Tag: Confirmed Act

Ordinance, issued by the Chief of Police of the City of Salzburg [Austria]: “Within the jurisdiction of the Salzburg Police Department, Jews are prohibited from publicly wearing traditional alpine clothing (genuine or imitated), such as lederhosen, jankers, dirndl dresses, white calf supports, Tyrolean hats etc.” Dengg, Harald. Lieder und Schnaderhüpfl um 1900: aus dem Sammelgut […]

25-point programme issued by National Socialist German Workers Party [Germany]: “The ’25-point programme’ of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party) of 1920 stated: ‘Only a compatriot can be a citizen of the State. A compatriot can only be a person of pure German lineage, irrespective of [religious] denomination. A Jew can therefore not be […]

“Ordinance” of the Royal Chancellery [Present-day Austria]: “[…] 2) Widows of tolerated [Jews], who have been granted toleration after the regulation of May 9, 1807, should on the other hand*, leave their family constellation (‘Familienstellen’)** if they do not take over the [trade] activities of the[ir] deceased [husbands] and in such cases, the government is […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Romanian Government [Kingdom of Romania; Present-day Romania]: “[…] Jews are no longer to be admitted to hospitals in Moldavia. […]” [Researcher’s note: This decree was published in the “Monitorul Oficial” (Official Monitor) on June 25, 1892.] Ioanid, Radu: The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu […]

Circular No. 180, issued by the Principal Staff of the Russian Armed Forces [Present-day Russia]: “Recruits of Jewish Extraction may not be employed in the navy, nor in the local divisions, nor among the miners and sappers, nor in the commissariat service, nor as clerks. Recruits of all other denominations, who served in the Amur […]

Law, issued by the government of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “The rules laid down in Section 51 of the Law on Military Duty, according to which persons called out for service or being already in service can offer as substitute a brother or another relative, do not apply to Jews.” Russo-Jewish Committee. “Persecution of the Jews […]

Circular No. 66, issued by the Principal Staff of the Russian Armed Forces [Present-day Russia]: “Jewish soldiers and non-commissioned officers who belong to the reserve, although they may possess a degree in chemistry not lower than that of a pharmacist, may not, in case of a mobilization of the army, be appointed to fill the […]

Resolution of the General Meeting of the Department of Cassation and of the First and the Second Department of the Imperial Senate of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “No Jews, even those who are merchants of the first guild, may purchase landed or house property in any part of the town of Kiev. Only those merchants of […]

Decree regarding the military service of Jews, issued by Czar Alexander III of Russia [Russia]: “The family of a Jew who circumvents his duty to serve in the military, shall suffer a fine of 300 rubles; this punishment shall be executed by the appropriate draft office, and enforced by the police. In the case of […]

Resolution No. 29, issued by the Governing Senate of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “The law which forbids Jews from residing outside the precincts of towns and townlets applies also to Jews belonging to the reserve or having unlimited furlough, who have completed their military duties according to the previous recruiting law.” Russo-Jewish Committee. “Laws of Russia […]

Resolution No. 3372, issued by the Governing Senate of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “Jews belonging to the reserve or being substitutes for those entering active service, according to the regulations of military law, have no right of residence outside the Pale of Jewish Settlement.” Russo-Jewish Committee. “Laws of Russia Relating to Hebrews.” G.R. Gray: Washington DC, […]

Regulation No. 84, issued by the Russian Ministry of War [Present-day Russia]: “In case a Jew passes the examination in the subjects taught at the military schools, the following words – ‘As far as his knowledge is concerned, there is no objection to admitting him to the military schools’ – shall be omitted from his […]

Order issued by the First International Congress [Germany]: “The meeting recognizes the increase of the Jewish national element and the Jewish influence on our entire national and state affairs as a serious and imminent danger to the moral and economic survival of the German people. In order to break this influence and to eliminate the […]

“May Laws” issued by Alexander III [Russia]: “Article 1: As a temporary measure and until the revision of the laws regulating their status, Jews are forbidden to settle hereafter outside of cities and towns. Exception is made with regard to Jewish villages already in existence where the Jews are engaged in agriculture. Article 2: Until […]

Imperial Order, issued by the government of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “In the Civil Service of the Army, the proportion of Jewish surgeons is limited to 5 percent. Promotion is given to them only up to the fifth medical class, but with the consent of the chief commanders of the military districts. To posts above the […]

Law issued by Tsarist Minister of War [Russia]: “First, to limit the number of Jewish physicians…in the Military Department to five percent of the general number of medical men. Second, to stop appointing Jews on medical service in the military districts of Western Russia, and to transfer the surplus over and above five percent to […]

Circular No. 7795, issued by the Russian Ministry of the Interior [Present-day Russia]: “As Jews have no right to fill the duties of a mayor, they are altogether excluded from the presidency of municipal meetings.” Russo-Jewish Committee. “Laws of Russia Relating to Hebrews.” G.R. Gray: Washington DC, 1891. Page 32. Researched by Dominik Jacobs 1/10/2020

Circular No. 73, issued by the Russian Minister of the Interior [Present-day Russia]: “Traveling within the Pale of Jewish Settlement is permitted to Jews, provided they have a passport in which it is observed that such passport is only valid in places set aside for their permanent residence; and in the certificates to merchants, it […]

Circular No. 4395, issued by the Russian Minister of the Interior [Present-day Russia]: “Jewish photographers are not permitted to open photographic establishments outside the Pale of Permanent Settlement, nor to enjoy as artisans the right of residing there.” Russo-Jewish Committee. “Persecution of the Jews in Russia: with appendix containing a summary of special & restrictive […]

Circular No. 9846, issued by the Minister of Public Education of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “Jewish children are admitted only in the public and private educational establishments of places where their parents have a right of residence.” Russo-Jewish Committee. “Persecution of the Jews in Russia: with appendix containing a summary of special & restrictive laws.” Wertheimer, […]

Imperial Order, issued by the government of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “Jews cannot be elected by their town as members of [military] recruiting committees.” Russo-Jewish Committee. “Persecution of the Jews in Russia: with appendix containing a summary of special & restrictive laws.” Wertheimer, Lea & Co.: London, 1890. Page 43. Researched by Dominik Jacobs 1/10/2020

“Tolerance Patent” handwritten document of Kaiser Joseph to the Duke Blümegen [Austria]: “1) the farming of land is permitted to Jews, but only, if the farm remains leased […] the terms cannot exceed 20 years […] and only if Jews are used as farm hands on these leased properties […] (and only) if [Jews] become […]

Imperial Ukase, promulgated by the Senate of the Russian Ministry of the Interior [Present-day Russia]: “Jews are prohibited from obtaining landed property of any kind in any part of the Baltic Governments.” [Researcher’s note:  A ukase, or ukaz, in Imperial Russia, was a proclamation of the tsar, government, or a religious leader (patriarch) that had […]

“Communal law of Roumania*” issued by the Rumanian Government [Romania]: “[…] permits only those Jews to be naturalized who 1) have reached the grade of non-commissioned officers in the army […] 2) […] have passed through college […] 3) […] have a recognized foreign degree […] 4) […] have founded a factory. […]” [Researcher’s note: *Former […]

“Act regarding Jews in the Duchy of Holstein,” issued by Frederick VII, King of Denmark [Present-day Germany]: “9. In order to erect new synagogues, a special permit from the highest authorities is necessary. 10. Every Jew residing in the Duchy of Holstein is required to belong to a Jewish community of faith. 17. For instruction […]

General Order No. 11 issued by General Ulysses S. Grant [United States]: “The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the department [the ‘Department of the Tennessee,’ an administrative district of the Union Army of occupation composed of Kentucky, Tennessee […]

“Ukase” of Tsar Alexander II [Present-day Poland, Russia, Finland; Russian Empire]: […] Jews are permitted to acquire [only] immovable goods where the peasants/farmers have transitioned from Fronarbeit* to a relationship of [paid] interests (‘Zinsverhältnis”); […] 3) […] Polish Jews are prohibited to use Hebrew or Yiddish in business dealings, official documents, contracts, wills, [debts/loans], for business […]

“Decree of the State Ministry” issued by the Austrian State Ministry (‘Staatsministerium’) [Present-day Austria etc; Austrian Empire]: “[…] The leasing of a farmer’s inn/farm (‘Bauernwirtschaft’) can only be permitted to Jews if doing so would not cause concern in terms of the state’s economical and cultural consideration.” [Researcher’s note: It is somewhat unclear what ‘Bauernwirtschaft” refers […]

Synagogue-Ordinance, issued by George V, King of Hanover [Present-day Germany]: “Art. 2 – In towns where a synagogue is located, communal worship may only take place in the synagogue itself….Art. 4 – The founding, moving or closing of a synagogue shall require the approval of the upper administrative authority [of the kingdom]….Art. 17 – Synagogue […]

“Imperial Ordinance” (‘kaiserliche Verordnung’) issued by Francis Joseph I [Present-day Austria, Poland, Ukraine, etc.; Austrian Empire]: “[…] Regarding the Ownership of Realty for Jews. After consulting with My Ministers and after heeding the advice of My Imperial Councils, I wish to order for Galicia, Bukowina, and the Grand Duchy of Krakow/Cracow (‘Großherzugthum Krakau’) the following: […]

Jewish Relief Act, issued by the Parliament of the United Kingdom [Great Britain]: “III. Nothing herein contained shall extend or be construed to extend to enable any Person or Persons professing the Jewish Religion to hold or exercise the Office of Guardians and Justices of the United Kingdom, or of Regent of the United Kingdom, under […]

General order on the admission of Jewish law students to the “Ausculator” examination issued by Prussian Minister of Justice Ludwig Simons [Present-day Germany]: “[…] A recent inquiry about the excessive rush for judicial service revealed such a significant number of Jews that the possibility of their future employment led to reasonable doubts. It therefore appears […]

“Order/Decision” issued by the governing Council (of the Canton) of Aargau [Present-day Switzerland]: “The Jews of Aargau are permitted to slaughter cattle according to their culture/rituals and in derogation of §2 of the law regarding animal abuse from November 23, 1853,* […], however, this is to be only limited to the communities in Endingen and Lengnau […]

Ordinance, issued by George V, King of Hanover [Present-day Germany]: “Art. 3 – In the absence of a separate Jewish school, the children of Jews shall take part in the lessons at the local Christian school, with the exception of religious instruction….Art. 6 – Jewish children who are lacking sufficient religious instruction shall, upon reaching […]

Parliamentary Decision, reported to the King of Denmark by the Parliament of Iceland [Present-day Iceland]: “Regarding the April 5, 1850 ‘Law on Foreign Jews’ Right to Stay Here in the Kingdom,’ we failed to find a reason to pray for Your Royal Highness to guide the laws of this country; as it would thus not […]

Order issued by the Senate of Russian Empire [Russia]: “Order of the governing Senat following the Highest Order of August 19, 1852 as the decision of the raised problem – how should be punished the Jewish women who contrary to the prohibition of March 1851 let their heads to be shaved. The content of the […]

Miller v. Salomons, court decision issued by the Court of Exchequer, London [Great Britain]: “We entertain no doubt whatever that, according to the existing law, Jews are excluded from sitting in either House of Parliament. The Jews & the English Law. Henriques, H.S.Q. (p. 276) H. Hart: Oxford, 1974. Accessed online; Researched by Dominik Jacobs 5/19/2016

Acquisition of mortgaging rights decree of the Court Chancellery to the Lower-Austrian government [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Jews are not fit to own property in Lower-Austria and Vienna; however, they are not excluded from acquiring mortgaging rights.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; […]

“Decree” issued by Emperor Franz Joseph [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary]: “[…] Jews are banned from owning Christian houses and royal properties. […]” Bondy, Gottlieb and Franz Dworsky: Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien; II 1577-1620 (History of Jews in Bohemia, Maehren, and Silesia; Vol. II 1577-1620); (Prague; 1906); Researched and Translated by Ziba […]

Law Regarding the Status of Jews, issued by Friedrich Wilhelm, King of Prussia [Prussia / Present-day Poland]: “(2) Any employment of a Jew by state or municipal government is permissible only if his position does not involve the execution of any judicial, police or executive powers. Jews are furthermore excluded from any leadership or supervisory […]

“Law” issued by King Ernst August of Hannover [Present-day Germany; Kingdom of Hannover]: “Ernst August, King of Hannover by the grace of God, royal prince of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Cumberland and Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg […] In reference to the law of September 30, 1812, regarding the legal standing of Jews […]

“Decree” (“Hofdekret”) of the Court Chamber [Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, German, Hungary]: “When Jews apply for the granting or renewal of a peddling-permit (‘Hausierpässen’), their identity card with the properly paid Jewish tax must be presented each time. […]” Systematische Darstellung aller über den Hausier-Handel bestehenden kaiserl. Königl. österreichischen Gesetze und Verordnungen verfaßt von […]

Ukase, issued by Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “It is hereby ordered, that the Jews shall discard their peculiar garb (a patchwork of old Spanish, Polish and Turkish costumes), and adopt a European or Russian style of dress.” [Researcher’s notes: 1. This edict was meant to include sidelocks (“payot”), but not beards, as […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Bohemian Government [Present-day Austria etc.; Austrian Empire]: “Among the Israelis there appears to be often an abuse [of the law so] that illegitimate children, especially those, the unwedded begetters admit to being the father of and who are listed in the birth registers as such which violates the explicit ordinance of […]

Decree, issued by the Ministry of Justice of the Kingdom of Württemberg [Present-day Germany]: “After the Ministry of Justice had been informed of several real estate sales by Israelites that were court-approved, even though the legal requirements detailed in the law of April 25, 1828, had not been met, the Ministry ordered, by decree of […]

Ordinance, issued by Louis Philippe I, King of France [Present-day France]: “Art. 63. Every family father may, upon submitting a favorable report by the Israelite consistory of his county, obtain permission to set up a prayer-room in his own home, at his own expense. This permission is given by Us, upon the recommendation by Our […]

Decree, issued by Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover [Present-day Germany]: “Jews may only employ the services of the rabbi in whose district they live.” Grotefend, G.A. (ed.). Die Gesetze und Verordnungen für die Provinz Hannover [Laws and Ordinances of Hanover Province]. Schwann: Düsseldorf, 1879. Page 366. Researched by Dominik Jacobs 7/30/2020

“Apprentices” decree of the Lower-Austrian government [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Israelis are not permitted to train and graduate apprentices.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 516, Researched and Translated by Ziba Shadjaani 5/19/2016

“Ancona Decree” issued by the Chancellory of the Holy Inquisition [Italy]: “We, Fra Vicenzo Salina, of the order of Predicatori, Master in Theology, General in Ancona…It being deemed necessary to revive the full observance of the disciplinary laws relative to the Israelites residing within our jurisdiction, and having hitherto without effect employed prayers and exhortations […]

Decree, issued by the Holy Inquisition under Pope Gregor XVI, to the Jews of the port towns of Ancona and Senigallia (Sinigaglia) [Present-day Italy]: “1. Jews residing in Ancona and Senigallia may not have any Christian wet-nurses, nor may they employ any male Christians, lest they be punished according to papal decrees. 2. Within three […]

Ukase, issued by Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “Jews shall be removed at least 50 verst [53 km / 33 miles] from all borders [of Russia, with its neighbors].” [Researcher’s note: A ukase, or ukaz (Russian for “imposition”), in Imperial Russia, was a proclamation of the tsar, government, or a religious leader (patriarch) […]

“Copulation-Fee for Jewish Weddings” issued by Frederick Francis (‘Friedrich Franz’), Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin [Present-day Germany; Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]: “We, ‘Friedrich Franz’, order herewith in regards to the copulation-fees (’Copulations-Gebühren’) for Jewish weddings […] whether they may be native or foreign, […] that the groom gives half percent of what the bride has brought (dowry) to […]

Court Decree #690, issued by the government of Austria [Present-day Austria]: “Israelites may not be admitted as buyers to any auctions of real estate in Moravia.” Austria (Nation). Repertorium über die unter den Regierungen Ihrer Majestäten Franz I. und Ferdinand I. erflossenen Gesetze und Verordnungen im Justiz-Fache: vom Jahre 1821 bis 2. December 1848 (Repertory […]

Citizenship Law, issued by the government of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “5. Adherents of the Jewish faith may only be naturalized with the permission of the Minister of the Interior.” [Researcher’s note: A Minister of the Interior is a government official combining most functions of what is known in the U.S. as the Secretary of Homeland Security […]

Court-Decree, issued by Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, for the crown land of Bohemia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “Israelites may be granted special permission for the purchase and ownership of real property necessary for the operation of a factory, but only under the following conditions: 1. The factory owners shall properly document and submit the number […]

“Law on the Legal Status of Jews,” issued by Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover [Present-day Germany]: “Art. 2 – Jews shall use only the Christian calendar in their contracts, trade ledgers, and any other legal transactions….Art. 6 – Jews are excluded from active and passive voting rights, in local as well as national elections, unless […]

“Ordinance and announcements applicable to the government of Potsdam only” issued by the Prussian government [Present-day Germany, Poland, Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “Since the rights of Jews outlined in the edict of March 11, 1812, are to be only applied to the provinces which were part of the Prussian monarchy at the time of the publication […]

“Order” issued on behalf of Nicholas I and addressed to the General-governors of Kriegsland, Livonia, Estonia, and Courland in Riga [Present-day Latvia, Estonia, Russia; Russian Empire]: “On the order of His Imperial Majesty […who] has determined the following regarding the citizenship rights of Jews/Hebrews currently living in Riga: 1) Jews/Hebrews, who truly have had their permanent […]

“Prohibition to change line of work” decree of the Court Chancellor to the Lower-Austrian government [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Israelis who have received their ‘tolerance permission’ for a different kind of business are not to receive licenses to trade with brandy, fruit liquor and other spirits.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in […]

Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “The issuance of passports to unnaturalized Jews is still lacking the necessary diligence, and complaints persist that such Jews use their passports to maintain a roving, panhandling way of life. We already detailed the administrative process for such passports […]

Ordinance, issued by the government of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “Part I: Regarding the Treatment of Dead Bodies – Section 3: The face of a deceased person may, if Jewish ritual laws even prescribe concealing it, be covered with the burial cloth only in a manner that leaves nose and mouth completely free.” Kletke, M.G. (ed.). […]

“Gubernatorial-Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; Austrian Empire]: “[…] permission for Jews to get married cannot be issued by a Rabbi without the aforementioned [pair] having submitted the necessary state fees and taxes and received the state’s consent […].” Versuch einer sysatematischen Darstellung der in Böhmen bezüglich der Juden bestehenden Gesete […]

“Funeral-Ordinance for the Israelites,” issued by the Ministry of the Interior of Hesse [Present-day Germany]: “Announcing a funeral by loud, public calls, i.e., in the style of a town crier, as is customary in certain locales, is forbidden; however, a servant, tasked for this purpose, may go from house to house and give, to each […]

“Prohibition to trade with church related items” decree of the court chancellery [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Jews are prohibited to trade with liturgical vestments, church vessels, crosses, holy images etc. on the markets or from house-to-house, or to purchase such items during public auctions.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste […]

Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “Whereas the number of those who accompany Jews to markets and fairs should be should be limited as much as possible; the established principle, however, that only those Jews shall be granted travel companions who are unable to transport […]

Directive to all county marshals, issued by the Department of the Interior of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “Many Jews in our administrative district roam beyond its border, without fulfilling the purpose of their travel – to sell their wares at markets – and thus create a public nuisance. However, as long as […]

Decree, issued by the Interior Ministry of Russia [Present-day Russia]: “Foreign Jews may be permitted to stay in Russia for up to one year, as long as they can prove that they have transactions of trade to conduct; however, such a permission only extends to the Pale of [Jewish] Settlement. Foreign Jews may apply at […]

Ordinance, issued by the Interior and Police Ministry of Prussia [Present-day Germany]: “9. Whereas experience has shown that foreign merchant-Jews in particular are eager to obtain Prussian passports, and that once they have been issued such, demand their renewal or extension under all kinds of pretense, in order to roam across the country in all […]

“Royal Court Decree” (‘Hofdecret’) issued by the Royal Court Chancellery* [Kingdom of Bohemia, Present-day Czech Republic]: “[…] Due to a [specific] case, the r[oyal] i[mperial] Royal Court Chancellery (‘k. k. Hofkanzlei’) has issued the following instruction via a Royal Court decree from February 14: Though the [section] 51 of the Bohemian Jewish Patent of 1797 […]

Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “Whereas cases may arise, where the legal limitations regarding the issuance of passports to Jewish merchants, as promulgated in the ordinance of September 8, 1838, are subject to an exceptional relaxation; therefore, we hereby order all county marshals, as […]

“Government Decision” issued by the Bavarian Government [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] The peddling, emergency, and haggling practices of Jews who have already resided here since June 10, 1813, can be authorized by the responsible local authorities […] however, the issued patent (permit) is only valid for one year and can only be used by […]

“Declaration/Amendment to Cabinet-Order of September 20, 1836” for the city of Minden [Present-day Germany]: “[…] Jews who manage their own land, and who have purchased their property/land after the supreme cabinets-order from September 20, 1836, may continue to use Christians servants/aids until January 1, 1844.” Die Juden und die Jüdischen Gemeinden Preussens in amtlichen Enqueten des […]

Ordinance of the Lower-Austrian government [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Israeli fabric owners are required to request a permit (Aufenthaltsbolette) if they are going to stay in Vienna one or more days.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) 1918; p. 477, Researched and Translated […]

Ordinance, issued by Charles XIV John, King of Sweden [Present-day Sweden]: “1. Should a Mosaic co-religionist wish to establish himself anywhere other than Stockholm, Gothenburg, Norrköping or Karlskrona, he shall petition Us to that end, detailing the nature of the intended establishment, after which We will consult with the pertinent citizen groups and government agencies, […]

Ordinance, issued by the [Prussian] state government of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “In spite of the ordinances against the useless roaming of Jewish merchants, public safety remains endangered by a number of Jewish merchants without means, who move about the land under false pretenses. In view of this, the following ordinances regarding Jewish merchants are hereby […]

“Royal Edict” issued by Ludwig I of Bavaria [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] The ordinance of June 10, 1799, is [herewith] brought into memory, according to which Jews are to be excluded from all sorts of purchasing, negotiating, and exchange contracts of land division [purchases] and that they have to refrain from it all […]

Ordinance, issued by Frederick Augustus II, King of Saxony [Present-day Germany]: “Art. 1 – Permissions for permanent residences of Jews in Saxony shall henceforth be limited to the cities of Dresden and Leipzig, not to be issued for any other places. Art. 2 – A move by a Jew from one place in the country […]

Decree, issued by Charles XIV John, King of Sweden [Present-day Sweden]: “§2 – The Mosaic religionists may not purchase any real estate in the country without special permission by His Majesty the King. In addition, they shall support the poor among their co-religionists on their own, while they are not exempted from the usual contributions […]

Prohibition for Israeli traders to engage in the hauling or commission business decree of the Lower-Austrian government [Lower-Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Israeli (detail) traders are prohibited under any circumstances to work in the hauling and commission business.” Braumüller, Wilhelm: Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Erste Abteilung. Allgemeiner Teil 1526-1847. Zweiter Band. (Wien) […]

“Rescript” issued by Ludwig I of Bavaria [Kingdom of Bavaria; Present-day Germany]: “[…] Also, the division of commodity/goods complexes, which the Jews have acquired at permitted court auctions as a result of probate disputes between minors, is prohibited; the purchase of houses and land for the private ownership is only permitted at public — that […]

Ordinance, issued by the Department of the Interior of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “In the circular ordinance of August 7, 1834, we determined that those individuals who visit markets, namely the unnaturalized Jews, may not be issued passports that are valid indefinitely and without special indication of the markets to be visited, […]

“Regulations” issued by Johann Duke/Elector of Saxe-Weimar* [Duchy of Saxe-Weimar; Present-day Germany]: “1) The permission for Jews to reside in this land is continuously to be limited to the cities of Dresden and Leipzig in the future as well, and it is not to be extended to other areas/places (‘Orte’). […] 2) […] b) The […]

“Ministerial Edict” issued by the Bavarian Government [Present-day Germany; Kingdom of Bavaria]: “[…] The Jews are not permitted to change their last names arbitrarily which they have chosen at one point and entered in public registry/directory (‘Matrikel’). […]” [Researcher’s note: A “Matrikel” was an ancestor book/roll that was used in certain areas of Germany/Austria.  It […]

Ordinance #19372, issued by the Department of the Interior of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “Even though the ordinance issued July 26, 1821, explicitly states that Jews without any means shall not be issued any passports, unless they can show convincingly that they have some significant business at their destination, as well as […]

“Supreme Cabinets-Order” issued by Prussian government [Present-day Germany]: “[…] the acquisition of farming land in the districts/areas of Paderborn, Büren, Warburg, and Höxter is only to be permitted to Jews if they farm the land themselves or with Jewish servants.” Die Juden und die Jüdischen Gemeinden Preussens in amtlichen Enqueten des Vormärz. Teil 1. Manfred Jehle […]

“Rescript” issued by the Prussian government and addressed to all parts of the land/local governments [Present-day Germany, Poland, Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “The royal higher regional court is ordered as per the supreme royal decree of June 19 [of the same year …] to refrain from referring to those of the Jewish religion as ‘Mosaic or […]

“Jewish Ordinance” issued by Friedrich Wilhelm III [Prussia; Present-day Germany, Poland, Belgium]: “[…] Jews are prohibited from taking Christian first names. […]” [Researcher’s note: On March 23, 1841 a new ordinance was issued that said that Jews are only prohibited to take first names that refer to dogmas of the Christian church, such as Peter–as […]

“Examination and Hiring of a Jewish schoolmaster and shochet” issued by the Grand Duke Fredrick Francis (‘Friedrich Franz’) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin [Present-day Germany; Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]: “We, Fredrick Francis […] declare herewith […] that even though the Jewish schoolmasters, who are to perform shechita* as well, can be appointed by the Jewry of each place, they […]

Circular, issued by the Prussian Minister of the Interior and Police [Present-day Germany]: “In order for the attestations and certificates required for resettlement petitions of naturalized Jews to be credible documents, it is necessary that the petitioners no longer send these documents directly to this office, but that instead, their local government officials scrupulously ascertain […]

Circular #1448, issued to all county officials by the governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “The petitions of naturalized Jews seeking to settle in another province should be scrutinized appropriately, so that superficial examination will not result in penniless or otherwise unfit Jews creeping into the older provinces of the state surreptitiously. […]

“Ministerial Edict 18” issued by the Prussian Government [Present-day Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Russia; Kingdom of Prussia]: “[…] Foreign Jews are no longer to be accepted as apprentices and business/trade assistants (“Gewerbehilfen”) in Prussia. […]” Repertorium über die in den Intelligenzblättern für den vormaligen Regenskreis, nun von der Oberpfalz und von Regensburg, […]

Decree, issued by the Austrian Court-Chancellery [Present-day Austria]: “The Israelites, in those provinces where they are not entitled to own Christian real property, may not acquire the recorded ownership and possession of such real property in any way except by letting the original certificate, by the power of which they have been granted the exceptional […]

“Ministerial Edict” issued by the Bavarian Government [Present-day Germany; Kingdom of Bavaria]:  “[…] Israeli students who visit public educational establishments (‘Lehranstalten’) must conform (‘conformieren’) to the current ordinances, and therefore, may not abstain from writing or performing their school work on the Sabbath. […]” [Researcher’s note: A similar edict was issued on September 27, 1835. […]

“Rescript” issued by the Prussian government [Present-day Germany; Poland, Lithuania; Kingdom of Prussia]: “The royal science exam-commission is advised herewith [that local school candidates of the Mosaic faith can be admitted to take the teaching-exam (‘pro facultate docendi’) as per the regulation of April 20, 1831 …], but it goes without saying that this does not […]

“Pale of Settlement” issued by Tsar Nicholas I [Imperial Russia; Present-day Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan]: “3. A permanent residence is permitted to the Jews [several provinces are named] Article 11. Jews who have gone abroad without a legal exit-permit are deprived of Russian citizenship and not permitted to return to Russia. 12. Within the general area […]

Decree, issued by the Austrian Court-Chancellery to the state government of Bohemia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “To those Jews, who are covered by Article 51 of the Jew-Patent of 1797, permission to stay in any town other than that of the family they belong to can be granted only if the authorities of the town, where […]

Ordinance #126, issued by the Department of the Interior of the Grand Duchy of Posen [Present-day Germany]: “Whereas in recent years, Polish Jews have brought counterfeit coins from England into our state, all county officials and the royal police force are herewith directed to ensure that no foreign Jew, without exception, shall be given a […]