Jews required to wear a patch” [Kingdom of Sicily; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) King Alfonso orders the Jews of Sicily to attach a round patch to their clothing and over their shops. “Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;” sullivan-county.com

[Possible/Probable] “Banning of Jews from Vienna” [Present-day Austria] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews are banned from the City of Vienna […]” “Anti-Semitism in Austria – a historical overview;” anarchismus.at

[Possible/Probable] Papal Bull of Pope Martin V [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Issues bull against Jews.” Gotthard Deutsch and Joseph Jacobs: Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes; jewishencyclopedia.com

[Possible/Probable] “Building of Synagogues” [Venice] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were prohibited from building a synagogue.” Venice Italy; Virtual Jewish World; jewishvirtuallibrary.org

[Possible/Probable] “Prohibition of Sexual Relations between Jews and Christians” [Venice] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1424 another decree established that sexual intercourse between Jewish men and Christian women was a criminal offense: the culprit [Jew] had to pay a fine and serve 6 months in prison if the partner was a lower class woman […]

[Possible/Probable] “Sunday Rest” 1423 [Kingdom of Sicily; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The City of Palermo forbids Jews to work on Sundays.” Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 58

[Possible/Probable] “Order” issued by Pope Benedict XIII [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Pope Benedict XIII ordered all copies of the Talmud to be delivered to the bishops and the Italian dioceses and held by them, subject to further instructions. Green, Jonathan and Nicholas J. Karolides (Reviser): Encyclopedia of Censorship; (New York; […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jew” issued by King Charles VI [France] Commentary from Other Sources: 1) That twenty-year period was later extended another six years and then another ten in 1374. But the new king, Charles VI, declined to agree to the years added to the original twenty, and in 1394 he decreed that the following […]

[Possible/Probable] “Mass Conversion of Jews in Iberia” [Present-day Spain] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1391 a considerable number of Jews are baptized by force against their will on the Iberian peninsula.” Gruyter, Walter: Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. (2009)

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews from Kurpfalz” Issued by Ruprecht II [Present-day Germany/France] Commentary from other sources: 1) “After being in power for less than a year, Ruprecht II cases out all Jews and assumes all of their properties and starts to sell them to local citizens.” Löwenstein, Leopold: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland (Band […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews from Strasbourg” [Present-day France] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Strasbourg. “Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;” sullivan-county.com

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” ordered by King Louis of Hungary [Hungary] Commentary from other sources: 1) “King Louis of Hungary expels the Jews from Buda.” Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500; A History of East Central Europe, Volume III (1994)

[Possible/Probable] Special tax issued by German government [Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “LEIBZOLL (Ger., ‘body tax’), a special tax levied on Jews in Europe. Known under a variety of names – Judengeleit, Leibmauth, Judenzoll, péage corporel, etc. – it was first levied by the three landgraves of Thuringia in 1368, and became more common […]

[Possible/Probable] “Jews required to wear a patch” [Present-day France] Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vabres orders Jews to wear a round patch. “The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;” sohmer.net

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Hungary] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Hungary. “Ger 312 Jews 14th – 17th Centuries;” aclassen.faculty.arizona.edu

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” issued by the Magistrate of Metz [France] Commentary from other sources: 1) In 1365 they [Jews] were expelled by the magistrates, who assigned their presence as the cause of the destruction of twenty-two houses by lightning. Deutsch, Gotthard and U. Ury: Metz; Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)

[Possible/Probable] “Cancelation of Debts Owed to Jews” issued by Ottocar I [Present-day Czech Republic] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1361 he (Ottocar) personally examined the notes held by the Jews against citizens of the Altstadt and canceled those which had not been paid; five years later he transferred the house of the Jew Lazarus, […]

[Possible/Probable] “Ordinance Requiring Jews to Wear Distinguishing Markings” issued by Pope Innocent VI, 1360 [Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1360 an ordinance of the city of Rome required all male Jews, with the exception of physicians, to wear a coarse red cape, and all women to wear a red apron. Inspectors were […]

[Possible/Probable] Order issued by Church Council of 1352 [Bulgaria] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The church’s struggle with heresy in Bulgaria also affected the Jews. The Church Council of 1352 excommunicated Jews and heretics. Three Jews were condemned to death on a false charge of blaspheming saints. Although the verdict was repealed by the czar, […]

[Possible/Probable] “Hebrew and the Practice of Judaism outlawed” [Ethiopia] Commentary from other sources: 1) “From the 14th century onward, with the brief exception of the rule of one Jewish emperor named Tewodros II in the 1800’s, the vast majority of Ethiopian Jews were forced to live as powerless and exploited landless peasants.” “The History of […]

[Possible/Probable] “Ultimatum to Jews” [Republic of Strasbourg; Present-day France] Commentary from Other Sources: 1) On Valentine’s Day 1349, Strasbourg’s Jews were taken to the city’s cemetery and given an ultimatum: baptism or death. http://jspacenews.com/february-14-1349-black-death-jewish-ultimatum/

[Possible/Probable] Order issued by the Council in Strasbourg [France] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Christian mobs in Europe were not carrying out a religious mandate. In fact, they were openly defying the pope and other religious leaders. They were also defying their own political leaders. For example, on February 9, 1349, the town council […]

[Possible/Probable] Law issued by the Synod at Prague [Present-day Czech Republic] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Another synod held at Prague, 1347, commanded the Jews to keep away from the streets and remain in their homes.” Paul Halsall: “Medieval Sourcebook: Ordinance of the Jews of the Crown of Aragon, 1354 CE.” (September 1999)

[Possible/Probable] “Jurisdiction over Jews” [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Kaiser Ludwig pawns the empirical use of the Jews in Speier and Worms for 6 years for a total sum of 2000 Mark.” Löwenstein, Leopold: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland (Band 1): Geschichte der Juden in der Kurpfalz: nach gedruckten und ungedruckten […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews from Kurpfalz” Issued by Ruprecht II [Present-day Germany/France] Commentary from other sources: 1) Needing money to force his election and eventually coronation, the “contending King” Karl iV found himself in need of a lot of money. He considered the Jews to be the means to achieve this goal. He turned Jews […]

[Possible/Probable] “Restrictions on Jewish Doctors” [Present-day Spain] Commentary from other sources: 1) The Synod of Salamanca forbids employment of Jewish doctors. “Jews under Islâm & under Christendom;” lloydthomas.org; “Historical Timeline;” biblicalzionist.com

[Possible/Probable] “Forced Conversion of Jews” [Iraq] Commentary from Other Sources: 1) Forced mass conversion of Jews in Baghdad. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)

[Possible/Probable] “Extortion and Expulsion of Jews” from the City of Mutzig, Ca. 1329 [Present-day France; Free Imperial City of Strasbourg] Comment from Additional Sources: 1) After the Bishop Berthold II of Strasboug had extorted 6,000 Mark from the Jews, the ritual murder of an eleven-year-old boy took place in Mutzig. Under torture, some Jews confessed […]

[Possible/Probable] “Jews required to wear a patch” [Present-day France] Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Avignon order Jews to wear a round patch but not when traveling. “The Church vs. the Jews: the second of our five sections on ‘the barbarism of the R. C. Church’;” jesuswouldbefurious.org

[Possible/Probable] Expulsion by Charles IV [France] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1322 Charles IV expelled them [the Jews] again but in 1359 they were brought back, this time with certain requested guarantees of security.” Flannery, Edward H.: “The Anguish of the Jews.” p. 108

[Possible/Probable] Papal bull issued by Pope John XXII [France] Commentary from other sources: 1) “John XXII (1316-1344), who gave his assent to the massacres of the Jews at Chignon and other places, was not alone the enemy of the Jews, but of everybody who would not buy his friendship He was too mundane to expel […]

[Possible/Probable] “Jewish Dress Code” Issued by Henry II [Castile; Present-day Spain] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Henry II of Castile forces […] Jews to wear the yellow badge.” Cyrus Adler, Joseph Jacobs: “BADGE;” jewishencyclopedia.com

[Possible/Probable] Papal Bull of Pope John XXII [Papal States; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Orders Jews to wear a badge on their breasts and issues a bull against ex-Jews.” Gotthard Deutsch and Joseph Jacobs: Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes; jewishencyclopedia.com

[Possible/Probable] “Jewish Dress Code” Issued by Emir Ismael Around 1315 [Granada; Present-day Spain] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Emir Ismael Abu-I Walid forced the Jews of Granada to wear a yellow badge.” Bitton, Jimmy: “It’s Not 1938 Again;” jewishmag.com

[Possible/Probable] “Jewish Ghetto” [Present-day France; Free Imperial City of Strasbourg] Comment from Additional Sources: 1) “In a leasing document (certificate), the existence of a Jewish ghetto in Strasbourg is mentioned.” Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich, hg.v. Alfred Haverkamp und Jörg R. Müller, Trier, Mainz 2014, EL01, Nr. 75, (“Corpus of […]

[Possible/Probable] “Diocesan Synod of Trier” Issued by Archbishop Balduin [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) Vicesimo septimo, scienter coiens cum Iudaea vel Saracena vel Pagana vel e converso. Ista sunt statuta salubria provincialis concilii Trevirensis edita sollempniter per reverendum in Christo patrem et dominum Balduinum Dei gratia Trevirensis ecclesiae archiepiscopum sacri imperii per regnum […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” from Rufach/Rouffach [Present-day France, Fiefdom of Rouffach] Comment from Additional Sources: 1) “[…] A number of Jews of Rouffach were burnt outside of the city and the rest were expelled […].” Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich, hg.v. Alfred Haverkamp und Jörg R. Müller, Trier, Mainz 2014, […]

[Possible/Probable] Exile by King Philip IV “The Fair” [France] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Exile of 1306. Toward the middle of 1306 the treasury was nearly empty, and the king, as he was about to do the following year in the case of the Templars, decided to kill the goose that laid the golden egg. […]

[Possible/Probable] “Exhibita nobis” (“Show Us”) issued by Pope Boniface VIII [Papal States: Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Declaring Jews to be included among powerful persons who might be denounced to the Inquisition without the name of the accuser being revealed (V. R. i. 251). Deutsch, Gotthard and Joseph Jacobs: Jewish Encyclopedia: The Popes

[Possible/Probable] “Forced Conversion of Jews” edicts issued by King James II [Kingdom of Aragon; Present-day Spain] Commentary from other sources: 1) By an edict of 1278, Pope Nicholas III assigned Dominican and Franciscan friars the official duty of working to convert the Jewish community. As part of this project, King James II of Aragon granted Ramon […]

[Possible/Probable] Edict issued by the Parliament of Pisa [Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The parliament of Sicily issued an edicts that required Jew to wear clothing that would make them distinguishable from the Christians.” Scherer, Johann E.: Die Rechtverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern (Leipzig; 1901) p. 57

[Possible/Probable] “Privilege of June 18, 1295” Issued by King Rudolph of Habsburg [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “10 Jews become victims of the people of Mainz on Easter Sunday on April 19, 1283 after being accused of the ritual killing of a Christian boy. Archbishop Heinrich II of Mainz begins legal proceedings and […]

[Possible/Probable] Order issued to Jews of Erfurt [Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In Germany the earliest mention of the Badge is in a dispensation accorded to the Jews of Erfurt, Oct. 16, 1294.” “Badge.” Online article

[Possible/Probable] “Taxation of Jews in the City of Mainz” [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “On July 28, 1294 King Adolf of Nassau declares that all Jews are to be return to the jurisdiction of the city of Mainz and the Church. The Jews of Mainz were to be taxed freely and to pay their […]

[Possible/Probable] “Discrimination of Jews” [Present-day Poland/Lithuania] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Under the [Polish-Lithuania] Commonwealth’s legal system, Jews endured economic restrictions called ‘restrictions,’ which also followed the Russian occupation.” “History of the Jews in Russia;” wikipedia.org

[Possible/Probable] “Taxation of Jews In Mainz” [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The right and claims of the Archbishop [Gerhard] on the Jews of Mainz remained intact. The Jews were to pay him 200 Mark during Gerhard’s lifetime. The 200 Mark taxation was not raised by Archbishop Gerhard, but was stipulated by the City […]

[Possible/Probable] “Mass Conversion of Jews in Nepal” [Kingdom of Nepal] Commentary from other sources: 1) “When it come to the question of the status of the Jews and especially their mission in the middle ages, the Kingdom of Nepal of the late middle ages deserves mentioning. It was here where the very first spontaneous “mass […]

[Possible/Probable] “Special Taxation of the Jews” [Present-day Germany; Electorate of Cologne] Commentary from other sources: 1) “The Deacon and the Schoolmaster of the cathedral Wikbold, accuses in his testimony, along with 25 other witnesses, regarding the crimes of the citizens of Cologne after the battle of Worringen, those and especially the extensive taxation of the […]

[Possible/Probable] 3,000 Jews Expelled [England] Commentary from other sources: 1) “In 1290, all of England’s approximately 3,000 Jews were expelled from the country and banned from ever returning. (Jews were only allowed to live in England once more in 1656.)” Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, “The Most Famous Jewish Woman in Medieval England,” aish.com

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews from Italy” [Italy] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from southern Italy “Catholic Timeline Of Jew Hatred;” sullivan-county.com

[Possible/Probable] “Jews required to wear a patch” [Present-day Austria] Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Vienna orders Jews to wear a round patch “The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;” sohmer.net

[Possible/Probable] King Edward I [England] Commentary from other sources: 1) “When King Henry III died in 1272, King Edward I ascended the throne and faced increasing pressure from indebted aristocrats to end Jewish money-lending. In 1287, he ordered England’s Jews to pay an enormous tax of 20,000 marks to the crown. In Winchester, the entire Jewish […]

[Possible/Probable] “Expulsion of Jews” [Duchy of Gascony; Present Day France] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Jews were expelled from Gascony.” “The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal. King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) [The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Volume 69];” history.ac.uk

[Possible/Probable] “Declaration by King Rudolph I” [Present-day Germany] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Kind Rudolph I calls Jews his “chamber servants” [implying that they are unfree and that he has complete jurisdiction over them].” “Menorah. Fünfter Jahrgang – Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft… (1927) ;” uibk.ac.at

[Possible/Probable] Decree issued by Sancho IV of Castile [Spain] Commentary from other sources: 1) Apart from the provisions of the Ordinances, it is significant to note the fact that in 1286 Sancho IV added provisions for the Council of Oviedo to prohibit Jews from having a separate magistrate, and subjected them to the same magistrates […]

[Possible/Probable] “Jews required to wear a patch” [Present-day France] Commentary from other sources: 1) Council of Nimes orders Jews to wear a round patch “The Gospel of Rome: Part 24: Anti-Semitism Within Roman Catholicism;” sohmer.net

[Possible/Probable] Jews Expelled from Windsor in 1283 [England] Commentary from other sources: 1) “Simon de Montfort … issued an edict expelling the Jews from his home city of Leicester. This proved to be the start of a host of expulsions from various cities and towns – …” Langham, Raphael: The Jews in Britain: A chronology, p. 18

[Possible/Probable] Order of Archbishop of Canterbury [England] Commentary from Other Sources: 1) John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders all London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians. Avraham, Yerachmiel Ben: All in the Name of Jesus: The Murder of Millions (2016)