Confirmed Act – Page 4

Order #64, issued by government of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “We hereby order all county officials to submit the legitimization of the Jews, living in the various towns, to a thorough examination, to ascertain whether they may remain within the monarchy, and to deport, without further ado, those who have [illegally] creeped in, back to their […]

Regulation, issued by the state government of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “Art. IV. 1. Every Israelite has an obligation to inform the appropriate government offices of all births, weddings and divorces that take place within his family. 2. In cases of death, the person who bears the burial duty also bears the responsibility of informing the […]

Ordinance #16088, issued by the Interior and Police Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “While Jews may petition to move to and settle in a different province, and may be granted permission to do so by the Interior Ministry, even naturalized Israelites who have settled their affairs with their current synagogue-corporation, shall not automatically have their […]

Order #778, issued by government of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “When naturalized Israelites petition to move their residence into another province of the empire, they have to submit an attestation, issued by the corporation officers of their synagogue, to the effect that they have settled their obligations to said corporation. As the form of these attestations […]

Election Ordinance, issued by Duke Frederick IX, for the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein [Present-day Germany]: “3. Confessors of the Mosaic faith, in consideration of the fact that full civil rights have not been granted them, are excluded from exercising suffrage.” Cohen, Asser Daniel. De Mosaiske troesbekjenderes stilling i Danmark forhen og nu: historisk fremstillet […]

Law #1436, issued by the Supreme President of the Province of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “II. The heads of synagogues are to be told to produce rosters of all adult Israelites who belong to their synagogue, including their residence, family members servants and domestics. A layout for these rosters shall be prepared, and an appropriate number […]

“Rescript” issued by Ludwig I of Bavaria [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] Jews may only purchase land for their private use and are [to be] excluded from the leasing of fields and meadow/grass-land […]” [Researcher’s note: This royal rescript was reissued/made public by the government on February 8, 1834.] Repertorium über die in den […]

Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “Polish Jews who bear passports issued by the Russian Lord Governor or the Imperial Russian War-Government at Warsaw, shall be admitted to the Prussian states as long as, and only if, they are accompanied by a certified German translation. However, the first police […]

Order #3916, issued by the Interior and Police Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “Even though Polish Jews shall not be refused entry into the Prussian lands, if and only if they can produce a passport that is accompanied by a German translation, nevertheless the border police officers shall first ascertain the following, before actually admitting […]

Act, issued by Frederick William I, Elector of Hesse [Present-day Germany]: “Israelites are precluded from any positions of teaching about the Christian religion. […] Those Israelites who trade in small goods, and who lack any business capital of their own, are precluded from holding any public office. […] Israelite children shall attend school from their […]

Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “Repeated examples of the abuses committed by Jews with their passports, which, after usage, they pass on to other Jews, let it appear necessary, that while issuing the passports, the exact route of travel, or the annual markets they plan to visit, should […]

“General-Order” (‘General-Befehl’) issued by Augustus III of Poland* [Present-day Germany; Electorate of Saxony]: “[We, Frederick August, King [of Poland] and Prince-Elector [of Saxony … have been asked by the head of the Jewry, Bernd Lehmann, to exempt beggar-Jews, Rabbis, wives and minors from the body-tax … however, we have] resolved to except […] children under 10 […]

Order, issued by the Interior and Police Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “Where permission to settle elsewhere is sought by members of the Mosaic faith from the Grand Duchy of Posen, the petitioner shall be directed to produce documentation of obtaining citizenship in the desired province, as well as details of his exit from the […]

“Gubernium-Decree” (Gubernial Dekret’)* addressed the Jewish College Admissions Director (‘jüdische Studiendirektorat’) [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; Crown-lands of the Austrian Empire]: “[Regarding] The treatment of Jews who attend lectures on canon law; prohibition to admit them to any exams and [regarding] the issuance of certificate of attendance to them (Jews). As a follow up to the […]

“Rescript” issued by Ludwig I of Bavaria [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “Jews may only be permitted to attend public goods/commodity auctions (‘Güterversteigerung’); only legal/court ordered […] or official auctions are to be understood to be public auctions which are either executed [over] by the courts or presided over due to the request of a […]

“Ordinance Regarding Jewish Affairs in the Grand Duchy of Posen,” issued by the government of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “28. The tolerated Jews may receive naturalization patents, as long as they can document the qualifications prescribed by Sections 17 and 18.” [Researcher’s note: Sections 17 and 18 of the ordinance called for a “spotless record,” using […]

Ordinance, issued by Emperor Francis II, for Moravia and Silesia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “The requirements a Jewish groom must fulfill, in order to be eligible for a wedding license, are as follows: 1) A minimum age of 24 years. Proof of age is to be submitted by way of a certificate, issued by the local […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland]: “[…] Jews applying for a [large] wholesale [permit] (‘jüdische Großhandlungswerber’) are to be required to show proof of [having personal] funds/assets of [at least] 60,000 fl.* […]” [Researcher’s note: *fl. refers to the Gulden, which […]

“Ministerial Ordinance” issued by the Government [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] The claim that the practice of peddling is necessary for the livelihood/survival of a Jew, must be proven [beyond doubt].” [Researcher’s note: This order was reissued on February 12, 1833. It was an attempt by the government to reduce or eliminate the number of […]

“Rescript” issued by Ludwig I of Bavaria [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] Jews are also [to be] excluded from selling the leases of churches (‘Dominikalrenten’) or face annulment [of the purchase]. […]” [Researcher’s note: This rescript was reissued/made public by the government on February 8, 1833.] Repertory on the intelligence leaves for the former regenkreis, […]

Decree, issued by Emperor Francis II for Galicia [Present-day Poland, Ukraine]: “The decree of January 17, 1818, regarding the Jewish holidays, is not to be extended to days of repentance, thus no consideration should be given to the Jewish Days of Atonement, when issuing court summons for the purpose of administering an oath.” Seiner Majestät […]

“Rescript” issued by Ludwig I of Bavaria [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[… The handling of the Edict from June 10, 1813 regarding the conditions of the Jews is tightened …] the haggling and the public and simulated trade of goods by Jews is strictly (immediately) to be ceased, as well as any other contravention […]

“Royal Court Chancellery Decree” (‘Hofkanzleydekret’) issued by the Royal Court Chancellery [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, etc.]: “[…] 14) The Jews shall not allow themselves (dare to give themselves permission) to get involved in the [business] matters of the royal/imperial merchants (‘Reichskaufleute’), and to neither represent together with the diplomats of the ottoman empire […]

“Royal Decree” issued by Frederick William III [Present-day Germany, Poland, Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “In regards to Jews, anywhere the edict of March 11, 1812, does not apply, the current constitutions are to remain in effect until further legal notices/orders.” [Researcher’s note: The source dates this royal decree at 4. (14.) July 1832.] Die früheren und […]

“Ministerial Ordinance” issued by the Bavarian Government [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “Peddling is entirely and especially prohibited to Jews without a peddling-patent (permit) […] new peddling-patents may no longer be issued […] in the boarder-control-districts […] Jews can only peddle with patents (permits) […] that have been issued by the local police and approved by […]

“Rescript of the Royal Ministry of the Interior and the Police addressed to the Royal Military-Commissioner in Berlin” [Present-day Germany, Poland, Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “[…those of Jewish faith and candidates to practice medicine …] who have been permitted to enter the military to do one year of voluntary service can do so as company-surgeon [and […]

“Decree” (‘Kameralgefällenverwaltungsdecret’) issued by the Austrian (Administrative) Authorities [Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Poland]: “Prohibition to admit Jews to the salt trade. […] therefore, Jews can still not be admitted to the salt trade in the future due to police consideration.” [Researcher’s note: On October 8, 1829, the salt-trade was opened to the […]

“Royal Court Chancellery Decree” of the Austrian Royal Court Chancellery [Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Poland]: “Exclusion of Jewish doctors from applying for vacant positions as city doctors. In response to an inquiry […] it is clarified to the government that Jewish doctors are not eligible to apply for vacant city doctor positions. […]

“Organic Regulation for Moldavia,” issued by the Imperial Russian Authorities [Present-day Moldova]: “Art. 94. – It is undeniable that Jews spread all over Moldavia, whose number increases every day and who mainly live from damaging the interests of locals, use all means of speculation to decrease our industry and public happiness. In order to rectify, […]

“Royal Edict” issued by Ludwig I of Bavaria [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “The ordinance, according to which the meddling of Jews during division of lands (‘Gütertrümmerung’) is prohibited at the threat of annulment of the deed, is brought into memory herewith. […]” Repertorium über die in den Intelligenzblättern für den vormaligen Regenskreis, nun von […]

Decree, issued by the Austrian Court-Chancellery to the state government of Galicia [Present-day Poland, Ukraine]: “The imperial-royal court chancellery, by decree of December 25, 1830, has determined the penalties for violators of the prohibition according to which Jews in Galicia may not trade in depictions of the saints, church vessels and the like, namely, that […]

Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “In order to prevent the surreptitious entry by Polish Jews, and to ensure payment of their entry fee, only those Polish Jews desiring to visit as merchants shall be admitted who plan to enter to buy, show the necessary means to travel, and […]

Decree, issued by the Ministries of Justice and the Interior of the Kingdom of Württemberg [Present-day Germany]: “Whereas doubts have arisen as to how the long-standing prohibition, renewed by Art. 28 of the law of April 25, 1828, against the purchase and re-sale of real estate by Israelite co-religionists, relates to the pertinent sections of […]

Decree, issued by the German Department of the Interior [Present-day Germany]: “While incarcerated Jewish criminals may, where this is feasible, partake in the religious rituals of their brothers in faith, or even, on Christian Sundays and holidays, when no labor is done, convene in a designated room to read their law and psalm books, they […]

“Jewish Edict” issued by Fredrick William (‘Friedrich Wilhelm’) [Prussia; Present-day Germany, Poland, Russia]: “The city-magistrate/s (‘Stadtmagistrate’) are to be made to understand, that he (His Majesty) does still not permit foreign Jews to be accepted and permitted to settle here – against the legal ordinances and [that there will be consequences to pay for any […]

“Exclusion from public offices” Court Chancellor’s announcement to the Court War office [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Jews can only be employed as border guards. They are, however, still to be excluded from all other (public state) and communal positions.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter […]

Decree, issued by the Austrian Court-Chancellery to the state government of Bohemia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “The court decree issued for Moravia on December 24, 1821, in accordance with the Court-Chancellery, by the assembled imperial-royal Court Commerce Commission, according to which Jewish masters of any trade are forbidden to take on any Christian apprentices, shall be […]

Decree, issued by the Austrian Court-Chancellery to the state government of Moravia-Silesia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “By way of a resolution on April 13, 1830, the imperial-royal Common Court Chamber has reminded the tax office of Moravia-Silesia, that in the future, Jews are not to be allowed to lease any objects that are subject to restaurant […]

Decree, issued by the Austrian Court-Chancellery to the state government of Moravia-Silesia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “1. Any distilleries which originally had been dominical but were no longer in the hands of the dominions when a Jew entered into a lease or purchase contract may remain in the ownership of the Jews, and their contracts held […]

“Decree of the [Royal-]Court Chancellery addressed to the Moravian-Silesian local-governor (‘Landes-Gubernium’)” [Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Poland]: “[Jews in Moravia and Silesia are permitted to own and lease dominical-leather-houses and potash-houses … however] In places where there are combined with a brandy-house, they may not be separated from each other, but may only be used as integrated […]

Decree, issued by the Austrian Court-Chancellery to the state government of Moravia-Silesia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “1. All dominical leather goods manufactures and potash-houses in Moravia that are already under Jewish ownership may continue to be operated and purchased by Jews. However, wherever they are united with a distillery, they may not be separated from the […]

“Ministerial Edict” issued by the Bavarian Government [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] The circumcision of Jews may only be performed by Jewish Individuals with the necessary surgical certificates. In regards to the burial of Jews, the current police ordinances are to be obeyed. […]” [Researcher’s note: A similar order was issued on January 1, 1836.] […]

“Highest/Supreme Decision” issued by Emperor Francis (‘Franz’) [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland]: “[…] The number of Jewish families in Vienna may not increase and new toleration[-permits] may only be issued after special consideration for provisionally obtained wholesale-permits. Those Jews who wish to obtain such toleration[-permits] for wholesaling […]

Royal Order, issued for the City of Copenhagen by Frederick VI, King of Denmark [Present-day Denmark]: “The official dress for priests of the Mosaic faith in Copenhagen, as proposed by one of them to consist of a velvet beret, a sleeved robe of silk or woolen cloth, decorated with velvet stripes, as well as a […]

“Exclusion (of Jews) from becoming [a] pharmacist” decree of the court chancellors on behalf of the Kaiser and the Lower-Austrian Government [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “In the future, His Royal Majesty have decided that the business of Apothecary is one of those businesses that Jews are not permitted to pursue, which is to be made know […]

Rescript for “the prevention of changes in the religious customs of Jews” issued by by the Royal Ministry of the Interior addressed to the government of Winden [Prussia]: “The royal government is hereby instructed by His Royal Majesty’s explicit order to make sure that the Jews in their districts are not allowed to deviate from […]

(Cabinets-)Order (‘Anordnung’) of Frederick William III [Present-day Germany, Poland; Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “[…it appears that …] Jews are still choosing their names randomly/haphazardly (‘willkürlich’), and especially change their first names and take on Christian [baptismal] names, which cannot be given to Jews […] the local police-authorities are to strictly enforce this so that this disorder/mess […]

Decree, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Governor of the County of Sorø [Present-day Denmark]: “The Chancellery welcomes what the governor had expressed in his statement on a petition by a member of the Mosaic religious community, in which he solicits the college’s resolution on whether the social services of the market towns outside […]

Order, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Representatives of the Jewish Community in Copenhagen [Present-day Denmark]: “All the ministerial business of the Mosaic religion in Copenhagen, such as marriages and what is to be done about divorces under Mosaic law, falls to their rabbi; whereas the wedding ceremonies of the Mosaic faith in Zealand, […]

Ordinance, issued by William I, King of Württemberg [Present-day Germany]: “Art. 4 – All written legal acts of Israelites, among themselves, as well as with Christians, especially contracts, deeds, testaments, marriage contracts etc. as well as business ledgers, invoices and certificates, shall utilize German language and writing, as well as the Christian system of time […]

“Royal Decree” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II [Present-day Austria, Germany]: “[…] The believers of the Israeli Religion are prohibited to peddle church vessels, Parments*, crucifixes, pictures of saints, or any item, which are used by the Catholic church during its services, or on the markets or flea-markets or junk-stalls or to purchase them […]

“Regarding the religion-class for the Jewish youth” issued by the State Ministry of the Interior [Present-day Germany; Kingdom of Bavaria]: “On behalf of His Majesty the King. […] the following regulations are ordered: 1) Only locals (‘Inländer’) may be admitted and kept as teachers of the Israeli religion whether in public schools or private homes […]

Decree, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Magistrate at Copenhagen [Present-day Denmark]: “Regarding whether a widow of the Mosaic faith, where the husband had converted to the Christian religion, should be considered eligible for public benefits: In such cases, the Copenhagen Magistrate shall be requested to make known to the representatives of the Mosaic […]

Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery [Present-day Denmark]: “A Jew, should he be chosen as superintendent, shall only take part in the superintendent’s administrative and associated accounting tasks, but not in the supervision of the education of minors, as such should arise, and since this supervision is thus reserved for the vice superintendent, it is […]

“Rescript of the Royal Ministry of the Interior addressed to the Royal government of Magdeburg” [Present-day Germany, Poland, Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “[…] the positions of the auction-commissioners (‘Auktionskommissarien’) are part of the state-offices, and therefore, cannot be transferred to those of the Jewish faith.” Heinemann, Jeremiah: Sammlung der die religiöse und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden […]

Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Bishop of Funen [Present-day Denmark]: “About the procedure by which Mosaic believers may let their children become Christians, without themselves converting to this religion: It is hereby officially ordained that the baptism of the children shall comply with church ritual; however, whereas the school boards and school […]

Court-Decree, issued by Francis II, King of Bohemia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “Since, on account of existing laws, the Jews in Bohemia are unable to hold any real property that has ever been registered as that of a Christian, they are equally inadmissible as buyers of Christian real estate, even for the sole purpose of offering […]

Decree, issued by Pope Leo XII, to the Jews of Vatican City [Present-day Vatican City]: “1. As of today, all Jews are prohibited from purchasing any kind of real estate. 2. Those [Jews] who are currently in possession of such estates have until December 31, 1832, to sell them – not through sham contracts, but […]

Decree, issued by Pope Leo XII, to the Jews of Vatican City [Present-day Vatican City]: “1. If a Jew has to leave the city, even for just one day, he shall apply in writing for our permission, giving his name, his first name, his residence, and the reason for his journey, as well as the […]

Decree, issued by Pope Leo XII, to the Jews of Vatican City [Present-day Vatican City]: The following was sent to the Jewish elders through the courts, similar to a summons: “His Holiness Pope Leo XII, reaffirming the ordinances of his illustrious predecessors, Clement III, Innocent IV and Alexander VIII, as well as the resolutions of the […]

“Ordinance Affecting Jews Having Served in the Military Service” issued by King Fredrick William III of Prussia [Prussia / Present-day Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Denmark]: “Jews who have served in the military cannot claim assistance for state services.” Heinemann, Jeremias: Sammlung der religiösen und bürgerliche Verfassung der Juden in den königl. Preuß Staaten betreffend den […]

Decree, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the Magistrate at Copenhagen [Present-day Denmark]: “Regarding under which conditions indigent Mosaic believers may be admitted to a workhouse, the representatives of their community petitioned that Jews who require support, as their congregation has no work facility, be referred to the city’s regular social services, so that the […]

Order issued by Pope Leo XIII [Present-day Spain]: “His holiness [Leo XIII]…after having over the past year given the opportune orders for the return of all the Jews to the Ghetto…has recently prescribed the following further orders so that the Jews…not leave the Ghettos and go wandering about without any license as they had been […]

Order issued by Pope Leo XII [Present-day Italy]: “[Pope Leo XII ordered the Jews back into the ghetto] to overcome the evil consequences of the freedom that [they] have enjoyed.” “The Popes Against the Jews; The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism.” David I. Kertzer. Page 63; Date researched by Ziba Shadjaani 2/2/2021

“Decree/Enactment (‘Erlaß’) of the Royal Bavarian Government of the Rhine-district (‘Rheinkreises’)” [Present-day Germany]: “[The decree from April 6, 1818, based on the French decree from March 17, 1808, is confirmed and modified …] 1) Article 7 of the decree from March 17, 1808, requires that in the future all Jews who pursue trade obtain a patent[-permit] […]

Rescript, issued by the Danish Chancellery to Madam Court Counsellor A. Gerson née David [Present-day Denmark]: “On the grounds of your application, you, who profess to the Mosaic faith, shall be allowed to convert to the Catholic religion; you are made aware, however, that in this case, there is something to remember – namely, that […]

“Ordinance” of the Upper-Office (‘Oberamt’) of Heidelberg [Present-day Germany]: “[…] the peddling of cattle is explicitly prohibited to Jews [and violators are to be fined 10 Reichsthaler…].” Sammlung sämmtlicher Gesetze, Verordnungen, Verfügungen und Anordnungen welche in den Markgrafschaften und in dem Großherzogthum Baden über Gegenstände der Orts-Polizei seit dem Jahre 1712 bis 1832 erschienen sind, […]

Decree, issued by Francis I, King of Lombardy-Venetia, for the City of Gorizia [Present-day Italy]: “If a Jew petitions the court to have his real estate ownership entered into the rolls of the Recorder’s Office, such a petition may only be granted if the petitioner produces a certificate, issued by the county, confirming that neither […]

“Jewish private teachers” decree of the court commission for studying [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “[…] They (Jewish private teachers) are, however, not permitted to teach Christian children neither in any of the living languages, not in any common (elementary) subjects.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. […]

Order issued by Pope Leo XIII [Present-day Spain]: “The Jews living in Rome…having obtained an expansion of the ancient ghetto, by which any reasonable pretext they had of overcrowding and unhealthiness has been removed, have received the last, formal order to separate themselves totally from the Christians. They must close themselves once again in the […]

Decree #46436, issued by the government of Austria [Present-day Austria]: “A binding march-route to their hometown or homeland shall be issued to Israelites, whenever they are to be removed from within the city limits of Vienna.” Fauller, Chrysostomus. Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich: Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende […]

“Law regarding the rescission of the permission for Jews to charge higher interests in some parts of the empire” issued by Maximilian Joseph, King of Bavaria [Present-day Germany]: “[…] Since there still exists some laws and ordinances in parts of Our empire that permit Jews to take higher interests than Christians […] which affects the prosperity […]

Ordinance, issued by the Interior and Police Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “In order to prevent Polish Jews from distributing counterfeit coins made in England, the previous ordinance regarding the issuance of passports to Jews and the caution appropriate therefor, is hereby amended inasmuch as no foreign Jew shall be given a passport to the […]

Writ of Frederick William III [Present-day Germany, Poland; Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “[… it has been noticed …] that for a while, Jews have been taking on names by which they are no longer recognizable as Jews, […] it is no longer to be permitted that Jews take on the appearance as if they were Christians.” […]

Ordinance, issued by the Danish Chancellery to the County Governor of Funen [Present-day Denmark]: “Regulations for funerals of the Mosaic faith community in Odense, in the space purchased by them as a burial ground: […] Art. 8 – Everyone is free to let coffins be painted black; he who does not let coffins be painted […]

Decree #9651, issued by the government of Austria [Present-day Austria]: “It shall be mandatory for those Israelites who attend the schools, that they identify themselves either by way of the tolerance decree of their parents, or with a certificate issued by police headquarters; foreign Israelites, however, have to report to the school superintendent with a […]

Ordinance, issued by the Interior and Police Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “Since the dissemination of counterfeit coins is usually facilitated by Jewish merchants, all police agencies are hereby ordered to issue passports for domestic travel to such Jewish travelers only after clear evidence of their integrity and good moral character has been produced; even […]

“Rescript” issued by the His Majesty Maximilian I [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[Confirms that Jews, who have the necessary education, disposition, and ‘legal mind/character’, cannot be excluded from becoming advocates/lawyers …] however, with one limitation […] that they (Jews) be excluded from all judicial functions […]” [Researcher’s note: The fact that Jews could be legally admitted […]

“Highest/Supreme Decision” (’Allerhöchste Entschließung’) issued by Emperor Francis I [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria]: “[…] Jews who are not permitted to reside (be present) in Vienna, are not to be allowed to remain [t]here. […]” Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis Ende 1825, und in alphabetisch-chronologischer Ordnung […]

Ordinance, issued by the Interior Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “The recent ordinances issued in the Kingdom of Poland, prohibiting the Jews there from bartending and butchering, give rise to the concern that several of them might attempt to sneak into Prussian territory, in order to withdraw themselves from such a bothersome order to which […]

“On Order of His Majesty the King” publicized by the Royal State Ministry of the Interior [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] The judges (‘Landrichter’) and Patrimonial-Courts are ordered/instructed only to take on/employ scribes belonging to the Jewish faith/religion after first reporting them to [and receiving permission from] the government. […]” Sammlung der im Gebiete […]

“Law” drafted by the (City Council of) Free City of Frankfurt [Present-day Germany]: “[…] regarding the civil rights and constitutional rights of the local Israeli community: 1) […] Since they remain excluded from the immediate administration of the state and the Christian community and cannot [therefore] fully partake in the civil rights of regular citizens [that […]

Law Regarding the Determination of Civil Law Rights of Israelites, Enacted by the Senate of the Free City of Frankfurt (Commonly referred to as the “Frankfurt Jew Law of 1824”) [Germany]: “Section 1 – All Israelite families and individuals currently residing in this city, in addition to their marital offspring, are, as Israelite citizens, state subjects […]

“Royal Order (‘Ukas’) drafted by the Finance Ministers of the Imperial Council and confirmed by his Majesty” [Present-day Austria, Russia etc.; Austrian Empire]: “1) The heads of border-crossings are strictly ordered to make sure that Jews, who come from foreign places, or those who wish to return to Russia, after leaving voluntarily, are not to receive […]

Prohibition of unauthorized stay for Jews on the countryside and the unauthorized selling of beverages by Jews issued by King Joseph [Present-day Poland and Ukraine]: “His Majesty became aware that in Galicia the Jews are almost exclusively leasing all pubs and misleading the common people to drunkenness. […] So we feel compelled to cause all county […]

“Police-Ordinance of Mannheim” (‘Mannheimer Polizey-Verordnung’) issued by the City-Office (‘Stadtamt’) of Mannheim [Present-day Germany]: “[…] 484) Jews, who trade with iron, are not permitted to carry and sell old or new keys without a [matching] lock. Those who violate this shall have such keys taken away from them and made useless, and then given back for […]

Rescript of the Ministry of the Interior and addressed to the Royal Police-Headquarter of Berlin [Present-day Germany, Poland, Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “The Police-Headquarter is instructed [as per their inquiry …] as to how Jews who immigrate from across the Elbe are to be treated to use the regulation issued by the government on Potsdam from […]

Ordinance, issued by the Interior and Police Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “The ordinance regarding travel by Jewish paupers, dated June 20, 1821, must suffer a modification, in consideration of Jewish journeymen who have learned a trade and are willing to journey, as long as they can produce attestations about their integrity and good moral […]

“Royal Court Decree” (‘Hofdekret’) issued by the Bohemian Government [Present-day Austria; Czech Republic, Germany; Kingdom of Bohemia]: “[…] The maintenance of schools and [retention/payment] of school teachers in Jewish communities is left [in the hand of] the Jews themselves [and is to remain] without the support of the school fund. […]” [Researcher’s note: Even though […]

“Decree” issued by the Lower Austrian Government [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria]: “[…] In the future, annual residency permits to Jews may only be issued to foreign Jews in Vienna in cases where their presence – for the completion of a specific business transaction or their education in the sciences, arts, or trade matters – is […]

“Circular” issued by the Austrian Chief-Police-Authorities (‘Polizei-Ober-Direction’) [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria]: “[…] Likewise, special attention is to be paid to the presence and behavior of vacationers (‘Beurlaubten’) and of Jews and to ensure that they have sufficient employment/income or support, and that the latter (Jews) can present a valid residency-permit (‘Aufenhalts-Bolleten’)[…].” Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften […]

“Ordinance Regarding the Communal Affairs of the Israelites,” issued by William II, Elector of Hesse [Present-day Germany]: “2. Every Jewish community shall generally have its own prayer-house (synagogue). As long as individual communities are lacking such a prayer-house, they shall have to hold their religious services in the prayer-house of a neighboring community. 3. Outside […]

Prohibition to hold balls during fasting times decree of the court chancellor on behalf of the Kaiser to the Lower-Austrian government [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “His Royal Majesty … have ordered that the holding of Jewish carnival balls (Faschingsbälle) during the fasting times of Christians is prohibited, as are all balls prohibited during that time in […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria]: “[…] In order to restrict the number of [Jewish servants] who are kept by the tolerated [Jews], appropriate hearings/negotiations are to be held with the latter (tolerated Jews) as to why one or the other servant is needed […] and their objections and statements […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court issued for Moravia and Silesia [Austrian Empire, Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Germany]: “[…] Jews, who are real/legal families (‘wirkliche Familianten’)* may purchase authorized brandy-houses (brandy taverns) […] however, they are only allowed to lease [royal] pieces of land (‘Dominikal-Ansiedlungen’) and such properties as outlined in the […]

Ordinance, issued by the state government of Bohemia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “Given the frequent creeping in of Jewish individuals [already] removed from Prague, the state government finds itself compelled to order the Magistrate of Prague, that he shall make known, through the Jewish Community Office, every deportation of a Jew or a Jewess: all homeowners […]

Royal order, issued by Frederick VI, King of Denmark, to the Undersheriff of Copenhagen [Present-day Denmark]: “Resolved: that the Undersheriff of Copenhagen shall collect the arrears incurred by the members of the Mosaic faith community, of the contribution to be made against the expenses of the said community, according to the annual taxation lists, and […]

“Order/Instruction” issued by the Chief Royal Police Office (‘Polizeihofstelle Weisung’) and addressed to the Chief Police Authority/Directive (‘Polizei-Ober-Direction’) [Austrian Empire; Present-day Austria]: “[…] In order that they (Jews) do not illegally settle in the nearest towns/villages […] and sneak into Vienna, the Jews in question are not only to be strictly punished but they are […]

“Laws Concerning Jews in the Weimar Republic” Issued by Karl August of the Weimar Republic [Germany]: “Jewish services are only to be held in the German language; lessons in Jewish schools are only to be taught in German. No other religious, prayer, singing or school books are permitted except those that were checked by the […]

Ordinance #2042, issued by the government of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “In response to numerous complaints, about Jewish paupers and [vagabonds] who attempt to circumvent what is stated in their passports and roam about neighboring provinces for the purpose of door-to-door sales or begging, all offices tasked with the issuance of passports are hereby referred to […]